[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.72,0:00:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, I'm an engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.16,0:00:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I make robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.16,0:00:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course you all know\Nwhat a robot is, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.68,0:00:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't, you'd probably go to Google,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.88,0:00:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'd ask Google what a robot is.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.76,0:00:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.64,0:00:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll go to Google\Nand this is what we get.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.40,0:00:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you can see here there are\Nlots of different types of robots,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.60,0:00:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're predominantly\Nhumanoid in structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.36,0:00:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they look pretty conventional
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.04,0:00:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they've got plastic,\Nthey've got metal,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.52,0:00:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've got motors and gears and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.84,0:00:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them look quite friendly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.48,0:00:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could go up\Nand you could hug them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.56,0:00:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them not so friendly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they look like they're\Nstraight out of "Terminator,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.48,0:00:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact they may well be\Nstraight out of "Terminator."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.04,0:00:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can do lots of really cool\Nthings with these robots --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.80,0:00:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can do really exciting stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.44,0:00:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'd like to look\Nat different kinds of robots --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.40,0:00:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to make different kinds of robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.40,0:00:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I take inspiration\Nfrom the things that don't look like us,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.84,0:00:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but look like these.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.68,0:00:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are natural biological organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.28,0:00:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they do some\Nreally cool things that we can't,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.88,0:01:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and current robots can't either.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.40,0:01:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do all sorts of great things\Nlike moving around on the floor;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.60,0:01:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go into our gardens\Nand they eat our crops;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.88,0:01:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they climb trees;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.16,0:01:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go in water, they come out of water;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.40,0:01:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they trap insects and digest them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they do really interesting things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.84,0:01:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They live, they breathe, they die,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.24,0:01:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they eat things from the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.08,0:01:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our current robots don't really do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.68,0:01:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, wouldn't it be great
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.92,0:01:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you could use some of those\Ncharacteristics in future robots
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.60,0:01:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you could solve\Nsome really interesting problems?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.32,0:01:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to look at a couple of problems\Nnow in the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.40,0:01:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we can use\Nthe skills and the technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.16,0:01:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,derived from these animals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.20,0:01:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from the plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.76,0:01:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can use them\Nto solve those problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.88,0:01:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have a look\Nat two environmental problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.96,0:01:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're both of our making --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.40,0:01:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is man interacting\Nwith the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.88,0:01:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doing some rather unpleasant things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.28,0:01:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one is to do\Nwith the pressure of population.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.44,0:01:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such is the pressure\Nof population around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.88,0:02:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that agriculture and farming is required\Nto produce more and more crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.04,0:02:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.28,0:02:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,farmers put more and more\Nchemicals onto the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.68,0:02:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put on fertilizers,\Nnitrates, pesticides --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.84,0:02:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all sorts of things\Nthat encourage the growth of the crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.24,0:02:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are some negative impacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.40,0:02:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the negative impacts is\Nif you put lots of fertilizer on the land,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.88,0:02:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not all of it goes into the crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.32,0:02:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of it stays in the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.92,0:02:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then when it rains,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.40,0:02:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these chemicals go into the water table.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.92,0:02:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the water table,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.20,0:02:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they go into streams,\Ninto lakes, into rivers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.72,0:02:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and into the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.40,0:02:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you put all\Nof these chemicals, these nitrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.04,0:02:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into those kinds of environments,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.68,0:02:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are organisms in those environments\Nthat will be affected by that --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.48,0:02:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,algae, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.12,0:02:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Algae loves nitrates, it loves fertilizer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.68,0:02:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it will take in all these chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.80,0:02:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if the conditions are right,\Nit will mass produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.76,0:02:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will produce masses\Nand masses of new algae.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.04,0:02:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's called a bloom.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.60,0:02:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trouble is that\Nwhen algae reproduces like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.80,0:03:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starves the water of oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.48,0:03:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as you do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.76,0:03:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other organisms\Nin the water can't survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.08,0:03:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what do we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.12,0:03:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We try to produce a robot\Nthat will eat the algae,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.16,0:03:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consume it and make it safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.04,0:03:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the first problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.96,0:03:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second problem is also of our making,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.48,0:03:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's to do with oil pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.80,0:03:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, oil comes out\Nof the engines that we use,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.56,0:03:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the boats that we use.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.92,0:03:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes tankers\Nflush their oil tanks into the sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so oil is released into the sea that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.28,0:03:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wouldn't it be nice\Nif we could treat that in some way
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.88,0:03:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using robots that could eat the pollution\Nthe oil fields have produced?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.16,0:03:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.80,0:03:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We make robots that will eat pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.88,0:03:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To actually make the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.24,0:03:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we take inspiration from two organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.28,0:03:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the right there\Nyou see the basking shark.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.44,0:03:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The basking shark is a massive shark.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's noncarnivorous,\Nso you can swim with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.60,0:03:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you can see.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.08,0:03:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the basking shark opens its mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.96,0:04:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it swims through the water,\Ncollecting plankton.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.88,0:04:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it does that, it digests the food,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.12,0:04:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it uses that energy\Nin its body to keep moving.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.40,0:04:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, could we make a robot like that --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.28,0:04:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the basking shark\Nthat chugs through the water
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.84,0:04:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eats up pollution?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.16,0:04:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's see if we can do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.92,0:04:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, we take the inspiration\Nfrom other organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.00,0:04:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got a picture here\Nof a water boatman,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.08,0:04:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the water boatman is really cute.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.92,0:04:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it's swimming in the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.52,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it uses its paddle-like legs\Nto push itself forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.60,0:04:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we take those two organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.64,0:04:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we combine them together\Nto make a new kind of robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.32,0:04:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, because we're using\Nthe water boatman as inspiration,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.52,0:04:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our robot sits on top of the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.32,0:04:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it rows,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.60,0:04:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call it the "Row-bot."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.84,0:04:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a Row-bot is a robot that rows.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.72,0:04:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. So what does it look like?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.44,0:04:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's some pictures of the Row-bot,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.20,0:04:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'll see,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.44,0:04:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't look anything like the robots\Nwe saw right at the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.80,0:04:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google is wrong;\Nrobots don't look like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.96,0:05:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.20,0:05:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've got the Row-bot here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll just hold it up for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.44,0:05:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gives you a sense of the scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.12,0:05:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't look\Nanything like the others.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.28,0:05:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so it's made out of plastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.92,0:05:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll have a look now\Nat the components
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make up the Row-bot --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.34,0:05:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes it really special.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.76,0:05:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Row-bot is made up of three parts,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.60,0:05:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those three parts are really\Nlike the parts of any organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.92,0:05:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got a brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.60,0:05:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got a body
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's got a stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.32,0:05:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It needs the stomach to create the energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.76,0:05:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any Row-bot will have\Nthose three components,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any organism\Nwill have those three components,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.40,0:05:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let's go through them one at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.32,0:05:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has a body,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.60,0:05:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its body is made out of plastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.40,0:05:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it sits on top of the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.64,0:05:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's got flippers on the side here --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.60,0:05:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paddles that help it move,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.12,0:05:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like the water boatman.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.20,0:05:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got a plastic body,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.56,0:05:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's got a soft rubber mouth here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.44,0:05:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a mouth here --\Nit's got two mouths.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.36,0:05:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does it have two mouths?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.80,0:05:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is to let the food go in
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.64,0:05:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other is to let the food go out.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.60,0:06:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see really\Nit's got a mouth and a derriere,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.12,0:06:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.36,0:06:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.40,0:06:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something where the stuff comes out,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.16,0:06:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is just like a real organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.88,0:06:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's starting to look\Nlike that basking shark.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.72,0:06:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.12,0:06:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second component might be the stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.28,0:06:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to get the energy into the robot\Nand we need to treat the pollution,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.20,0:06:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the pollution goes in,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.76,0:06:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will do something.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.28,0:06:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got a cell in the middle here\Ncalled a microbial fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.88,0:06:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll put this down,\Nand I'll lift up the fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.20,0:06:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here. So instead of having batteries,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.08,0:06:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of having\Na conventional power system,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.28,0:06:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got one of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.56,0:06:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is its stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.84,0:06:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it really is a stomach
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.12,0:06:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you can put energy in this side\Nin the form of pollution,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.56,0:06:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it creates electricity.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.24,0:06:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.48,0:06:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called a microbial fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.16,0:06:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a little bit\Nlike a chemical fuel cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.28,0:06:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you might have\Ncome across in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.32,0:06:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you might've seen in the news.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.96,0:06:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chemical fuel cells\Ntake hydrogen and oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.12,0:06:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can combine them together\Nand you get electricity.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.96,0:07:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's well-established technology;\Nit was in the Apollo space missions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.40,0:07:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's from 40, 50 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.44,0:07:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is slightly newer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.72,0:07:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a microbial fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.20,0:07:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same principle:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.48,0:07:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got oxygen on one side,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.92,0:07:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead of having\Nhydrogen on the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.04,0:07:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got some soup,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.36,0:07:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inside that soup\Nthere are living microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.20,0:07:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you take some organic material --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.92,0:07:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be some waste products, some food,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.28,0:07:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe a bit of your sandwich --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.80,0:07:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you put it in there,\Nthe microbes will eat that food,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.64,0:07:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will turn it into electricity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.40,0:07:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only that, but if you select\Nthe right kind of microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.92,0:07:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can use the microbial fuel cell\Nto treat some of the pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.40,0:07:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you choose the right microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.04,0:07:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the microbes will eat the algae.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.68,0:07:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you use other kinds of microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.04,0:07:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will eat petroleum\Nspirits and crude oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.96,0:07:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see\Nhow this stomach could be used
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.68,0:07:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to not only treat the pollution
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.96,0:07:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to generate electricity\Nfrom the pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.40,0:07:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the robot will move\Nthrough the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.20,0:07:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking food into its stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.32,0:08:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,digest the food, create electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.84,0:08:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use that electricity\Nto move through the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.36,0:08:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keep doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.60,0:08:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so let's see what happens\Nwhen we run the Row-bot --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.16,0:08:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it does some rowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.56,0:08:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we've got a couple of videos,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.24,0:08:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first thing you'll see --\Nhopefully you can see here
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.92,0:08:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the mouth open.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.24,0:08:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The front mouth and the bottom mouth open,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.28,0:08:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will stay opened enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.84,0:08:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the robot will start to row forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.88,0:08:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It moves through the water
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.16,0:08:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that food goes in\Nas the waste products go out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.28,0:08:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once it's moved enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.56,0:08:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it stops and then it closes the mouth --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.52,0:08:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slowly closes the mouths --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.96,0:08:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it will sit there,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.64,0:08:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will digest the food.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course these microbial fuel cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.72,0:08:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they contain microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.00,0:08:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you really want is lots of energy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.88,0:08:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming out of those microbes\Nas quickly as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.52,0:08:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can't force the microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.12,0:08:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they generate a small amount\Nof electricity per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.16,0:08:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They generate milliwatts, or microwatts.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.44,0:08:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's put that into context.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.32,0:08:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your mobile phone for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.88,0:08:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of these modern ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.28,0:09:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you use it, it takes about one watt.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.52,0:09:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's a thousand or a million times\Nas much energy that that uses
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.36,0:09:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the microbial fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we cope with that?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.60,0:09:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when the Row-bot\Nhas done its digestion,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.48,0:09:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's taken the food in,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.96,0:09:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will sit there and it will wait\Nuntil it has consumed all that food.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.52,0:09:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That could take some hours,\Nit could take some days.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.76,0:09:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A typical cycle for the Row-bot\Nlooks like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.48,0:09:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you open your mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.76,0:09:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you move,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.04,0:09:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you close your mouth
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.32,0:09:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you sit there for a while waiting.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.20,0:09:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you digest your food,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.60,0:09:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can go about\Ndoing the same thing again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.44,0:09:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you know what, that looks\Nlike a real organism, doesn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.44,0:09:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like the kind of thing we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.32,0:09:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saturday night,\Nwe go out, open our mouths,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.40,0:09:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fill our stomachs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.96,0:09:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sit in front of the telly and digest.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.92,0:09:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we've had enough,\Nwe do the same thing again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.32,0:09:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, if we're lucky with this cycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.20,0:09:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of the cycle\Nwe'll have enough energy left over
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.76,0:09:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to be able to do something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.92,0:09:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could send a message, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.96,0:10:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could send a message saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.48,0:10:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is how much pollution\NI've eaten recently,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.84,0:10:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, "This is the kind of stuff\Nthat I've encountered,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.44,0:10:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, "This is where I am."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.80,0:10:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That ability to send a message\Nsaying, "This is where I am,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.08,0:10:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really, really important.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.04,0:10:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about the oil slicks\Nthat we saw before,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.56,0:10:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or those massive algal blooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.04,0:10:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you really want to do\Nis put your Row-bot out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.76,0:10:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it eats up all of those pollutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.76,0:10:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you have to go collect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.96,0:10:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.20,0:10:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these Row-bots at the moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.04,0:10:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this Row-bot I've got here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.40,0:10:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it contains motors, it contains wires,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.28,0:10:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it contains components\Nwhich themselves are not biodegradable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.76,0:10:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Current Row-bots contain\Nthings like toxic batteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.52,0:10:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't leave those in the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.52,0:10:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you need to track them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.04,0:10:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then when they've finished\Ntheir job of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.40,0:10:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to collect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.68,0:10:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That limits the number\Nof Row-bots you can use.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.04,0:10:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If, on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.32,0:10:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have robot a little bit\Nlike a biological organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.48,0:10:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to the end of its life,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.60,0:10:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it dies and it degrades to nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.08,0:10:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So wouldn't it be nice if these robots,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.44,0:10:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of being like this,\Nmade out of plastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.70,0:11:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were made out of other materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.32,0:11:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which when you throw them out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.08,0:11:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they biodegrade to nothing?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.44,0:11:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That changes the way\Nin which we use robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.56,0:11:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of putting 10 or 100\Nout into the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.96,0:11:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having to track them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.24,0:11:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then when they die,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.60,0:11:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collect them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.84,0:11:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could put a thousand,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.56,0:11:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a million, a billion robots\Ninto the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.32,0:11:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just spread them around.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.16,0:11:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know that at the end of their lives,\Nthey're going to degrade to nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.80,0:11:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't need to worry about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.52,0:11:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that changes the way\Nin which you think about robots
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.16,0:11:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way you deploy them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.56,0:11:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the question is: Can you do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.44,0:11:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, yes, we have shown\Nthat you can do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.64,0:11:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can make robots\Nwhich are biodegradable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.76,0:11:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's really interesting\Nis you can use household materials
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.64,0:11:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make these biodegradable robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.36,0:11:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll show you some;\Nyou might be surprised.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.96,0:11:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can make a robot out of jelly.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.88,0:11:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of having a motor,\Nwhich we have at the moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.68,0:11:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can make things\Ncalled artificial muscles.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.16,0:11:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artificial muscles are smart materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.48,0:11:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you apply electricity to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.96,0:11:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they contract,\Nor they bend or they twist.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.16,0:11:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They look like real muscles.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.40,0:12:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead of having a motor,\Nyou have these artificial muscles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.42,0:12:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can make\Nartificial muscles out of jelly.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.28,0:12:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take some jelly and some salts,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.24,0:12:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do a bit of jiggery-pokery,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.84,0:12:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can make an artificial muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.64,0:12:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've also shown you can make\Nthe microbial fuel cell's stomach
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.24,0:12:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.68,0:12:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could make the whole\Nrobot out of biodegradable materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.48,0:12:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You throw them out there,\Nand they degrade to nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.60,0:12:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is really, really exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.48,0:12:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to totally change the way\Nin which we think about robots,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.70,0:12:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also it allows you\Nto be really creative
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.96,0:12:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way in which you think\Nabout what you can do with these robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.32,0:12:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give you an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.60,0:12:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can use jelly to make a robot --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.20,0:12:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, we eat jelly, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.12,0:12:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, why not make something like this?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.64,0:12:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A robot gummy bear.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.12,0:12:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, I've got some I prepared earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.92,0:12:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There we go. I've got a packet --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.56,0:12:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've got a lemon-flavored one.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.60,0:12:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll take this gummy bear --\Nhe's not robotic, OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.36,0:12:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to pretend.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.60,0:13:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you do with one of these\Nis you put it in your mouth --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.64,0:13:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lemon's quite nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.72,0:13:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Try not to chew it too much,\Nit's a robot, it may not like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.84,0:13:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you swallow it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.08,0:13:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it goes into your stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.80,0:13:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it's inside your stomach,\Nit moves, it thinks, it twists, it bends,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.64,0:13:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does something.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.88,0:13:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could go further down\Ninto your intestines,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.08,0:13:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find out whether you've got\Nsome ulcer or cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.44,0:13:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe do an injection,\Nsomething like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.56,0:13:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know that once\Nit's done its job of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.44,0:13:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could be consumed by your stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.68,0:13:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if you don't want that,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.40,0:13:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could go straight through you,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.04,0:13:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the toilet,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.28,0:13:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be degraded safely in the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.52,0:13:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this changes the way, again,\Nin which we think about robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.72,0:13:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we started off looking\Nat robots that would eat pollution,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.04,0:13:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we're looking\Nat robots which we can eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.72,0:13:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope this gives you some idea
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.40,0:13:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the kinds of things\Nwe can do with future robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.56,0:13:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much for your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.48,0:13:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)