[Script Info]
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[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.57,0:00:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe you've recently seen the phrase\N"gluten-free" on food packaging,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.84,0:00:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or take-out menus, shampoo bottles,\Napartment listings, the tag of your shirt,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.63,0:00:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a hammer, as a lower back tattoo,\Nor in your friend's resume.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.09,0:00:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next time someone starts telling you\Nabout their newfound freedom from gluten,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.16,0:00:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here are some questions you can ask,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.12,0:00:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the well-informed answers\Nthat your friend,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.08,0:00:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being a reasonable individual\Nmaking educated dietary choices,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.15,0:00:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by no means just following \Nthe latest diet craze, will tell you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.84,0:00:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is gluten?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.96,0:00:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gluten is an insoluble protein composite
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.95,0:00:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made up of two proteins \Nnamed gliadin and glutenin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.87,0:00:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where might you encounter gluten?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.24,0:00:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gluten is found in certain grains,\Nparticularly wheat, rye and barley.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.29,0:01:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What has gluten been doing for\Nthe previous entirety of human history,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.26,0:01:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why do you suddenly care about it?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.29,0:01:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gluten is responsible \Nfor the elastic consistency of dough
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.24,0:01:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the chewiness of foods \Nmade from wheat flour,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.58,0:01:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like bread and pasta.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.98,0:01:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For some people, \Nthese foods cause problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.23,0:01:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,namely wheat allergy, celiac disease,\Nand non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.34,0:01:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wheat allergy is an uncommon condition
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.96,0:01:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that occurs when a person's immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.30,0:01:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mounts an allergic response \Nto wheat proteins,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.84,0:01:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to mild problems,\Nand in rare cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.60,0:01:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a potential dangerous reaction\Ncalled anaphylaxis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.48,0:01:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Celiac disease is an inherited disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.50,0:01:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which eating foods with gluten
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.42,0:01:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leads to inflammation and damage\Nof the lining of the small intestine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.98,0:01:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This impairs intestinal function,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.68,0:01:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to problems like belly pain,\Nbloating, gas, diarrhea,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.31,0:01:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weight loss, skin rash, bone problems\Nlike osteoporosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.19,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,iron deficiency, small stature, \Ninfertility, fatigue and depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Untreated, celiac disease \Nincreases the risk
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.08,0:02:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of developing certain types of cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.81,0:02:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Celiac disease is present in one \Nin every 100 to 200 persons in the U.S.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.84,0:02:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When blood tests suggest \Nthe possibility of celiac,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.77,0:02:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.42,0:02:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most effective treatment\Nis a gluten-free diet,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.60,0:02:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which helps heal intestinal damage\Nand improve symptoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.06,0:02:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people don't have celiac disease\Nor a wheat allergy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.91,0:02:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but still experience symptoms\Nwhen they eat foods with gluten.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.77,0:02:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These people have non-celiac\Ngluten sensitivity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.85,0:02:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They experience painful gut symptoms
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.94,0:02:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suffer from fatigue, brain fog,\Njoint pain or skin rash.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.81,0:02:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A gluten-free diet typically helps\Nwith these symptoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.25,0:02:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how many people actually\Nhave this gluten sensitivity you speak of?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.41,0:03:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gluten sensitivity's occurrence \Nin the general population is unclear,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.71,0:03:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but likely much more common\Nthan wheat allergy or celiac disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.09,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Diagnosis is based \Non the development of symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the absence of wheat allergy\Nand celiac disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.83,0:03:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subsequent improvement\Non a gluten-free diet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.91,0:03:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no reliable blood or tissue test,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.32,0:03:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because gluten sensitivity\Nisn't a single disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.87,0:03:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has a number \Nof different possible causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.80,0:03:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, it may be the case
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.72,0:03:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gluten can activate the immune system\Nin the small intestine,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.19,0:03:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or cause it to become leaky.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.05,0:03:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes, people claiming\Ngluten sensitivity
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.72,0:03:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually sensitive \Nnot to wheat proteins,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.73,0:03:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but sugars found in wheat and other foods,\Ncalled fructans.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.03,0:03:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human intestine can't break down\Nor absorb fructans,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.08,0:03:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they make their way \Nto the large intestine or colon,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.29,0:03:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're fermented by bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.92,0:03:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,producing short-chain fatty acids\Nand gases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.47,0:04:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This leads to unpleasant symptoms\Nin some people with bowel problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.100,0:04:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another possible explanation behind\Ngluten sensitivity is the nocebo effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.51,0:04:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This occurs when a person believes\Nsomething will cause problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.43,0:04:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of that belief, it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.48,0:04:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the opposite of the more well-known\Nand much more fortuitous placebo effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.10,0:04:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Given how much bad press \Ngluten is getting in the media,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.15,0:04:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nocebo response may play a role\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.48,0:04:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for some people who think\Nthey're sensitive to gluten.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.60,0:04:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For all these reasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.56,0:04:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's clear that \Nthe problems people develop
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.74,0:04:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they eat wheat and other grains\Naren't exclusively due to gluten.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.13,0:04:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a better name than\Nnon-celiac gluten sensitivty
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.64,0:04:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be wheat intolerance.