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[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.60,0:00:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Radical openness is still a distant future
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.72,0:00:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the field of school education.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.01,0:00:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have such a hard time figuring out
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.90,0:00:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that learning is not a place but an activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.12,0:00:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to tell you the story of PISA,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.59,0:00:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OECD's test to measure the knowledge and skills
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.97,0:00:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 15-year-olds around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.60,0:00:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's really a story of how international comparisons
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.12,0:00:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have globalized the field of education that we usually treat
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.40,0:00:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an affair of domestic policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.33,0:00:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at how the world looked in the 1960s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.76,0:00:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the proportion of people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.59,0:00:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had completed high school.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.33,0:00:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the United States ahead of everyone else,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.15,0:00:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and much of the economic success of the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.86,0:00:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,draws on its long-standing advantage
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.60,0:00:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the first mover in education.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.48,0:00:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the 1970s, some countries caught up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.70,0:00:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1980s, the global expansion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.39,0:00:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the talent pool continued.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.98,0:01:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the world didn't stop in the 1990s.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.68,0:01:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the '60s, the U.S. was first.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.71,0:01:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the '90s, it was 13th,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.64,0:01:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not because standards had fallen,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.04,0:01:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because they had risen so much faster elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.80,0:01:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Korea shows you what's possible in education.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.33,0:01:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two generations ago, Korea had the standard of living
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.27,0:01:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Afghanistan today,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.70,0:01:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was one of the lowest education performers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.85,0:01:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, every young Korean finishes high school.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.40,0:01:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this tells us that, in a global economy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.37,0:01:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is no longer national improvement that's the benchmark for success,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.96,0:01:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the best performing education systems internationally.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.14,0:01:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trouble is that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.58,0:01:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measuring how much time people spend in school
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.45,0:01:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what degree they have got is not always
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.47,0:01:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good way of seeing what they can actually do.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.50,0:01:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at the toxic mix of unemployed graduates on our streets,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.17,0:02:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while employers say they cannot find the people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.36,0:02:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the skills they need.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.16,0:02:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that tells you that better degrees don't automatically translate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.83,0:02:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into better skills and better jobs and better lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.20,0:02:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with PISA, we try to change this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.81,0:02:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by measuring the knowledge and skills
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.68,0:02:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people directly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.11,0:02:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we took a very special angle to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.01,0:02:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were less interested in whether students can simply
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.49,0:02:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reproduce what they have learned in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.59,0:02:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we wanted to test whether they can extrapolate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.31,0:02:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what they know
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.22,0:02:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and apply their knowledge in novel situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.10,0:02:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, some people have criticized us for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.93,0:02:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say, you know, such a way of measuring outcomes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.88,0:02:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is terribly unfair to people, because we test students
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.69,0:02:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with problems they haven't seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.67,0:02:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you take that logic, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.71,0:02:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should consider life unfair, because
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.64,0:02:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the test of truth in life is not whether we can remember
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.82,0:02:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we learned in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.94,0:03:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but whether we are prepared for change,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.26,0:03:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we are prepared for jobs that haven't been created,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.69,0:03:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use technologies that haven't been invented,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.03,0:03:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve problems we just can't anticipate today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.95,0:03:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once hotly contested,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.13,0:03:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our way of measuring outcomes has actually quickly become the standard.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.57,0:03:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our latest assessment in 2009,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.81,0:03:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we measured 74 school systems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.22,0:03:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that together cover 87 percent of the economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.81,0:03:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This chart shows you the performance of countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.49,0:03:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In red, sort of below OECD average.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.37,0:03:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yellow is so-so, and in green are the countries doing really well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.75,0:03:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see Shanghai, Korea, Singapore in Asia;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.10,0:03:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finland in Europe;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.79,0:03:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Canada in North America doing really well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.16,0:03:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also see that there is a gap of almost
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.60,0:03:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three and a half school years between
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.68,0:03:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15-year-olds in Shanghai and 15-year-olds in Chile,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.04,0:03:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the gap grows to seven school years
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.75,0:03:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you include the countries with really poor performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.37,0:04:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a world of difference in the way in which
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.84,0:04:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,young people are prepared for today's economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.05,0:04:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to introduce a second important dimension
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.59,0:04:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into this picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.81,0:04:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Educators like to talk about equity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.19,0:04:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With PISA, we wanted to measure how they actually deliver equity,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.90,0:04:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of ensuring that people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.12,0:04:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from different social backgrounds have equal chances.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.56,0:04:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we see that in some countries, the impact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.30,0:04:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of social background on learning outcomes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.18,0:04:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very, very strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.32,0:04:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Opportunities are unequally distributed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.24,0:04:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of potential of young children is wasted.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.85,0:04:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see in other countries that it matters much less
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.92,0:04:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into which social context you're born.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.41,0:04:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all want to be there, in the upper right quadrant,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.81,0:04:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where performance is strong and learning opportunities are equally distributed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.30,0:04:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody, and no country, can afford to be there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.97,0:04:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where performance is poor
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.35,0:04:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are large social disparities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.70,0:05:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we can debate, you know, is it better
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.85,0:05:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be there, where performance is strong
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.65,0:05:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the price of large disparities?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.61,0:05:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do we want to focus on equity and accept mediocrity?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.23,0:05:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually, if you look at how countries come out on this picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.21,0:05:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see there are a lot of countries that actually
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.96,0:05:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are combining excellence with equity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.72,0:05:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, one of the most important lessons from this comparison
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.33,0:05:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you don't have to compromise equity
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.44,0:05:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to achieve excellence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.29,0:05:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These countries have moved on from providing excellence
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.72,0:05:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for just some to providing excellence for all,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.99,0:05:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very important lesson.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.97,0:05:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that also challenges the paradigms of many school systems
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.94,0:05:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that believe they are mainly there to sort people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.24,0:05:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And ever since those results came out, policymakers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.76,0:05:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,educators, researchers from around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.73,0:05:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have tried to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.10,0:05:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's behind the success of those systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.52,0:05:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's step back for a moment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.35,0:06:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus on the countries that actually started PISA,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.36,0:06:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm giving them a colored bubble now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.91,0:06:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm making the size of the bubble
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.40,0:06:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proportional
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.94,0:06:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the amount of money that countries spent on students.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.74,0:06:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If money would tell you everything
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.29,0:06:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the quality of learning outcomes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.37,0:06:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would find all the large bubbles at the top, no?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.70,0:06:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not what you see.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.24,0:06:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spending per student only explains about,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.55,0:06:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, less than 20 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.85,0:06:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the performance variation among countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.36,0:06:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Luxembourg, for example, the most expensive system,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.65,0:06:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't do particularly well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.12,0:06:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see is that two countries with similar spending
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.49,0:06:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieve very different results.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.41,0:06:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You also see -- and I think that's one of the most encouraging findings --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.66,0:06:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we no longer live in a world that is neatly divided
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.25,0:06:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between rich and well-educated countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.94,0:06:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and poor and badly-educated ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.26,0:06:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very, very important lesson.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.86,0:06:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at this in greater detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.44,0:07:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The red dot shows you
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.24,0:07:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spending per student relative to a country's wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.70,0:07:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One way you can spend money is by paying teachers well,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.51,0:07:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see Korea investing a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.01,0:07:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in attracting the best people into the teaching profession.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.04,0:07:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Korea also invests into long school days,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.96,0:07:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which drives up costs further.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.72,0:07:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last but not least, Koreans want their teachers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.86,0:07:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only to teach but also to develop.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.14,0:07:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They invest in professional development and collaboration
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.48,0:07:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.56,0:07:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that costs money.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.20,0:07:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can Korea afford all of this?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.87,0:07:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is, students in Korea learn in large classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.61,0:07:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the blue bar which is driving costs down.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.07,0:07:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You go to the next country on the list, Luxembourg,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.97,0:07:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the red dot is exactly where it is for Korea,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.07,0:07:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so Luxembourg spends the same per student as Korea does.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.60,0:07:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, you know, parents and teachers and policymakers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.50,0:07:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Luxembourg all like small classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.95,0:07:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, it's very pleasant to walk into a small class.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.71,0:07:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they have invested all their money into there,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.62,0:08:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the blue bar, class size, is driving costs up.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.96,0:08:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even Luxembourg can spend its money only once,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.12,0:08:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the price for this is that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.33,0:08:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teachers are not paid particularly well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.43,0:08:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Students don't have long hours of learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.11,0:08:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And basically, teachers have little time to do anything else than teaching.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.36,0:08:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see two countries spent their money very differently,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.04,0:08:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually how they spent their money
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.36,0:08:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,matters a lot more than how much they invest in education.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.36,0:08:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back to the year 2000.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.91,0:08:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, that was the year before the iPod was invented.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.91,0:08:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how the world looked then
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.03,0:08:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of PISA performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.29,0:08:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing you can see is that the bubbles were a lot smaller, no?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.11,0:08:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We spent a lot less on education,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.74,0:08:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 35 percent less on education.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.81,0:08:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you ask yourself, if education has become so much more expensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.56,0:08:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has it become so much better?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.91,0:08:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the bitter truth really is that, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.91,0:09:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not in many countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.35,0:09:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are some countries which have seen
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.44,0:09:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,impressive improvements.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.38,0:09:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany, my own country, in the year 2000,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.18,0:09:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,featured in the lower quadrant,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.07,0:09:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,below average performance, large social disparities.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.23,0:09:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And remember, Germany, we used to be one of those countries
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.24,0:09:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes out very well when you just count people who have degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.96,0:09:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very disappointing results.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.72,0:09:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were stunned by the results.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.46,0:09:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the very first time, the public debate in Germany
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.25,0:09:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was dominated for months by education,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.96,0:09:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not tax, not other kinds of issues, but education
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.69,0:09:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the center of the public debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.24,0:09:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then policymakers began to respond to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.46,0:09:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The federal government dramatically raised its investment in education.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.69,0:09:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot was done to increase the life chances of students
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.32,0:09:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an immigrant background or from social disadvantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.28,0:09:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's really interesting is that this wasn't just about
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.79,0:09:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,optimizing existing policies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.55,0:10:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but data transformed some of the beliefs and paradigms
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.96,0:10:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,underlying German education.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.75,0:10:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, traditionally, the education of the very young children
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.64,0:10:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was seen as the business of families, and you would have cases
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.26,0:10:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where women were seen as neglecting their family responsibilities
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.29,0:10:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they sent their children to kindergarten.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.38,0:10:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PISA has transformed that debate,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.02,0:10:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pushed early childhood education right at the center
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.80,0:10:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of public policy in Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.19,0:10:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or traditionally, the German education divides children
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.89,0:10:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the age of 10, very young children,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.64,0:10:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between those deemed to pursue careers of knowledge workers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.83,0:10:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those who would end up working for the knowledge workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.18,0:10:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that mainly along socioeconomic lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.65,0:10:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that paradigm is being challenged now too.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.82,0:10:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of change.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.30,0:10:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the good news is, nine years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.26,0:10:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see improvements in quality and equity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.36,0:10:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have taken up the challenge, done something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.63,0:10:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or take Korea, at the other end of the spectrum.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.76,0:11:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the year 2000, Korea did already very well,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.31,0:11:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the Koreans were concerned that only a small share
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.63,0:11:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their students achieved the really high levels of excellence.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.99,0:11:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took up the challenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.80,0:11:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Korea was able to double the proportion of students
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.34,0:11:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieving excellence in one decade in the field of reading.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.74,0:11:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you only focus on your brightest students,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.29,0:11:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know what happens is disparities grow,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.21,0:11:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see this bubble moving slightly to the other direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.01,0:11:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but still, an impressive improvement.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.72,0:11:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A major overhaul of Poland's education
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.31,0:11:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helped to dramatically reduce between variability among schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.94,0:11:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn around many of the lowest-performing schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.64,0:11:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and raise performance by over half a school year.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.47,0:11:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see other countries as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.26,0:11:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal was able to consolidate its fragmented school system,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.20,0:11:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raise quality and improve equity,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.20,0:11:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so did Hungary.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.07,0:11:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you can actually see, there's been a lot of change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.50,0:11:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even those people who complain and say that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.44,0:12:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the relative standing of countries
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.12,0:12:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on something like PISA is just an artifact of culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.55,0:12:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of economic factors, of social issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.59,0:12:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of homogeneity of societies, and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.65,0:12:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these people must now concede that education improvement is possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.49,0:12:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, Poland hasn't changed its culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.53,0:12:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It didn't change its economy. It didn't change
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.04,0:12:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the compositions of its population.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.13,0:12:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It didn't fire its teachers. It changed its education policies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.98,0:12:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and practice. Very impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.62,0:12:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all that raises, of course, the question: What can we learn
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.59,0:12:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from those countries in the green quadrant
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.69,0:12:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have achieved high levels of equity,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.97,0:12:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high levels of performance, and raised outcomes?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.70,0:12:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, the question is, can what works in one context
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.61,0:12:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provide a model elsewhere?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.33,0:12:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, you can't copy and paste education systems wholesale,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.66,0:12:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these comparisons have identified a range of factors
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.59,0:12:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that high-performing systems share.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.91,0:12:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody agrees that education is important.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.47,0:13:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody says that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.45,0:13:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the test of truth is, how do you weigh that priority
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.71,0:13:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against other priorities?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.00,0:13:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do countries pay their teachers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.02,0:13:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relative to other highly skilled workers?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.12,0:13:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would you want your child to become a teacher
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.61,0:13:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than a lawyer?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.72,0:13:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do the media talk about schools and teachers?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.72,0:13:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the critical questions, and what we have learned
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.23,0:13:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from PISA is that, in high-performing education systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.32,0:13:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the leaders have convinced their citizens to make choices
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.87,0:13:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that value education, their future,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.25,0:13:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than consumption today.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.92,0:13:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know what's interesting? You won't believe it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.97,0:13:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are countries in which the most attractive place
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.95,0:13:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be is not the shopping center but the school.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.87,0:13:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those things really exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.14,0:13:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But placing a high value on education
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.11,0:13:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just part of the picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.96,0:13:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other part is the belief that all children
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.99,0:13:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are capable of success.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.43,0:13:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have some countries where students
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.19,0:13:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are segregated early in their ages.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.43,0:14:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, students are divided up,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.47,0:14:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflecting the belief that only some children
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.81,0:14:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can achieve world-class standards.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.36,0:14:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But usually that is linked to very strong social disparities.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.42,0:14:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go to Japan in Asia, or Finland in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.80,0:14:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parents and teachers in those countries
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.91,0:14:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expect every student to succeed,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.82,0:14:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see that actually mirrored in student behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.31,0:14:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we asked students what counts
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.02,0:14:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for success in mathematics,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.76,0:14:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,students in North America would typically tell us,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.15,0:14:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, it's all about talent.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.70,0:14:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I'm not born as a genius in math, I'd better study something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.32,0:14:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nine out of 10 Japanese students say
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.05,0:14:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it depends on my own investment, on my own effort,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.30,0:14:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that tells you a lot about the system that is around them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.03,0:14:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the past, different students were taught in similar ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.84,0:14:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,High performers on PISA embrace diversity
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.17,0:15:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with differentiated pedagogical practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.92,0:15:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They realize that
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.90,0:15:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ordinary students have extraordinary talents,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.04,0:15:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they personalize learning opportunities.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.40,0:15:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,High-performing systems also share
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.44,0:15:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clear and ambitious standards across the entire spectrum.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.04,0:15:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every student knows what matters.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.24,0:15:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every student knows what's required to be successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.33,0:15:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nowhere does the quality of an education system
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.20,0:15:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exceed the quality of its teachers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.64,0:15:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,High-performing systems are very careful
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.71,0:15:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how they recruit and select their teachers
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.84,0:15:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they train them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.56,0:15:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They watch how they improve the performances of teachers
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.39,0:15:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in difficulties who are struggling,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.71,0:15:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they structure teacher pay.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.62,0:15:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They provide an environment also in which teachers work together
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.32,0:15:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to frame good practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.88,0:15:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they provide intelligent pathways for teachers to grow
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.04,0:15:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their careers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.15,0:15:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In bureaucratic school systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.78,0:15:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teachers are often left alone in classrooms
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.77,0:16:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a lot of prescription on what they should be teaching.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.94,0:16:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,High-performing systems are very clear what good performance is.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.14,0:16:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They set very ambitious standards, but then they enable
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.92,0:16:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their teachers to figure out,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.70,0:16:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do I need to teach to my students today?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.81,0:16:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The past was about delivered wisdom in education.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.36,0:16:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the challenge is to enable user-generated wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.60,0:16:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,High performers have moved on from professional
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.24,0:16:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or from administrative forms of accountability and control --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.90,0:16:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of, how do you check whether people do what they're supposed to do in education --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.14,0:16:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to professional forms of work organization.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.81,0:16:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They enable their teachers to make innovations in pedagogy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.68,0:16:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They provide them with the kind of development they need
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.17,0:16:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop stronger pedagogical practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.23,0:16:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The goal of the past was standardization and compliance.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.89,0:16:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,High-performing systems have made teachers
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.62,0:17:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and school principals inventive.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.91,0:17:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the past, the policy focus was on outcomes,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.61,0:17:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on provision.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.79,0:17:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The high-performing systems have helped teachers
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.59,0:17:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and school principals to look outwards to the next teacher,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.03,0:17:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next school around their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.73,0:17:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the most impressive outcomes of world-class systems
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.89,0:17:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they achieve high performance across the entire system.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.04,0:17:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've seen Finland doing so well on PISA,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.24,0:17:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what makes Finland so impressive
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.93,0:17:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that only five percent of the performance variation
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.90,0:17:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amongst students lies between schools.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.36,0:17:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every school succeeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.68,0:17:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where success is systemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.41,0:17:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how do they do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.11,0:17:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They invest resources where they can make the most difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.80,0:17:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They attract the strongest principals into the toughest schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.91,0:17:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the most talented teachers
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.12,0:17:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the most challenging classroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.06,0:17:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last but not least, those countries align policies
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.19,0:17:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across all areas of public policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.41,0:17:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make them coherent over sustained periods of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.54,0:18:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they ensure that what they do is consistently implemented.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.25,0:18:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, knowing what successful systems are doing
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.55,0:18:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't yet tell us how to improve.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.34,0:18:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's also clear, and that's where some of the limits
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.80,0:18:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of international comparisons of PISA are.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.27,0:18:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where other forms of research need to kick in,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.98,0:18:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's also why PISA doesn't venture into
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.44,0:18:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling countries what they should be doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.20,0:18:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But its strength lies in telling them
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.02,0:18:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what everybody else has been doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.77,0:18:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the example of PISA shows that data
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.97,0:18:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be more powerful than administrative control of financial subsidy
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.29,0:18:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through which we usually run education systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.23,0:18:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, some people argue that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.27,0:18:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changing educational administration
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.45,0:18:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like moving graveyards.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.90,0:18:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just can't rely on the people out there to help you with this. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.78,0:18:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But PISA has shown what's possible in education.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.65,0:18:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has helped countries to see that improvement is possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.45,0:18:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has taken away excuses from those who are complacent.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.66,0:19:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it has helped countries to set meaningful targets
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.10,0:19:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of measurable goals achieved by the world's leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.19,0:19:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can help every child, every teacher, every school,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.74,0:19:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every principal, every parent see what improvement is possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.40,0:19:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only the sky is the limit to education improvement,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.13,0:19:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have laid the foundations
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.03,0:19:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for better policies and better lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.21,0:19:22.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.75,0:19:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)