[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.80,0:00:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want to talk a little bit about seeing the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.26,0:00:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a totally unique point of view,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.99,0:00:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this world I'm going to talk about is the micro world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.02,0:00:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've found, after doing this for many, many years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.60,0:00:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's a magical world behind reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.31,0:00:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that can be seen directly through a microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.47,0:00:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to show you some of this today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.58,0:00:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's start off looking at something rather not-so-small,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.26,0:00:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that we can see with our naked eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.53,0:00:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a bee. So when you look at this bee,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.97,0:00:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about this size here, it's about a centimeter.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.86,0:00:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to really see the details of the bee, and really
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.15,0:00:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appreciate what it is, you have to look a little bit closer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.88,0:00:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's just the eye of the bee with a microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.97,0:00:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now all of a sudden you can see that the bee has
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.31,0:00:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of individual eyes called ommatidia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.14,0:00:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they actually have sensory hairs in their eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.58,0:00:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they know when they're right up close to something,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.94,0:00:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they can't see in stereo.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.65,0:00:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we go smaller, here is a human hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.35,0:01:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A human hair is about the smallest thing that the eye can see.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.17,0:01:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about a tenth of a millimeter.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.91,0:01:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we go smaller again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.08,0:01:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about ten times smaller than that, is a cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.49,0:01:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could fit 10 human cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.07,0:01:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the diameter of a human hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.74,0:01:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we would look at cells, this is how I really got
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.32,0:01:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved in biology and science is by looking
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.59,0:01:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at living cells in the microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.06,0:01:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first saw living cells in a microscope, I was
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.13,0:01:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,absolutely enthralled and amazed at what they looked like.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.03,0:01:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you look at the cell like that from the immune system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.34,0:01:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're actually moving all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.18,0:01:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This cell is looking for foreign objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.93,0:01:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteria, things that it can find.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.29,0:01:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's looking around, and when it finds something,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.94,0:01:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recognizes it being foreign,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.23,0:01:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will actually engulf it and eat it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.53,0:01:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you look right there, it finds that little bacterium,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.81,0:01:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it engulfs it and eats it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.43,0:01:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take some heart cells from an animal,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.61,0:02:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put it in a dish, they'll just sit there and beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.51,0:02:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's their job. Every cell has a mission in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.10,0:02:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these cells, the mission is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.90,0:02:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to move blood around our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.43,0:02:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These next cells are nerve cells, and right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.21,0:02:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we see and understand what we're looking at,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.15,0:02:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our brains and our nerve cells are actually doing this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.26,0:02:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now. They're not just static. They're moving around
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.80,0:02:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making new connections, and that's what happens when we learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.30,0:02:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you go farther down this scale here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.10,0:02:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a micron, or a micrometer, and we go
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.100,0:02:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way down to here to a nanometer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.35,0:02:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an angstrom. Now, an angstrom is the size
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.10,0:02:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the diameter of a hydrogen atom.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.47,0:02:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how small that is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.10,0:02:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And microscopes that we have today can actually see
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.42,0:02:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual atoms. So these are some pictures
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.48,0:02:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of individual atoms. Each bump here is an individual atom.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.31,0:02:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a ring of cobalt atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.14,0:02:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this whole world, the nano world, this area in here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.80,0:02:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called the nano world, and the nano world,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.99,0:03:00.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole micro world that we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.13,0:03:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a nano world that is wrapped up within that, and
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.16,0:03:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole -- and that is the world of molecules and atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.56,0:03:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to talk about this larger world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.01,0:03:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world of the micro world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.35,0:03:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you were a little tiny bug living in a flower,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.47,0:03:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would that flower look like, if the flower was this big?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.62,0:03:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wouldn't look or feel like anything that we see
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.14,0:03:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we look at a flower. So if you look at this flower here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.43,0:03:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're a little bug, if you're on that surface
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.26,0:03:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that flower, that's what the terrain would look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.33,0:03:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The petal of that flower looks like that, so the ant
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.70,0:03:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is kind of crawling over these objects, and if you look
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.38,0:03:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little bit closer at this stigma and the stamen here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.73,0:03:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the style of that flower, and you notice
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.47,0:03:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's got these little -- these are like little jelly-like things
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.70,0:03:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are what are called spurs. These are nectar spurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.44,0:03:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this little ant that's crawling here, it's like
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.06,0:03:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's in a little Willy Wonka land.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.88,0:04:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like a little Disneyland for them. It's not like what we see.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.02,0:04:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are little bits of individual grain of pollen
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.92,0:04:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there and there, and here is a --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.37,0:04:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you see as one little yellow dot of pollen,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.95,0:04:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you look in a microscope, it's actually made
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.91,0:04:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thousands of little grains of pollen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.67,0:04:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this, for example, when you see bees flying around
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.91,0:04:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these little plants, and they're collecting pollen,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.71,0:04:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those pollen grains that they're collecting, they pack
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.14,0:04:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into their legs and they take it back to the hive,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.57,0:04:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what makes the beehive,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.20,0:04:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wax in the beehive. And they're also collecting nectar,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.02,0:04:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what makes the honey that we eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.93,0:04:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a close-up picture, or this is actually a regular picture
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.19,0:04:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a water hyacinth, and if you had really, really good vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.86,0:04:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with your naked eye, you'd see it about that well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.42,0:04:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the stamen and the pistil. But look what the stamen
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.05,0:04:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the pistil look like in a microscope. That's the stamen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.56,0:04:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's thousands of little grains of pollen there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.21,0:04:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's the pistil there, and these are the little things
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.50,0:05:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called trichomes. And that's what makes the flower give
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.22,0:05:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fragrance, and plants actually communicate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.18,0:05:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one another through their fragrances.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.57,0:05:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to talk about something really ordinary,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.94,0:05:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just ordinary sand.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.86,0:05:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I became interested in sand about 10 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.79,0:05:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I first saw sand from Maui,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.36,0:05:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, this is a little bit of sand from Maui.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.50,0:05:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sand is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.53,0:05:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each sand grain is about a tenth of a millimeter in size.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.44,0:05:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you look closer at this, look at what's there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.03,0:05:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really quite amazing. You have microshells there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.53,0:05:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have things like coral.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.72,0:05:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have fragments of other shells. You have olivine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.26,0:05:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have bits of a volcano. There's a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.45,0:05:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a volcano there. You have tube worms.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.08,0:05:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An amazing array of incredible things exist in sand.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.80,0:05:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason that is, is because in a place like this island,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.48,0:05:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of the sand is made of biological material
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.85,0:05:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the reefs provide a place where all these
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.85,0:06:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,microscopic animals or macroscopic animals grow,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.74,0:06:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they die, their shells and their teeth
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.08,0:06:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their bones break up and they make grains of sand,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.42,0:06:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like coral and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.39,0:06:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's, for example, a picture of sand from Maui.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.18,0:06:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from Lahaina,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.72,0:06:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we're walking along a beach, we're actually
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.45,0:06:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walking along millions of years of biological and geological history.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.90,0:06:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't realize it, but it's actually a record
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.37,0:06:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that entire ecology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.94,0:06:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we see, for example, a sponge spicule,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.10,0:06:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two bits of coral here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.68,0:06:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a sea urchin spine. Really some amazing stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.54,0:06:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I first looked at this, I was -- I thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.91,0:06:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gee, this is like a little treasure trove here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.66,0:06:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't believe it, and I'd go around dissecting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.83,0:06:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the little bits out and making photographs of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.14,0:06:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what most of the sand in our world looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.65,0:06:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are quartz crystals and feldspar,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.91,0:06:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so most sand in the world on the mainland
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.37,0:06:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is made of quartz crystal and feldspar. It's the erosion of granite rock.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.12,0:07:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So mountains are built up, and they erode away by water
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.47,0:07:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rain and ice and so forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.50,0:07:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they become grains of sand.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.80,0:07:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's some sand that's really much more colorful.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.25,0:07:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are sand from near the Great Lakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.34,0:07:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see that it's filled with minerals
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.35,0:07:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like pink garnet and green epidote, all kinds of amazing stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.84,0:07:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you look at different sands from different places,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.22,0:07:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every single beach, every single place you look at sand,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.48,0:07:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's different. Here's from Big Sur, like they're little jewels.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.51,0:07:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are places in Africa where they do the mining
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.100,0:07:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of jewels, and you go to the sand where the rivers have
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.16,0:07:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sand go down to the ocean, and it's like literally looking
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.46,0:07:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at tiny jewels through the microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.33,0:07:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So every grain of sand is unique. Every beach is different.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.50,0:07:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single grain is different. There are no two grains
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.69,0:07:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of sand alike in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.39,0:07:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every grain of sand is coming somewhere and going somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.92,0:07:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're like a snapshot in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.65,0:07:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now sand is not only on Earth, but sand is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.07,0:07:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ubiquitous throughout the universe. In fact, outer space
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.67,0:08:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is filled with sand, and that sand comes together
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.33,0:08:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make our planets and the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.53,0:08:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see those in micrometeorites.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.11,0:08:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is some micrometeorites that the Army gave me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.65,0:08:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they get these out of the drinking wells in the South Pole.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.75,0:08:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're quite amazing-looking, and these are the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.49,0:08:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tiny constituents that make up the world that we live in --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.92,0:08:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the planets and the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.83,0:08:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So NASA wanted me to take some pictures of Moon sand,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.08,0:08:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they sent me sand from all the different landings
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.34,0:08:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Apollo missions that happened 40 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.82,0:08:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I started taking pictures with my three-dimensional microscopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.46,0:08:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the first picture I took. It was kind of amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.42,0:08:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought it looked kind of a little bit like the Moon, which is sort of interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.21,0:08:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the way my microscopes work is, normally
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.87,0:08:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a microscope you can see very little at one time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.34,0:08:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what you have to do is you have to refocus the microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.28,0:08:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep taking pictures, and then I have a computer program
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.07,0:08:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that puts all those pictures together
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.55,0:08:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into one picture so you can see actually what it looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.67,0:09:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I do that in 3D. So there, you can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.90,0:09:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a left-eye view. There's a right-eye view.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.61,0:09:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sort of left-eye view, right-eye view.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.16,0:09:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now something's interesting here. This looks very different
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.53,0:09:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any sand on Earth that I've ever seen, and I've
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.91,0:09:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seen a lot of sand on Earth, believe me. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.71,0:09:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at this hole in the middle. That hole was caused
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.66,0:09:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a micrometeorite hitting the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.00,0:09:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the Moon has no atmosphere, so micrometeorites
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.36,0:09:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come in continuously, and the whole surface of the Moon
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.58,0:09:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is covered with powder now, because for four billion years
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.18,0:09:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's been bombarded by micrometeorites,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.97,0:09:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when micrometeorites come in at about
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.36,0:09:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 to 60,000 miles an hour, they vaporize on contact.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.37,0:09:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see here that that is --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.28,0:09:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's sort of vaporized, and that material is holding this
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.87,0:09:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little clump of little sand grains together.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.42,0:09:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very small grain of sand, this whole thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.60,0:09:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's called a ring agglutinate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.76,0:09:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many of the grains of sand on the Moon look like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.70,0:09:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'd never find that on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.16,0:10:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the sand on the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.41,0:10:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially -- and you know when you look at the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.11,0:10:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's the dark areas and the light areas. The dark areas
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.47,0:10:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are lava flows. They're basaltic lava flows,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.61,0:10:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what this sand looks like, very similar
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.28,0:10:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the sand that you would see in Haleakala.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.04,0:10:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other sands, when these micrometeorites come in,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.46,0:10:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they vaporize and they make these fountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.55,0:10:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these microscopic fountains that go up into the --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.18,0:10:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was going to say "up into the air," but there is no air --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.54,0:10:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes sort of up, and these microscopic glass beads
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.79,0:10:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are formed instantly, and they harden, and by the time
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.30,0:10:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they fall down back to the surface of the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.69,0:10:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have these beautiful colored glass spherules.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.58,0:10:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are actually microscopic;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.13,0:10:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need a microscope to see these.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.10,0:10:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now here's a grain of sand that is from the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.54,0:10:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see that the entire
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.69,0:10:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crystal structure is still there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.17,0:10:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This grain of sand is probably about
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.32,0:10:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three and a half or four billion years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.60,0:10:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's never eroded away like the way we have sand
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.79,0:11:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Earth erodes away because of water and tumbling,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.81,0:11:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,air, and so forth. All you can see is a little bit of erosion
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.06,0:11:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down here by the Sun, has these solar storms,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.67,0:11:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's erosion by solar radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.43,0:11:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I've been trying to tell you today is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.02,0:11:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things even as ordinary as a grain of sand
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.59,0:11:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be truly extraordinary if you look closely
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.56,0:11:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you look from a different and a new point of view.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.87,0:11:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that this was best put by William Blake when he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.24,0:11:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"To see a world in a grain of sand
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.78,0:11:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a heaven in a wild flower,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.54,0:11:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.87,0:11:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eternity in an hour."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.20,0:11:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)