[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.92,0:00:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my great uncle,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.92,0:00:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my father's father's younger brother.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.94,0:00:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name was Joe McKenna.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.14,0:00:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a young husband\Nand a semi-pro basketball player
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.09,0:00:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a fireman in New York City.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.41,0:00:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Family history says\Nhe loved being a fireman,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.01,0:00:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so in 1938, on one of his days off,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.54,0:00:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he elected to hang out at the firehouse.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.02,0:00:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make himself useful that day,\Nhe started polishing all the brass,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.22,0:00:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the railings on the fire truck,\Nthe fittings on the walls,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.61,0:00:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the fire hose nozzles,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.96,0:00:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a giant, heavy piece of metal,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.46,0:00:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toppled off a shelf and hit him.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.57,0:00:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few days later,\Nhis shoulder started to hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.38,0:00:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two days after that, he spiked a fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.66,0:00:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fever climbed and climbed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.14,0:00:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His wife was taking care of him,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.09,0:00:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nothing she did made a difference,\Nand when they got the local doctor in,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.39,0:01:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing he did mattered either.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.15,0:01:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They flagged down a cab\Nand took him to the hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.91,0:01:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nurses there recognized right away\Nthat he had an infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.90,0:01:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what at the time they would\Nhave called "blood poisoning,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.06,0:01:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and though they probably didn't say it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.17,0:01:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would have known right away
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.03,0:01:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was nothing they could do.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.77,0:01:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was nothing they could do\Nbecause the things we use now
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.79,0:01:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cure infections didn't exist yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.74,0:01:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first test of penicillin,\Nthe first antibiotic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.17,0:01:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was three years in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.84,0:01:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who got infections\Neither recovered, if they were lucky,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.55,0:01:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they died.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.32,0:01:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My great uncle was not lucky.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.41,0:01:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was in the hospital for a week,\Nshaking with chills,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.71,0:01:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dehydrated and delirious,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.57,0:01:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sinking into a coma as his organs failed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.47,0:01:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His condition grew so desperate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.60,0:01:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the people from his firehouse\Nlined up to give him transfusions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.23,0:02:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hoping to dilute the infection\Nsurging through his blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.50,0:02:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing worked. He died.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.14,0:02:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was 30 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.12,0:02:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look back through history,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.09,0:02:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most people died the way\Nmy great uncle died.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.36,0:02:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people didn't die\Nof cancer or heart disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.03,0:02:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lifestyle diseases that afflict us\Nin the West today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.49,0:02:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't die of those diseases\Nbecause they didn't live long enough
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.23,0:02:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.22,0:02:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They died of injuries --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.34,0:02:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being gored by an ox,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.82,0:02:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shot on a battlefield,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.73,0:02:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crushed in one of the new factories\Nof the Industrial Revolution --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.46,0:02:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of the time from infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.85,0:02:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which finished what those injuries began.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.49,0:02:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of that changed\Nwhen antibiotics arrived.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.60,0:02:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly, infections that had\Nbeen a death sentence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.20,0:02:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became something\Nyou recovered from in days.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.59,0:02:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seemed like a miracle,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.63,0:03:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ever since, we have been living inside\Nthe golden epoch of the miracle drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.29,0:03:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, we are coming to an end of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.24,0:03:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My great uncle died in the last days\Nof the pre-antibiotic era.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.30,0:03:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We stand today on the threshold\Nof the post-antibiotic era,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.46,0:03:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the earliest days of a time\Nwhen simple infections
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.22,0:03:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the one Joe had\Nwill kill people once again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.88,0:03:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, they already are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.78,0:03:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are dying of infections again\Nbecause of a phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.62,0:03:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called antibiotic resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.38,0:03:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Briefly, it works like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.12,0:03:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bacteria compete against each other\Nfor resources, for food,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.09,0:03:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by manufacturing lethal compounds\Nthat they direct against each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.76,0:03:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other bacteria, to protect themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.10,0:03:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolve defenses against\Nthat chemical attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.35,0:03:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we first made antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.68,0:04:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we took those compounds into the lab\Nand made our own versions of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.88,0:04:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bacteria responded to our attack\Nthe way they always had.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.67,0:04:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is what happened next:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.10,0:04:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Penicillin was distributed in 1943,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.49,0:04:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and widespread penicillin resistance\Narrived by 1945.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.62,0:04:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vancomycin arrived in 1972,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.57,0:04:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vancomycin resistance in 1988.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.03,0:04:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imipenem in 1985,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.15,0:04:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and resistance to in 1998.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.19,0:04:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Daptomycin, one of\Nthe most recent drugs, in 2003,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.86,0:04:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and resistance to it\Njust a year later in 2004.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.58,0:04:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For 70 years, we played\Na game of leapfrog --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.34,0:04:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our drug and their resistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.26,0:04:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then another drug,\Nand then resistance again --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.91,0:04:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now the game is ending.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.44,0:04:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bacteria develop resistance so quickly\Nthat pharmaceutical companies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.48,0:04:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have decided making antibiotics\Nis not in their best interest,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.84,0:05:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there are infections\Nmoving across the world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.65,0:05:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for which, out of the more\Nthan 100 antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.11,0:05:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,available on the market,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.34,0:05:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two drugs might work with side effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.75,0:05:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or one drug,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.24,0:05:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or none.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.10,0:05:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what that looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.28,0:05:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2000, the Centers for Disease\NControl and Prevention, the CDC,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.46,0:05:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identified a single case
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.50,0:05:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a hospital in North Carolina
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.75,0:05:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an infection resistant\Nto all but two drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.89,0:05:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, that infection, known as KPC,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.20,0:05:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has spread to every state but three,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.80,0:05:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to South America, Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.15,0:05:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Middle East.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.87,0:05:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2008, doctors in Sweden
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.19,0:05:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diagnosed a man from India\Nwith a different infection
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.98,0:05:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resistant to all but one drug that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.69,0:05:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gene that creates that resistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.92,0:06:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as NDM, has now spread\Nfrom India into China, Asia, Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.44,0:06:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe and Canada, and the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.13,0:06:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be natural to hope
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.69,0:06:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these infections\Nare extraordinary cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.29,0:06:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.14,0:06:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the United States and Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.61,0:06:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50,000 people a year
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.32,0:06:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,die of infections which no drugs can help.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.97,0:06:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A project chartered\Nby the British government
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.01,0:06:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as the Review\Non Antimicrobial Resistance
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.75,0:06:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,estimates that the worldwide toll\Nright now is 700,000 deaths a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.29,0:06:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a lot of deaths,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.66,0:06:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet, the chances are good\Nthat you don't feel at risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.77,0:06:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you imagine these people\Nwere hospital patients
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.100,0:06:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in intensive care units
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.71,0:06:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or nursing home residents\Nnear the ends of their lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.66,0:06:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people whose infections\Nare remote from us,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.84,0:07:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in situations we can't identify with.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.46,0:07:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you didn't think about,\Nnone of us do,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.85,0:07:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that antibiotics support\Nalmost all of modern life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.72,0:07:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we lost antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.93,0:07:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's what else we'd lose:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.84,0:07:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, any protection for people\Nwith weakened immune systems --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.02,0:07:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cancer patients, AIDS patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.48,0:07:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transplant recipients, premature babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.98,0:07:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, any treatment that installs\Nforeign objects in the body:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.39,0:07:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stents for stroke, pumps for diabetes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.27,0:07:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dialysis, joint replacements.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.19,0:07:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many athletic baby boomers\Nneed new hips and knees?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.91,0:07:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A recent study estimates\Nthat without antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.72,0:07:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one out of ever six would die.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.66,0:07:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, we'd probably lose surgery.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.87,0:07:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many operations are preceded
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.19,0:07:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by prophylactic doses of antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.14,0:08:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without that protection,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.81,0:08:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd lose the ability to open\Nthe hidden spaces of the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.02,0:08:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no heart operations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.85,0:08:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no prostate biopsies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.68,0:08:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no Cesarean sections.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.79,0:08:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd have to learn to fear infections\Nthat now seem minor.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.78,0:08:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strep throat used to cause heart failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.59,0:08:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Skin infections led to amputations.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.82,0:08:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Giving birth killed,\Nin the cleanest hospitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.72,0:08:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost one woman out of every 100.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.72,0:08:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pneumonia took three children\Nout of every 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.22,0:08:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than anything else,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.33,0:08:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd lose the confident way\Nwe live our everyday lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.84,0:08:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you knew that any injury\Ncould kill you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.04,0:08:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would you ride a motorcycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.29,0:08:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bomb down a ski slope,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.50,0:08:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climb a ladder to hang\Nyour Christmas lights,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.98,0:09:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let your kid slide into home plate?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.57,0:09:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, the first person\Nto receive penicillin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.64,0:09:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a British policeman named\NAlbert Alexander,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.52,0:09:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was so ravaged by infection\Nthat his scalp oozed pus
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.86,0:09:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doctors had to take out an eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.78,0:09:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was infected by doing\Nsomething very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.17,0:09:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He walked into his garden\Nand scratched his face on a thorn.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.83,0:09:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That British project I mentioned\Nwhich estimates that the worldwide toll
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.48,0:09:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now is 700,000 deaths a year
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.36,0:09:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also predicts that if we can't\Nget this under control by 2050,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.54,0:09:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not long, the worldwide toll\Nwill be 10 million deaths a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.13,0:09:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did we get to this point
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.83,0:09:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where what we have to look forward to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.86,0:09:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is those terrifying numbers?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.35,0:10:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The difficult answer is,\Nwe did it to ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.88,0:10:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Resistance is an inevitable\Nbiological process,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.85,0:10:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we bear the responsibility\Nfor accelerating it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.49,0:10:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did this by squandering antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.04,0:10:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a heedlessness\Nthat now seems shocking.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.41,0:10:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Penicillin was sold\Nover the counter until the 1950s.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.49,0:10:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In much of the developing world,\Nmost antibiotics still are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.21,0:10:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the United States, 50 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.97,0:10:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the antibiotics given\Nin hospitals are unnecessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.66,0:10:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forty-five percent of the prescriptions\Nwritten in doctor's offices
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.04,0:10:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are for conditions\Nthat antibiotics cannot help.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.58,0:10:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's just in healthcare.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.25,0:10:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On much of the planet, most meat animals\Nget antibiotics every day of their lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.10,0:10:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to cure illnesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.38,0:10:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to fatten them up\Nand to protect them against
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.84,0:11:01.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the factory farm conditions\Nthey are raised in.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.81,0:11:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the United States, possibly 80 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.82,0:11:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the antibiotics sold every year\Ngo to farm animals, not to humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.53,0:11:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating resistant bacteria\Nthat move off the farm
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.20,0:11:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in water, in dust,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.83,0:11:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the meat the animals become.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.98,0:11:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aquaculture depends on antibiotics too,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.91,0:11:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly in Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.56,0:11:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fruit growing relies on antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.90,0:11:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect apples, pears,\Ncitrus, against disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.49,0:11:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because bacteria can pass\Ntheir DNA to each other
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.12,0:11:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a traveler handing off\Na suitcase at an airport,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.55,0:11:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once we have encouraged\Nthat resistance into existence,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.36,0:11:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is no knowing where it will spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.72,0:11:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was predictable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.67,0:11:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it was predicted
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.51,0:12:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Alexander Fleming,\Nthe man who discovered penicillin.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.94,0:12:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was given the Nobel Prize\Nin 1945 in recognition,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.94,0:12:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in an interview shortly after,\Nthis is what he said:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.28,0:12:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The thoughtless person playing\Nwith penicillin treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.55,0:12:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is morally responsible\Nfor the death of a man
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.82,0:12:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who succumbs to infection
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.15,0:12:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a pencillin-resistant organism."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.05,0:12:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He added, "I hope this evil\Ncan be averted."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.99,0:12:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we avert it?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.84,0:12:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are companies working\Non novel antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.51,0:12:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things the superbugs\Nhave never seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.09,0:12:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need those new drugs badly,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.80,0:12:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need incentives:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.06,0:12:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovery grants, extended patents,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.59,0:12:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prizes, to lure other companies\Ninto making antibiotics again.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.34,0:12:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that probably won't be enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.06,0:13:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's why: Evolution always wins.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.70,0:13:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bacteria birth a new generation\Nevery 20 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.63,0:13:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes pharmaceutical chemistry\N10 years to derive a new drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.41,0:13:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time we use an antibiotic,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.27,0:13:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we give the bacteria billions of chances
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.54,0:13:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to crack the codes
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.28,0:13:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the defenses we've constructed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.49,0:13:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There has never yet been a drug
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.88,0:13:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could not defeat.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.43,0:13:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is asymmetric warfare,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.96,0:13:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can change the outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.93,0:13:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could build systems to harvest data\Nto tell us automatically and specifically
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.33,0:13:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how antibiotics are being used.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.26,0:13:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could build gatekeeping\Ninto drug order systems
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.10,0:13:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that every prescription\Ngets a second look.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.81,0:13:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could require agriculture\Nto give up antibiotic use.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.24,0:13:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could build surveillance systems
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.28,0:14:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell us where resistance\Nis emerging next.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.50,0:14:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the tech solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.26,0:14:08.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They probably aren't enough either,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.89,0:14:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless we help.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.78,0:14:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Antibiotic resistance is a habit.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.48,0:14:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know how hard it is\Nto change a habit.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.57,0:14:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as a society,\Nwe've done that in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.40,0:14:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People used to toss litter\Ninto the streets,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.97,0:14:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used to not wear seatbelts,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.74,0:14:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used to smoke inside public buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.40,0:14:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't do those things anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.14,0:14:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't trash the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.47,0:14:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or court devastating accidents
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.62,0:14:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or expose others\Nto the possibility of cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.60,0:14:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we decided those things\Nwere expensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.10,0:14:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,destructive, not in our best interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.82,0:14:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We changed social norms.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.14,0:15:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could change social norms\Naround antibiotic use too.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.50,0:15:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know that the scale\Nof antibiotic resistance
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.77,0:15:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems overwhelming,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.68,0:15:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you've ever bought\Na fluorescent lightbulb
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.14,0:15:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you were concerned\Nabout climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.85,0:15:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or read the label on a box of crackers
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.99,0:15:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you think about\Nthe deforestation from palm oil,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.47,0:15:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you already know what it feels like
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.35,0:15:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take a tiny step to address\Nan overwhelming problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.83,0:15:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could take those kinds of steps\Nfor antibiotic use too.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.31,0:15:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could forgo giving an antibiotic\Nif we're not sure it's the right one.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.25,0:15:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could stop insisting on a prescription\Nfor our kid's ear infection
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.56,0:15:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we're sure what caused it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.68,0:15:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could ask every restaurant,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.04,0:15:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every supermarket,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.86,0:16:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where their meat comes from.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.81,0:16:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could promise each other
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.64,0:16:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never again to buy chicken\Nor shrimp or fruit
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.74,0:16:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raised with routine antibiotic use,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.63,0:16:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we did those things,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.32,0:16:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could slow down the arrival\Nof the post-antibiotic world.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.55,0:16:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have to do it soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.68,0:16:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Penicillin began\Nthe antibiotic era in 1943.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.18,0:16:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In just 70 years, we walked ourselves\Nup to the edge of disaster.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.29,0:16:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We won't get 70 years
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.61,0:16:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find our way back out again.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.77,0:16:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.79,0:16:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)