[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.66,0:00:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentlemen, as Paul [said],
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.73,0:00:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my hobby, and at the same time\Nprofession, is physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.64,0:00:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is, for me,\Na very lucky coincidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.35,0:00:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think, as Democritus once said,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.77,0:00:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can also repeat now,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.38,0:00:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I would rather prefer\Nto discover one causal law
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.67,0:00:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than be King of Persia.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.14,0:00:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I am pretty sure\Nthere is a lot of phenomena
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.54,0:00:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,awaiting our discovery...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.74,0:00:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, let me know... Yeah, it's working.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.96,0:00:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Phenomena] which are occurring,\Nperhaps, even now, here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.75,0:00:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we do not recognize them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.03,0:00:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have my personal proof for that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.64,0:00:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least it is convincing [to] me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.05,0:00:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was an astonishment\NI experienced once,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.51,0:01:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when working at this nice,\Nand even cozy accelerator,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.10,0:01:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a friend of mine\Ncame to my office, and...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.08,0:01:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Phone rings twice)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.72,0:01:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And something like that happened,\Nand then he [said],
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.20,0:01:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Please pick it up,\Nbecause this is an external call."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.64,0:01:20.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I excused [myself] for a moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.12,0:01:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it was, indeed, an external call.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.22,0:01:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I asked him,\N"How do you know that?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.19,0:01:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was the explanation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.15,0:01:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the external call...\N(Phone rings twice)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.89,0:01:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is an internal call.\N(Phone rings once)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.33,0:01:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.19,0:01:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of you are also working\Nin institutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.46,0:01:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you recognize that, perhaps.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.02,0:01:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I [had been] working there for many years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.29,0:01:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that office, and didn't realize that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.26,0:01:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.76,0:01:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.93,0:01:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I learned a good lesson of humility.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.100,0:02:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A painful lesson for the researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.49,0:02:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose ambition is to [discover], say,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.50,0:02:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less trivial things than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.70,0:02:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.17,0:02:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So... (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.73,0:02:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this also gave me a promise
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.13,0:02:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is a chance\Nto discover something --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.56,0:02:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Something] I didn't notice till now.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.41,0:02:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today,\NI would like to tell you a story
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.77,0:02:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more successful, for me, at least,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.43,0:02:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about antimatter-based molecular imaging\Nof the whole human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.09,0:02:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what do I mean by that?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.80,0:02:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would like to tell you\Nabout an idea, or invention.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.10,0:02:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About a cylinder,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.30,0:02:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a device which [will] one day\Nperhaps surround a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.77,0:02:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with that device, I hope,\Nwe will be able, in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.82,0:02:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make tomographic images,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.47,0:02:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,non-invasive pictures of the human body,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.84,0:02:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the whole human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.16,0:03:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So perhaps a less scientific topic
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.32,0:03:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of my presentation today could be:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.62,0:03:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How I have reinvented the cylinder."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.73,0:03:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, after you laughed truly
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.34,0:03:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Charles Crawford\Nwas showing a formula,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.98,0:03:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I'm obliged now to give a lesson,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.39,0:03:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we go farther\Noff solid-state physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.84,0:03:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,atomic physics, nuclear physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.62,0:03:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, at the end, particle physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.08,0:03:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all we need to understand\Nthe rest of the talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.18,0:03:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.24,0:03:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But... (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.78,0:03:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, [looking at] some of you,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.25,0:03:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see colleagues from my institute [here],
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.06,0:03:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,younger, [who] have perhaps\Nalready attended such lectures.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.62,0:03:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will [do] this in a way I'm sure\Nnone of you have [been] shown,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.08,0:03:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I would like to start from --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.38,0:03:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should point it here --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.07,0:03:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the bush I made\Na photo of in my garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.05,0:04:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as a researcher,\Nyou might put [your] head inside it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.17,0:04:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you recognize\Nthere is a lot of fruits there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.16,0:04:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with a scope,\Nperhaps you could go farther.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.100,0:04:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, let us skip molecular physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.80,0:04:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These fruits are surely from molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.46,0:04:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the molecules are from atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.74,0:04:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.10,0:04:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.48,0:04:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now...(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.48,0:04:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we are already\Nat atomic physics, and this is, now --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.43,0:04:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.86,0:04:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[It's] very important to recognize that --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.87,0:04:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is really important\Nfor the rest of the talk --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.53,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is not to scale,\Nand I could not --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.03,0:04:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.61,0:04:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[I] could not plot it to scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.32,0:04:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the nucleus is much smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.88,0:04:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in comparison to the size of the atom.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.16,0:04:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is why some of the particles
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.89,0:04:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can just traverse through\Nthe human body, or through matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.88,0:04:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they are energetic enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.23,0:04:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, in the next [figure],
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.33,0:05:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let us go to nuclear physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.88,0:05:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the nucleus.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.22,0:05:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, quickly, to particle physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.80,0:05:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nucleus is [composed of] quarks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.22,0:05:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, going back\Nto the word "antimatter,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.74,0:05:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now [we have] really come to the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.75,0:05:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are also quarks and anti-quarks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.72,0:05:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they are the objects\Nwhich I am really studying
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.54,0:05:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my daily life.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.84,0:05:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[They] are called mesons,\Nnot important for this talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.62,0:05:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I am doing that\Nso I had to mention that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.50,0:05:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.71,0:05:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And mesons are built\Nout of matter and antimatter.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.73,0:05:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they only live [a very short time].
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.81,0:05:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that quark and anti-quark\Ntouch each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.34,0:05:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it disappears in the form of energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.67,0:05:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, for the imaging,\Nwe need something similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.22,0:05:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we cannot have a meson\Nin the laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.34,0:05:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it lives [only] for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.23,0:05:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not worth mentioning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.48,0:06:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is another source of antimatter\Nthat we [do] have in the laboratories,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.06,0:06:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in most nuclear physics laboratories,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.73,0:06:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which [are] the isotopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.52,0:06:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the atoms, or substances,\Nlike fluorine, like oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.80,0:06:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but which can radioactively decay.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.38,0:06:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this we all know.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.57,0:06:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is one radioactive decay\Nwhich is very special.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.11,0:06:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which out of those three [types],
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.96,0:06:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alpha, Beta and Gamma,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.74,0:06:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beta is the most mysterious one,\Nor the most mystic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.83,0:06:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.40,0:06:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the nucleons inside the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.08,0:06:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decays, as it was shown here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.52,0:06:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, let me come back.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.51,0:06:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To an anti-electron, it is e+ here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.73,0:06:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not an electron,\Nbut an anti-electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.49,0:06:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The electron has a "minus."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.73,0:06:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is an anti-electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.51,0:06:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is something which,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.49,0:06:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it touched the electron,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.12,0:06:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then annihilation [would] occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.01,0:07:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you would have energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.54,0:07:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, which is already used\Nin the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.75,0:07:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can cheat a little,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.04,0:07:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make, for example, radioactive sugar,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.40,0:07:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of usual sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.32,0:07:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The radioactive sugar is just sugar,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.44,0:07:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made, for example, with fluorine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.09,0:07:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead of usual fluorine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.36,0:07:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take radioactive fluorine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.57,0:07:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which then emits positrons,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.92,0:07:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those anti-electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.77,0:07:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you [can] administer that\Nto the patient
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.51,0:07:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like you see in that picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.21,0:07:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, all the processes with the sugar
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.94,0:07:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which occur in the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.41,0:07:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are exactly the same\Nas with the usual sugar,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.62,0:07:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from time to time you have a signal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.82,0:07:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the interior of the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.40,0:07:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this decay happens there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.76,0:07:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, if you look --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.06,0:07:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this decay happens somewhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.37,0:07:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have this anti-electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.36,0:07:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it touches the electron --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.81,0:07:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are in the first order,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.06,0:07:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from electrons and those nuclei,\Nnothing else.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.46,0:08:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if it touches this electron,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.35,0:08:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they annihilate,\Nbecause it was matter and antimatter.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.81,0:08:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those two photons,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.76,0:08:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two gamma quanta,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.31,0:08:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are flying in a line,\Napart from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.20,0:08:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are energetic,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.80,0:08:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energetic enough to go through atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.74,0:08:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they can go outside of the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.13,0:08:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, we are close\Nto the explanation of that word.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.56,0:08:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had a positron,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.26,0:08:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had emission,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.59,0:08:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now we have detectors,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.16,0:08:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have Positron Emission Tomography,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.53,0:08:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with those detectors.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.86,0:08:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's enough to put [detectors]\Naround the human body,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.14,0:08:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are capable of detecting\Nthose gamma quanta.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.23,0:08:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can [take] a picture\Nof the interior of the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.38,0:08:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or [first of all],\Nyou can [take] a picture
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.46,0:08:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of where those sugars were distributed\Naround the organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.23,0:08:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, you may wonder\Nhow one can do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.52,0:09:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have an easy example, the simplest one.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.40,0:09:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's assume [all] the sugar administered
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.65,0:09:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was just absorbed\Nin one place in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.15,0:09:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say that that [unfortunate] person\Nhad a [tumor],
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.82,0:09:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was absorbed\Nreally point-like, in one place.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.46,0:09:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, it's very easy to imagine\Nhow you can [take] a picture
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.72,0:09:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that brain, or that point,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.12,0:09:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because what we measure...\N(Shutter sound)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.38,0:09:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say those points,\Nthose blue rectangles, are detectors.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.78,0:09:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something which can register.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.93,0:09:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, a bulb.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.21,0:09:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you put a current into the bulb,\Nthen you see the light.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.03,0:09:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you put the light to the detectors,\Nyou see the current.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.100,0:09:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shall I say, it's an anti-bulb.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.17,0:09:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what [do] we have? We...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.72,0:09:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We [administered] a sugar,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.22,0:09:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that sugar is sometimes\Ndecaying somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.50,0:09:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that case, it's always decaying here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.52,0:09:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we measured the signal here and here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.67,0:09:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a lot of cables there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.18,0:09:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we know it was here and here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.36,0:10:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we do is to plot a line.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.63,0:10:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we don't know [where]\Nthis sugar was, along this line.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.80,0:10:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's of course decaying\Nin different directions. (Shutter sound)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.90,0:10:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's enough to have\Ntwo such lines, (Shutter sound)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.64,0:10:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you know the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.60,0:10:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now it's very easy to imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.56,0:10:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can [take] such a picture\Nof the [whole] body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.19,0:10:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, it's not as easy\Nas I plot it now, but...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.70,0:10:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.75,0:10:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's imaginable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.59,0:10:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is how a person sees that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.66,0:10:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you put [them into a] plastic box,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.31,0:10:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then on the screen\Nyou have [an image] of your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.39,0:10:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, what is the problem to be solved,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.67,0:10:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what is the challenge here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.54,0:10:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenge is that such devices\Nare very expensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.47,0:10:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 million Polish zlotys. That's one.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.63,0:10:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is only a few of them in Poland.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.69,0:10:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are short.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.27,0:11:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means you cannot make\Nan image of the whole person.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.20,0:11:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you saw in this picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.73,0:11:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are short rings around the patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.78,0:11:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, there is one more problem,\Nor a challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.31,0:11:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How to improve\Nthe sharpness of that image?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.48,0:11:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, please look at that picture here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.81,0:11:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture\Nthat I would like to [use] to [explain]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.62,0:11:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the problem with the smearing\Nof the image.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.89,0:11:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's say this anti-electron
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.14,0:11:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,touched an electron here --\Nwe had two photons,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.26,0:11:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two gamma quanta,\Nand they react here and here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.52,0:11:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we don't know this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.32,0:11:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know only that it was somewhere\Nin the detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.20,0:11:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we have here a cable,\Nand the signal from the detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.92,0:11:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, sorry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.17,0:11:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Camera shutter sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.58,0:11:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.85,0:11:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, what we can plot
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.52,0:12:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the line from the middle\Nof the detector
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.68,0:12:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the middle of the detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.44,0:12:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we make a mistake.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.05,0:12:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, in that case,\Nwe know the true line is here,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.05,0:12:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we reconstruct that line.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.73,0:12:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this caused the smearing of the image.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.65,0:12:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, there is one trivial way\Nto overcome this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.60,0:12:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trivial way is to make these detectors\Nsmaller and smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.32,0:12:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then you increase the cost,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.05,0:12:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you increase\Nthe number of the bulbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.77,0:12:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is, now, the idea I had.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.54,0:12:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just, instead of making that,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.56,0:12:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's change the paradigm completely.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.96,0:12:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's use a huge block\Ninstead of small pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.93,0:12:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's try to find something out
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.59,0:12:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the gamma heated the detector inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.05,0:12:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is just the idea,\Nwhich is the direct transfer
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.27,0:13:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the detectors we have\Nin that experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.57,0:13:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the experiments\NI spent perhaps 15 years researching.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.60,0:13:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with those detectors\Nwe were studying those mesons.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.12,0:13:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were measuring --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.39,0:13:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is part of the accelerator --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.50,0:13:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were measuring the time
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.29,0:13:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[in which] particles\Ntravel from there to here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.26,0:13:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is nanoseconds, a very short time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.80,0:13:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you look at that --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.40,0:13:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were strips of plastic material
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.19,0:13:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allowed to measure the particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.78,0:13:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a closer view,\Nit may be plotted like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.31,0:13:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a strip of the material.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.40,0:13:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If something hits it,\Na particle, a gamma quantum,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.06,0:13:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there is a light inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.70,0:13:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it is in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.26,0:13:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the time of the light signal\Nto that side,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.54,0:13:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this bulb, and to that bulb,\Nis the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.71,0:13:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it is closer to that --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.84,0:13:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"PM" is not the abbreviation of my name,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.10,0:13:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is "photomultiplier."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.64,0:14:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.23,0:14:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it is closer to that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.76,0:14:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this time is shorter,\Nthis time is longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.65,0:14:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So from the difference of times,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.53,0:14:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can define\Nwhen this gamma quantum really hit it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.24,0:14:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.29,0:14:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is used in all physics experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.06,0:14:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particle and nuclear physics experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.45,0:14:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, the only thing to [do was],
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.70,0:14:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to make a tomograph [out of that].
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.17,0:14:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then -- this is again something\Nlike reinventing the circle,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.46,0:14:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one can think of taking\Nthis wall of those strips,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.06,0:14:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and making a cylinder out of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.93,0:14:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, you have those strips.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.22,0:14:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can put a bulb here, a bulb there,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.100,0:14:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you know when this gamma\Nfrom the human body hit, and in which way.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.50,0:14:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can put a patient here, inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.05,0:14:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can be large.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.85,0:14:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number of those photomultipliers,\Nof those bulbs,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.57,0:14:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not increase when you enlarge that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.17,0:15:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may make this as large as you like.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.07,0:15:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even more, you can make more\Nof such cylinders.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.26,0:15:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, you can increase the probability
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.88,0:15:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of detecting these gamma quanta.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.77,0:15:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, the dream which we are trying\Nto realize with my colleagues,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.23,0:15:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to build such a tomograph,\Nwhich would allow for
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.64,0:15:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such molecular imaging\Nof the whole human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.98,0:15:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.60,0:15:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, what --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.50,0:15:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Beep)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.61,0:15:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is with that?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.83,0:15:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Phone rings twice)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.43,0:15:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you may believe it or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.66,0:15:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I conceived [of] that cylinder
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.22,0:15:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of that detector which you saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.80,0:15:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, I realized that I was working\Nin collaboration with
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.43,0:15:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a laboratory who has such a cylinder.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.26,0:15:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the one in Italy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.98,0:16:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4 meters large, with scintillators,\Nwith those materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.96,0:16:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are [doing] experiments there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.44,0:16:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, when preparing this talk...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.37,0:16:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, that again.\N(Phone rings once)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.10,0:16:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I realized that I was working\Non an experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.44,0:16:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had such a huge barrel\Nof scintillator.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.58,0:16:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I am working on another experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.71,0:16:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which when you look inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.56,0:16:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is again a barrel of scintillator.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.61,0:16:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you may [see] here\Nhow large those barrels are.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.00,0:16:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A person could even walk inside,\Nif this [worked].
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.72,0:16:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a chance\Nto really [make] such a tomograph,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.86,0:16:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially that such technology\Nis used nowadays,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.87,0:16:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in particle and nuclear physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.49,0:16:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I hope, like Rafał told us,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.62,0:16:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that somebody will take\Nhis message seriously,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.24,0:16:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody clever\Nwill just make this tomograph
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.39,0:16:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some groups which are rich enough
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.08,0:17:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build all those bulbs, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.30,0:17:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But independently,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.95,0:17:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I and my colleagues\Nare trying to do that here in Cracow.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.03,0:17:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.30,0:17:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Phone rings twice)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.45,0:17:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just to point\Nto the end of my talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.68,0:17:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.74,0:17:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)