0:00:00.656,0:00:04.725
Ladies and gentlemen, as Paul [said],

0:00:04.726,0:00:09.640
my hobby, and at the same time[br]profession, is physics.

0:00:09.641,0:00:13.351
And this is, for me,[br]a very lucky coincidence.

0:00:13.352,0:00:17.773
And I think, as Democritus once said,

0:00:17.774,0:00:19.375
I can also repeat now,

0:00:19.376,0:00:24.668
that I would rather prefer[br]to discover one causal law

0:00:24.669,0:00:27.139
than be King of Persia.

0:00:27.140,0:00:33.535
And I am pretty sure there is[br]a lot of phenomena

0:00:33.536,0:00:35.744
awaiting our discovery...

0:00:35.745,0:00:39.962
Oh, let me know... Yeah, it's working.

0:00:39.963,0:00:43.750
[Phenomena] which are occurring,[br]perhaps, even now, here,

0:00:43.751,0:00:46.030
but we do not recognize them.

0:00:46.031,0:00:49.640
And I have my personal proof for that,

0:00:49.641,0:00:52.046
at least it is convincing [to] me.

0:00:52.047,0:00:56.511
That was an astonishment[br]I experienced once,

0:00:56.512,0:01:01.099
when working at this nice,[br]and even cozy accelerator,

0:01:01.100,0:01:06.074
when a friend of mine[br]came to my office, and...

0:01:06.075,0:01:07.721
(Phone rings twice)

0:01:07.722,0:01:10.199
And something like that happened,[br]and then he [said],

0:01:10.200,0:01:15.638
"Please pick it up,[br]because this is an external call."

0:01:15.639,0:01:21.122
So I excused [myself] for a moment,

0:01:21.123,0:01:24.221
and then it was, indeed, an external call.

0:01:24.222,0:01:27.189
And then I asked him,[br]"How do you know that?"

0:01:27.190,0:01:29.154
And this was the explanation.

0:01:29.155,0:01:32.892
This was the external call.[br](Phone rings twice)

0:01:32.893,0:01:36.330
And this is an internal call.[br](Phone rings once)

0:01:36.331,0:01:38.190
(Laughter)

0:01:38.191,0:01:41.461
Many of you[br]are also working in institutions,

0:01:41.462,0:01:44.024
you recognize that, perhaps.

0:01:44.025,0:01:47.289
I [had been] working there for many years,

0:01:47.290,0:01:50.258
in that office, and didn't realize that.

0:01:50.259,0:01:51.758
(Laughter)

0:01:51.759,0:01:55.929
And this was...

0:01:55.930,0:01:59.997
I learned a good lesson of humility.

0:01:59.998,0:02:02.490
A painful lesson for the researcher

0:02:02.491,0:02:05.499
whose ambition is to [discover], say,

0:02:05.500,0:02:07.697
less trivial things than that.

0:02:07.698,0:02:09.165
(Laughter)

0:02:09.166,0:02:10.728
So... (Laughter)

0:02:10.729,0:02:13.133
But this also gave me a promise

0:02:13.134,0:02:16.000
that there is a chance[br]to discover something --

0:02:16.001,0:02:17.561
(Laughter)

0:02:17.562,0:02:19.412
[Something] I didn't notice till now.

0:02:19.413,0:02:21.774
And today, I would like to tell you a story

0:02:21.775,0:02:24.429
more successful, for me, at least,

0:02:24.430,0:02:32.087
about antimatter-based molecular imaging[br]of the whole human body.

0:02:32.088,0:02:33.795
So, what do I mean by that?

0:02:33.796,0:02:38.104
So I would like to tell you[br]about an idea, or invention.

0:02:38.105,0:02:40.299
About a cylinder,

0:02:40.300,0:02:45.766
a device which [will] one day[br]perhaps surround a person.

0:02:45.767,0:02:49.822
And with that device, I hope,[br]we will be able, in the future,

0:02:49.823,0:02:52.469
to make tomographic images,

0:02:52.470,0:02:55.834
non-invasive pictures of the human body,

0:02:55.835,0:02:58.161
of the whole human body.

0:02:58.162,0:03:02.323
So perhaps a less scientific topic

0:03:02.324,0:03:04.620
of my presentation today could be:

0:03:04.621,0:03:07.729
"How I have reinvented the cylinder."

0:03:07.730,0:03:10.344
But now, after you laughed truly

0:03:10.345,0:03:14.976
when Charles Crawford[br]was showing a formula,

0:03:14.977,0:03:17.391
I think I'm obliged now to give a lesson,

0:03:17.392,0:03:21.834
before we go farther off[br]solid-state physics,

0:03:21.835,0:03:25.616
atomic physics, nuclear physics,

0:03:25.617,0:03:28.085
and then, at the end, particle physics.

0:03:28.086,0:03:32.177
That's all we need to understand[br]the rest of the talk.

0:03:32.178,0:03:33.239
(Laughter)

0:03:33.240,0:03:34.777
But... (Laughter)

0:03:34.778,0:03:36.152
Then, [looking at] some of you,

0:03:36.153,0:03:39.058
I see colleagues from my institute [here],

0:03:39.059,0:03:42.622
younger, [who] have perhaps[br]already attended such lectures.

0:03:42.623,0:03:48.079
I will [do] this in a way I'm sure[br]none of you have [been] shown,

0:03:48.080,0:03:51.384
because I would like to start from --

0:03:51.385,0:03:54.068
I should point it here --

0:03:54.069,0:03:59.052
from the bush I made[br]a photo of in my garden.

0:03:59.053,0:04:02.169
So, as a researcher, you might[br]put [your] head inside it,

0:04:02.170,0:04:06.162
and then you recognize there is[br]a lot of fruits there.

0:04:06.163,0:04:09.998
But with a scope,[br]perhaps you could go farther.

0:04:09.999,0:04:12.803
And now, let us skip molecular physics.

0:04:12.804,0:04:15.459
These fruits are surely from molecules,

0:04:15.460,0:04:17.734
and the molecules are from atoms.

0:04:17.735,0:04:19.099
(Laughter)

0:04:19.100,0:04:20.475
(Applause)

0:04:20.476,0:04:23.475
So, now...(Applause)

0:04:23.476,0:04:27.433
Now we are already[br]at atomic physics, and this is, now --

0:04:27.434,0:04:29.856
(Laughter)

0:04:29.857,0:04:32.865
[It's] very important to recognize that --

0:04:32.866,0:04:35.531
and this is really important[br]for the rest of the talk --

0:04:35.532,0:04:38.028
that this is not to scale,[br]and I could not --

0:04:38.029,0:04:39.606
(Laughter)

0:04:39.607,0:04:41.315
[I] could not plot it to scale,

0:04:41.316,0:04:45.877
because the nucleus is much smaller,

0:04:45.878,0:04:48.155
in comparison to the size of the atom.

0:04:48.156,0:04:50.893
And that is why some of the particles

0:04:50.894,0:04:54.884
can just traverse[br]through the human body, or matter,

0:04:54.885,0:04:57.232
if they are energetic enough.

0:04:57.233,0:04:59.328
And then, in the next [figure],

0:04:59.329,0:05:00.876
let us go to nuclear physics.

0:05:00.877,0:05:02.223
This is the nucleus.

0:05:02.224,0:05:05.795
And then, quickly, to particle physics.

0:05:05.796,0:05:08.223
The nucleus is [composed of] quarks.

0:05:08.224,0:05:11.735
And now, going back[br]to the word "antimatter,"

0:05:11.736,0:05:14.753
now [we have] really come to the point.

0:05:14.754,0:05:17.722
There are also quarks and anti-quarks.

0:05:17.723,0:05:20.541
So, they are the objects[br]which I am really studying

0:05:20.542,0:05:22.837
in my daily life.

0:05:22.838,0:05:25.616
[They] are called mesons,[br]not important for this talk,

0:05:25.617,0:05:28.503
but I am doing that,[br]so I had to mention that.

0:05:28.504,0:05:29.712
(Laughter)

0:05:29.713,0:05:34.731
And mesons are built out of[br]matter and antimatter.

0:05:34.732,0:05:36.810
That's why they can only live[br][a very short time].

0:05:36.811,0:05:40.340
If that quark and anti-quark[br]touch each other,

0:05:40.341,0:05:43.668
it disappears in the form of energy.

0:05:43.669,0:05:47.215
And now, for the imaging,[br]we need something similar.

0:05:47.216,0:05:50.341
But we cannot have[br]a meson in the laboratory,

0:05:50.342,0:05:52.233
because it lives [only] for a while,

0:05:52.234,0:05:56.480
not worth mentioning.

0:05:56.481,0:05:59.523
But there is another source of antimatter

0:05:59.524,0:06:01.057
that we have in the laboratories,

0:06:01.058,0:06:04.727
in most nuclear physics laboratories,

0:06:04.728,0:06:07.524
which [are] the isotopes,

0:06:07.525,0:06:13.795
the atoms, or substances,[br]like fluorine, like oxygen,

0:06:13.796,0:06:16.374
but which can radioactively decay.

0:06:16.375,0:06:17.565
And this we all know.

0:06:17.566,0:06:21.112
But there is one radioactive decay[br]which is very special.

0:06:21.113,0:06:22.957
Which out of those three [types],

0:06:22.958,0:06:24.736
Alpha, Beta and Gamma,

0:06:24.737,0:06:28.829
Beta is the most mysterious one[br]or the most mystic [one].

0:06:28.830,0:06:30.397
And this is like that.

0:06:30.398,0:06:36.076
One of the nucleons inside the nucleus,

0:06:36.077,0:06:38.522
decays, as it was shown here.

0:06:38.523,0:06:40.506
Oh, let me come back.

0:06:40.507,0:06:44.725
To an anti-electron, it is e+ here.

0:06:44.726,0:06:47.492
It's not an electron, but an anti-electron.

0:06:47.493,0:06:49.730
The electron has a "minus."

0:06:49.731,0:06:51.507
And this is an anti-electron.

0:06:51.508,0:06:53.490
This is something which,

0:06:53.491,0:06:57.115
if it touched the electron,

0:06:57.116,0:06:59.012
then annihilation [would] occur,

0:06:59.013,0:07:01.541
and you would have energy.

0:07:01.542,0:07:06.746
So now, which is already used in the world,

0:07:06.747,0:07:09.040
you can cheat a little,

0:07:09.041,0:07:11.399
and make, for example, radioactive sugar,

0:07:11.400,0:07:13.320
instead of usual sugar.

0:07:13.321,0:07:15.438
The radioactive sugar is just sugar,

0:07:15.439,0:07:19.086
made, for example, with fluorine,

0:07:19.087,0:07:21.359
but instead of usual fluorine,

0:07:21.360,0:07:23.566
you take radioactive fluorine,

0:07:23.567,0:07:25.921
which then emits positrons,

0:07:25.922,0:07:27.771
those anti-electrons.

0:07:27.772,0:07:30.504
And you [can] administer that[br]to the patient

0:07:30.505,0:07:32.207
like you see in that picture.

0:07:32.208,0:07:34.942
And then, all the processes with the sugar

0:07:34.943,0:07:36.413
which occur in the body,

0:07:36.414,0:07:39.615
are exactly the same[br]as with the usual sugar,

0:07:39.616,0:07:41.822
but from time to time you have a signal

0:07:41.823,0:07:43.397
from the interior of the body,

0:07:43.398,0:07:46.756
because this decay happens there.

0:07:46.757,0:07:49.058
And now, if you look --

0:07:49.059,0:07:51.371
If this decay happens somewhere,

0:07:51.372,0:07:54.355
you have this anti-electron.

0:07:54.356,0:07:55.609
If it touches the electron --

0:07:55.610,0:07:56.862
we are in the first order,

0:07:56.863,0:08:00.462
from electrons[br]and those nuclei, nothing else.

0:08:00.463,0:08:02.344
So if it touches this electron,

0:08:02.345,0:08:05.808
then they annihilate,[br]because it was matter and antimatter.

0:08:05.809,0:08:07.760
And those two photons,

0:08:07.761,0:08:09.307
two gamma quanta,

0:08:09.308,0:08:13.197
are flying in a line,[br]apart from each other.

0:08:13.198,0:08:14.797
And they are energetic,

0:08:14.798,0:08:17.735
energetic enough to go through atoms.

0:08:17.736,0:08:21.125
So they can go outside of the body.

0:08:21.126,0:08:25.562
And now, we are close[br]to the explanation of that word.

0:08:25.563,0:08:27.256
So we had a positron,

0:08:27.257,0:08:28.592
we had emission,

0:08:28.593,0:08:30.156
and now we have detectors,

0:08:30.157,0:08:32.530
so we have Positron Emission Tomography,

0:08:32.531,0:08:33.859
with those detectors.

0:08:33.860,0:08:37.146
Now it's enough to put [detectors][br]around the human body,

0:08:37.147,0:08:41.227
which are capable of detecting[br]those gamma quanta.

0:08:41.228,0:08:46.379
And you can [take] a picture[br]of the interior of the body,

0:08:46.380,0:08:49.461
or [first of all], you can [take] a picture

0:08:49.462,0:08:55.232
of where those sugars[br]were distributed around the organism.

0:08:55.233,0:08:58.514
And now, you may wonder[br]how one can do that.

0:08:58.515,0:09:01.394
I have an easy example, the simplest one.

0:09:01.395,0:09:04.645
Let's assume [all] the sugar administered

0:09:04.646,0:09:08.153
was just absorbed[br]in one place in the brain.

0:09:08.154,0:09:11.813
Let's say that[br]that [unfortunate] person had a [tumor],

0:09:11.814,0:09:15.462
and this was absorbed[br]really point-like, in one place.

0:09:15.463,0:09:19.719
Then, it's very easy to imagine[br]how you can [take] a picture

0:09:19.720,0:09:21.117
of that brain, or that point,

0:09:21.118,0:09:23.379
Because what we measure --[br](Camera shutter sound)

0:09:23.380,0:09:28.774
Let's say those points,[br]those blue rectangles, are detectors.

0:09:28.775,0:09:30.931
Something which can register.

0:09:30.932,0:09:33.212
OK, a bulb.

0:09:33.213,0:09:37.027
If you put a current into the bulb,[br]then you see the light.

0:09:37.028,0:09:39.999
If you put the light to the detectors,[br]you see the current.

0:09:40.000,0:09:42.170
Shall I say, it's an anti-bulb.

0:09:42.171,0:09:46.723
So what [do] we have? We...

0:09:46.724,0:09:48.221
We [administered] a sugar,

0:09:48.222,0:09:50.299
then that sugar is sometimes[br]decaying somewhere.

0:09:50.300,0:09:53.518
In that case, it's always decaying here.

0:09:53.519,0:09:55.664
And we measured the signal here and here.

0:09:55.665,0:09:57.180
There is a lot of cables there.

0:09:57.181,0:09:59.355
But we know it was here and here.

0:09:59.356,0:10:02.626
So what we do is to plot a line.

0:10:02.627,0:10:06.804
But we don't know[br][where] this sugar was, along this line.

0:10:06.805,0:10:09.803
But it's of course decaying[br]in different directions. (Shutter sound)

0:10:09.804,0:10:12.642
So it's enough to have[br]two such lines, (Shutter sound)

0:10:12.643,0:10:14.601
and you know the point.

0:10:14.602,0:10:16.559
So now it's very easy to imagine

0:10:16.560,0:10:20.184
that you can [take][br]such a picture of the [whole] body.

0:10:20.185,0:10:22.701
OK, it's not as easy[br]as I plot it now, but...

0:10:22.702,0:10:24.747
(Laughter)

0:10:24.748,0:10:28.592
But it's imaginable.

0:10:28.593,0:10:31.659
And this is how a person sees that.

0:10:31.660,0:10:34.312
So you put [them into a] plastic box,

0:10:34.313,0:10:40.390
and then on the screen[br]you have [an image] of your brain.

0:10:40.391,0:10:42.666
But now, what is the problem to be solved,

0:10:42.667,0:10:44.535
or what is the challenge here.

0:10:44.536,0:10:47.469
The challenge is that such devices[br]are very expensive,

0:10:47.470,0:10:50.630
20 million Polish zlotys. That's one.

0:10:50.631,0:10:54.692
So there is only a few of them in Poland.

0:10:54.693,0:10:56.271
They are short.

0:10:56.272,0:11:01.195
It means you cannot make[br]an image of the whole person.

0:11:01.196,0:11:02.730
As you saw in this picture,

0:11:02.731,0:11:07.781
there are short rings around the patient.

0:11:07.782,0:11:11.310
And now, there is one more problem,[br]or a challenge.

0:11:11.311,0:11:17.484
How to improve the sharpness of that image?

0:11:17.485,0:11:22.810
And now, please look at that picture here.

0:11:22.811,0:11:26.623
This is a picture[br]that I would like to [use] to [explain]

0:11:26.624,0:11:29.888
the problem with the smearing of the image.

0:11:29.889,0:11:34.142
So, let's say this anti-electron

0:11:34.143,0:11:37.257
touched an electron here,[br]we had two photons,

0:11:37.258,0:11:40.522
two gamma quanta,[br]and they react here and here.

0:11:40.523,0:11:42.324
But we don't know this.

0:11:42.325,0:11:46.199
We know only that it was[br]somewhere in the detector.

0:11:46.200,0:11:49.917
Because we have here a cable,[br]and the signal from the detector.

0:11:49.918,0:11:52.168
Ah, sorry.

0:11:52.169,0:11:54.580
(Camera shutter sounds)

0:11:54.581,0:11:56.846
Sorry.

0:11:56.847,0:11:59.517
So now, what we can plot

0:11:59.518,0:12:01.676
is the line from the middle of the detector

0:12:01.677,0:12:03.441
to the middle of the detector.

0:12:03.442,0:12:05.049
So we make a mistake.

0:12:05.050,0:12:09.049
Because, in that case,[br]we know the true line is here,

0:12:09.050,0:12:10.730
but we reconstruct that line.

0:12:10.731,0:12:14.646
And this caused the smearing of the image.

0:12:14.647,0:12:18.599
So now, there is one trivial way[br]to overcome this.

0:12:18.600,0:12:23.319
The trivial way is to make these detectors[br]smaller and smaller,

0:12:23.320,0:12:26.053
but then you increase[br]and increase the cost,

0:12:26.054,0:12:29.771
because you increase[br]the number of the bulbs.

0:12:29.772,0:12:33.536
And this is, now, the idea I had.

0:12:33.537,0:12:36.561
Just, instead of making that,

0:12:36.562,0:12:38.964
let's change the paradigm completely.

0:12:38.965,0:12:42.932
Let's use a huge block[br]instead of small pieces.

0:12:42.933,0:12:47.585
And let's try to find something out

0:12:47.586,0:12:53.047
when the gamma heated the detector inside.

0:12:53.048,0:13:00.271
And this is just the idea,[br]which is the direct transfer

0:13:00.272,0:13:03.570
of the detectors we have[br]in that experiment.

0:13:03.571,0:13:04.910
This is one of the experiments

0:13:04.911,0:13:09.602
I spent perhaps 15 years researching.

0:13:09.603,0:13:14.122
And with those detectors[br]we were studying those mesons.

0:13:14.123,0:13:15.388
And we were measuring --

0:13:15.389,0:13:17.499
this is part of the accelerator --

0:13:17.500,0:13:19.290
we were measuring the time

0:13:19.291,0:13:22.253
[in which] particles[br]travel from there to here.

0:13:22.254,0:13:24.799
This is nanoseconds, a very short time.

0:13:24.800,0:13:26.400
But if you look at that --

0:13:26.401,0:13:32.191
These were strips of plastic material

0:13:32.192,0:13:34.775
which allowed to measure the particles.

0:13:34.776,0:13:38.312
In a closer view,[br]it may be plotted like that.

0:13:38.313,0:13:40.403
You have a strip of the material.

0:13:40.404,0:13:44.061
If something hits it,[br]a particle, a gamma quantum,

0:13:44.062,0:13:45.695
then there is a light inside,

0:13:45.696,0:13:47.253
and if it is in the middle,

0:13:47.254,0:13:49.245
then the time of the light signal[br]to that side,

0:13:49.246,0:13:52.706
to this bulb, and to that bulb,[br]is the same.

0:13:52.707,0:13:55.838
If it is closer to that --

0:13:55.839,0:13:58.097
"PM" is not the abbreviation of my name,

0:13:58.098,0:13:59.636
it is "photomultiplier."

0:13:59.637,0:14:01.227
(Laughter)

0:14:01.228,0:14:02.758
If it is closer to that,

0:14:02.759,0:14:05.649
then this time is shorter,[br]this time is longer.

0:14:05.650,0:14:07.526
So from the difference of times,

0:14:07.527,0:14:11.239
you can define[br]when this gamma quantum really hit it.

0:14:11.240,0:14:12.290
Very simple.

0:14:12.291,0:14:16.059
This is used in all physics experiments,

0:14:16.060,0:14:18.449
particle and nuclear physics experiments.

0:14:18.450,0:14:22.704
And now, the only thing to [do was],

0:14:22.705,0:14:26.172
how to make a tomograph [out of that].

0:14:26.173,0:14:31.459
And then, this is again something[br]like reinventing the circle,

0:14:31.460,0:14:35.064
one can think of taking[br]this wall of those strips,

0:14:35.065,0:14:38.928
and making a cylinder out of that.

0:14:38.929,0:14:42.220
And now, you have those strips.

0:14:42.221,0:14:43.994
You can put a bulb here, a bulb there,

0:14:43.995,0:14:48.505
so you know when this gamma[br]from the human body hit, and in which way.

0:14:48.506,0:14:51.045
You can put a patient here, inside.

0:14:51.046,0:14:52.853
This can be large.

0:14:52.854,0:14:56.572
The number of those photomultipliers,[br]of those bulbs,

0:14:56.573,0:14:59.171
does not increase when you enlarge that.

0:14:59.172,0:15:02.066
You may make this as large as you like.

0:15:02.067,0:15:07.254
Even more, you can make[br]more of such cylinders.

0:15:07.255,0:15:11.881
And then, you can increase the probability

0:15:11.882,0:15:17.770
of detecting these gamma quanta.

0:15:17.771,0:15:22.230
So now, the dream which we are trying[br]to realize with my colleagues,

0:15:22.231,0:15:27.641
is to build such a tomograph,[br]which would allow for

0:15:27.642,0:15:30.984
such molecular imaging[br]of the whole human body.

0:15:30.985,0:15:32.594
Now it's clear.

0:15:32.595,0:15:34.500
But now, what --

0:15:34.501,0:15:35.610
(Beep)

0:15:35.611,0:15:37.828
What is with that?

0:15:37.829,0:15:39.427
(Phone rings twice)

0:15:39.428,0:15:41.657
Now, you may believe it or not,

0:15:41.658,0:15:44.216
I conceived [of] that cylinder

0:15:44.217,0:15:48.800
out of that detector which you saw.

0:15:48.801,0:15:53.430
But then, I realized that I was working[br]in collaboration with

0:15:53.431,0:15:56.259
a laboratory who has such a cylinder.

0:15:56.260,0:15:57.977
This is the one in Italy.

0:15:57.978,0:16:00.963
4 meters large, with scintillators,[br]with those materials,

0:16:00.964,0:16:03.437
and we are [doing] experiments there.

0:16:03.438,0:16:07.373
Then, when preparing this talk...

0:16:07.374,0:16:12.100
Oh, that again. (Phone rings once)

0:16:12.101,0:16:15.444
I realized that I was[br]working on an experiment

0:16:15.445,0:16:19.574
which had such a huge[br]barrel of scintillator.

0:16:19.575,0:16:21.714
And I am working on another experiment,

0:16:21.715,0:16:23.559
which when you look inside,

0:16:23.560,0:16:26.606
there is again a barrel of scintillator.

0:16:26.607,0:16:31.000
So, you may [see] here how large[br]those barrels are.

0:16:31.001,0:16:34.715
A person could even walk inside,[br]if this [worked].

0:16:34.716,0:16:38.860
So there is a chance to really[br][make] such a tomograph,

0:16:38.861,0:16:41.869
especially that such technology[br]is used nowadays,

0:16:41.870,0:16:44.486
in particle and nuclear physics.

0:16:44.487,0:16:47.624
And I hope, like Rafał told us,

0:16:47.625,0:16:50.243
that somebody will take[br]his message seriously,

0:16:50.244,0:16:55.388
and somebody clever[br]will just make this tomograph

0:16:55.389,0:16:58.083
in some groups which are rich enough

0:16:58.084,0:17:00.295
to build all those bulbs, and so on.

0:17:00.296,0:17:01.951
But independently,

0:17:01.952,0:17:06.029
I and my colleagues are trying[br]to do that here in Cracow.

0:17:06.030,0:17:08.296
And then...

0:17:08.297,0:17:10.452
(Phone rings twice)

0:17:10.453,0:17:13.678
This is just to point[br]to the end of my talk.

0:17:13.679,0:17:14.742
Thank you very much.

0:17:14.743,0:17:15.723
(Applause)

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
testing