WEBVTT

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¿Hablas español? Parlez-vous français?
你会说中文吗？

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Agar siz "si", "oui" yoki "是的" deb javob 
bergan bo'lsangiz va siz buni inglizchada

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ko'rayotgan bo'lsangiz, siz ko'pchilik 
bilinguallar va poliglotlar qatoridasiz.

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Siz sayohat qilish oson bo'lishi
yoki filmlarni

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subtitrsiz ko'ra olishdan tashqari,

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ikki yoki undan ko'proq tilni
bilishingiz miyangizning

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o'zgacha ishlashi va monolingual do'stlar-
ingizga nisbatan farq qilishini bildiradi.

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Xo'sh, "tilni egallsh" degani aslida
nimani anglatadi?

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Tilni bilishni odatda ikkita belgiga
ko'ra baholashadi: og'zaki va

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yozma, va ikkita passiv belgilar: nutqni

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eshitib tushunish va o'qib tushunish.
Balansga ega bilingual

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insonda yuqoridagi ko'rsatkichlari

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ikki tilda ham bir xil bo'ladi.

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Lekin dunyoda ikkita tilni teng
bo'lmagan proporsiyalarda

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ishlatadigan va biladigan bilinguallar
ko'proq.

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Tilni egallash sharoyitiga qarab

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bilinguallarni uch turga ajratish mumkin.

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Masalan, Gabrielladan boshlasak,

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Uning oilasi AQSHdan Peruga ko'chganida
u ikki yoshda edi.

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Gabriella — haqiqiy bilingual,

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ya'ni u bir vaqtning o'zida ikkita
tilni o'zlashtiradi

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Tushunchalarni bir xil
o'zlashtirib boradi.

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U ham ispancha,
ham inglizcha o'rganadi,

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dunyoni endi-endi o'rganish davomida.

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Uning akasi esa, o'smir bo'lgani uchun

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aralash bilingual bo'lib ulg'ayadi.

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Ular ongida ikki xil
tushunchalar mavjud,

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ya'ni ingliz tilidan maktabda foydalansa,

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uyda va o'rtoqlari bilan 
ispan tilida gaplashadi.

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Uning ota-onalarida esa, subordinativ
bilingvizm shakllanadi, ya'ni ular

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chet tilini o'z ona tili orqali,

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solishtirib o'rganishgan.

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Barcha tipdagi bilingualla ham tilni 
egallashi mumkin.

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Va talaffuzi, urg'ularining 
farqlanishiga qaramay,

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tinglovchi bilinguallarni turi bo'yicha 
ajratib olishi qiyin.

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Neyrovizualizatsiyaning so'nggi
yutuqlari shundan iboratki,

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til o'rganishning ayrim aspektlari

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bilingualning miyasiga ham
ta'sir qilar ekan.

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Hammaga ma'lumki, mantiqiy jarayonlarda

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miyaning chap yarimshari ko'proq 
aktiv bo'ladi.

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O'ng yarimshar esa his-tuyg'ular yoki 
sotsial jarayonlarda

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ko'proq aktiv holatda bo'ladi.

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Til esa bu ikki xil jarayonga ham 
tegishli hisoblanib,

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yarimsharlararo assimetriya 
yil sayin rivojlanishi

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olimlarni senzitiv period gipotezasiga 
olib keldi.

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Gipotezaga ko'ra, bolalar tillarni

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oson o'rganishadi, ularning endi

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rivojlanayotgan miyasi egiluvchan
bo'lganligi til o'rganish

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jarayonida miyaning ikkita 
yarimsharini ham harakatga keltiradi.

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Ko'pchilik kattalarda esa
yarimsharlararo assimetriya

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chap yarimsharni aktivlashtiradi.

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Agar gipoteza rost bo'lsa,
bolalikda til o'rganish

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sizga emotsional va sotsial tagma'nolarni
to'liq tushunishga yordam beradi.

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Yaqindagi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki,

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chet tillarini o'rgangan insonlar
katta yoshda

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ona tili hisoblanmagan,

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boshqa tillarni qo'llashda his-tuyg'ularga

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kamroq moyil bo'lib, bu tilga oqilona

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yondashuvni namoyon etishadi.

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Chet tilini qachon o'rganishingizni
farqi yo'q,

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ko'ptillilik sizning miyangiz ish
faoliyatiga ko'p foyda beradi.

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Ba'zilarini ko'rishimiz ham

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mumkin, masalan, kulrang 
moddaning zichligi, unda

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miyamizdagi neyronlarning
va sinapslarning ko'p qismi joylashgan.

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Undan tashqari, til o'rganish
jarayonida miyaning alohida

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qismlarida faollik kuzatish

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mumkin.
Bilinguallar butun umr

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shug'ullanadigan intensiv til
o'rganish mashg'ulotlari

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alsgeymer, dimensiya kabi
kasalliklarining kelishini o'rtacha

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besh yilga cho'zishi mumkin.

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Bilingvizmning kognitiv foydasi
haqidagi g'oyalar hozirda

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tushunarli ko'rinadi,
lekin bu kabi g'oyalar

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o'tmish olimlarini hayratga
solgan bo'lardi.

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1960-yillargacha bilinguallik bu
noqulaylik deb hisoblangan, u bolaning

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rivojlanishini pasaytirgan
va tillarni

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ajratish uchun boladan ko'p vaqt

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oladi deb hisoblangan.
Bunaqa qarashlar

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o'sha vaqtlarda olib borilgan noto'g'ri
tadqiqotlar natijasi edi. Keyinchalik

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olib borilgan tadqiqotlar bilingual

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talabalar nazorat ishlari yoki
imtihonlarda masalalarni ishlashda

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ko'proq vaqt sarflashi
isbotlansa-da, undan

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tashqari, bir tildan ikkinchi tilga 
o'tishda yuzaga

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keladigan keskinlik va diqqat katta
faollik talab qiladi,

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miyaning dorsolateral va prefrontal
zonasini mustahkamlaydi.

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Miyaning bu qismi asosan,

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tashkiliy funksiyalar, muammolarni
yechish, vazifadan vazifaga o'tish,

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va shuningdek, keraksiz ma'lumotlarni
olib tashlashga hizmat qiladi.

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Bilingvizm sizni aqlliroq qilishi 
aniq emas, lekin u sizning miyangizni

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yanada sog'lom va murakkab qiladi

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va uning imkoniyatlarini kengaytiradi.

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Va garchi bolalikda sizga 
chet tillarini o'rganish

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nasib qilmagan bo'lsa-da,

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o'zingiz uchun "Salom" dan "Hola",
"Bonjour"

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yoki "您好" ga lingvistik sakrash 
qilish uchun

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hech qachon kech emas.

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Zero, bu miyamiz bilan bog'liq ekan,

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hatto kichik qadam ham katta bir
safarning boshi bo'lishi mumkin.