[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.37,0:00:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a global health challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.50,0:00:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our hands today,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.20,0:00:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is that the way we currently
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.26,0:00:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discover and develop new drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.18,0:00:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is too costly, takes far too long,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.36,0:00:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it fails more often than it succeeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.07,0:00:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really just isn't working, and that means
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.45,0:00:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that patients that badly need new therapies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.50,0:00:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not getting them,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.21,0:00:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and diseases are going untreated.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.71,0:00:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We seem to be spending more and more money.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.79,0:00:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.89,0:00:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're getting less drugs approved into the market.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.72,0:00:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More money, less drugs. Hmm.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.93,0:00:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.85,0:00:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.45,0:00:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think one of the key factors
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.47,0:00:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the tools that we currently have
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.86,0:00:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,available to test whether a drug is going to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.95,0:00:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it has efficacy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.34,0:01:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether it's going to be safe
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.10,0:01:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we get it into human clinical trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.66,0:01:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are failing us. They're not predicting
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.81,0:01:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's going to happen in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.03,0:01:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have two main tools available
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.76,0:01:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at our disposal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.77,0:01:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are cells in dishes and animal testing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.81,0:01:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.13,0:01:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.28,0:01:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take them and rip them out
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.34,0:01:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their native environment,\Nthrow them in one of these dishes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.29,0:01:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and expect them to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.87,0:01:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guess what. They don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.07,0:01:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't like that environment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.73,0:01:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's nothing like
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.36,0:01:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they have in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.04,0:01:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about animal testing?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.11,0:01:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, animals do and can provide
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.99,0:01:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extremely useful information.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.26,0:01:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They teach us about what happens
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.96,0:01:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the complex organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.29,0:01:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We learn more about the biology itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.30,0:01:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, more often than not,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.20,0:02:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animal models fail to predict\Nwhat will happen in humans
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.42,0:02:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're treated with a particular drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.60,0:02:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need better tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.98,0:02:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need human cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.73,0:02:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we need to find a way to keep them happy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.48,0:02:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.07,0:02:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our bodies are dynamic environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.98,0:02:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in constant motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.82,0:02:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our cells experience that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.01,0:02:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in dynamic environments in our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.82,0:02:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're under constant mechanical forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.58,0:02:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we want to make cells happy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.03,0:02:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.46,0:02:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to become cell architects.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.99,0:02:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to design, build and engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.33,0:02:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a home away from home for the cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.56,0:02:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the Wyss Institute,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.24,0:02:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've done just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.17,0:02:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call it an organ-on-a-chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.20,0:02:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have one right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.99,0:02:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's beautiful, isn't it?\NBut it's pretty incredible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.80,0:02:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right here in my hand is a breathing, living
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.30,0:02:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human lung on a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.96,0:02:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.09,0:03:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can do a tremendous amount of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.53,0:03:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have living cells in that little chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.31,0:03:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cells that are in a dynamic environment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.86,0:03:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interacting with different cell types.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.94,0:03:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's been many people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.58,0:03:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to grow cells in the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.44,0:03:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've tried many different approaches.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.60,0:03:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've even tried to grow\Nlittle mini-organs in the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.22,0:03:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not trying to do that here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.77,0:03:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're simply trying to recreate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.90,0:03:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this tiny chip
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.47,0:03:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the smallest functional unit
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.49,0:03:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that represents the biochemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.04,0:03:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the function and the mechanical strain
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.17,0:03:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the cells experience in our bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.68,0:03:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does it work? Let me show you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.72,0:03:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use techniques from the computer chip
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.35,0:03:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manufacturing industry
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.98,0:03:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make these structures at a scale
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.18,0:03:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relevant to both the cells and their environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.08,0:03:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have three fluidic channels.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.14,0:03:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.85,0:03:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on which we can add human cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.92,0:03:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from, say, our lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.26,0:04:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then underneath, they had capillary cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.75,0:04:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cells in our blood vessels.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.54,0:04:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.86,0:04:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stretch and contract the membrane,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.68,0:04:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the cells experience the same mechanical forces
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.78,0:04:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they did when we breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.71,0:04:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they experience them how they did in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.87,0:04:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's air flowing through the top channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.27,0:04:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.62,0:04:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the blood channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.46,0:04:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the chip is really beautiful,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.83,0:04:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what can we do with it?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.93,0:04:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get incredible functionality
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.26,0:04:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside these little chips.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.01,0:04:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.51,0:04:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could, for example, mimic infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we add bacterial cells into the lung.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.68,0:04:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we can add human white blood cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.61,0:04:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,White blood cells are our body's defense
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.20,0:04:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against bacterial invaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.57,0:04:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they sense this\Ninflammation due to infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.74,0:04:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will enter from the blood into the lung
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.60,0:04:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and engulf the bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.51,0:05:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well now you're going to see this happening
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.76,0:05:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,live in an actual human lung on a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.07,0:05:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've labeled the white blood cells\Nso you can see them flowing through,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.61,0:05:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they detect that infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.77,0:05:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they begin to stick.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.17,0:05:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They stick, and then they try to go into the lung
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.06,0:05:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,side from blood channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.84,0:05:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see here, we can actually visualize
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.53,0:05:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a single white blood cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.29,0:05:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sticks, it wiggles its way through
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.54,0:05:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the cell layers, through the pore,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.86,0:05:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes out on the other side of the membrane,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.28,0:05:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.71,0:05:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,labeled in green.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.36,0:05:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.37,0:05:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most fundamental responses
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.55,0:05:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our body has to an infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.50,0:05:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.27,0:05:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.68,0:05:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I want to share this picture with you,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.02,0:05:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just because it's so beautiful,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.66,0:05:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because it tells us an enormous\Namount of information
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.99,0:06:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what the cells are doing within the chips.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.59,0:06:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It tells us that these cells
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.85,0:06:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the small airways in our lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.16,0:06:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually have these hairlike structures
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.91,0:06:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you would expect to see in the lung.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.92,0:06:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These structures are called cilia,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.38,0:06:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.29,0:06:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.83,0:06:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But mucus is actually very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.27,0:06:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mucus traps particulates, viruses,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.85,0:06:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potential allergens,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.31,0:06:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these little cilia move
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.91,0:06:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and clear the mucus out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.16,0:06:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they get damaged, say,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.08,0:06:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by cigarette smoke for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.49,0:06:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't work properly,\Nand they can't clear that mucus out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.30,0:06:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.12,0:06:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cilia and the clearance of mucus
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.77,0:06:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.23,0:06:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, with the functionality\Nthat we get in these chips,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.78,0:06:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can begin to look
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.60,0:06:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for potential new treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.11,0:06:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.07,0:06:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a gut on a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.95,0:06:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see one right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.98,0:07:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've put intestinal human cells
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.21,0:07:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a gut on a chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.11,0:07:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're under constant peristaltic motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.95,0:07:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this trickling flow through the cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.14,0:07:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can mimic many of the functions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.70,0:07:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you actually would expect to see
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.96,0:07:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the human intestine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.65,0:07:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we can begin to create models of diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.44,0:07:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as irritable bowel syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.85,0:07:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a disease that affects
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.94,0:07:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a large number of individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.85,0:07:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really debilitating,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.62,0:07:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there aren't really many good treatments for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.56,0:07:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have a whole pipeline
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.86,0:07:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of different organ chips
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.14,0:07:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are currently working on in our labs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.88,0:07:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the true power of this technology, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.30,0:07:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really comes from the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.42,0:07:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can fluidically link them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.96,0:07:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's fluid flowing across these cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.91,0:07:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can begin to interconnect
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.99,0:07:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple different chips together
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.85,0:08:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.07,0:08:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're really getting excited.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.08,0:08:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not going to ever recreate \Na whole human in these chips,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.17,0:08:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what our goal is is to be able to recreate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.34,0:08:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sufficient functionality
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.35,0:08:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can make better predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.71,0:08:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what's going to happen in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.93,0:08:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, now we can begin to explore
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.85,0:08:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what happens when we put\Na drug like an aerosol drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.28,0:08:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those of you like me who have asthma,\Nwhen you take your inhaler,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.27,0:08:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.20,0:08:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it enters the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.82,0:08:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it might affect, say, your heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.58,0:08:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it change the beating of your heart?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.48,0:08:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it have a toxicity?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.12,0:08:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it get cleared by the liver?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.13,0:08:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it metabolized in the liver?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.28,0:08:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it excreted in your kidneys?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.18,0:08:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can begin to study the dynamic
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.39,0:08:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,response of the body to a drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.03,0:08:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This could really revolutionize
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.95,0:08:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be a game changer
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.60,0:08:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for not only the pharmaceutical industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.53,0:08:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a whole host of different industries,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.91,0:08:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the cosmetics industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.31,0:09:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can potentially use the skin on a chip
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.19,0:09:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're currently developing in the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.15,0:09:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to test whether the ingredients in those products
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.70,0:09:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're using are actually \Nsafe to put on your skin
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.99,0:09:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without the need for animal testing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.68,0:09:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could test the safety
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.62,0:09:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of chemicals that we are exposed to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.87,0:09:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a daily basis in our environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.79,0:09:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.52,0:09:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could also use the organs on chips
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.72,0:09:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for applications in bioterrorism
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.50,0:09:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or radiation exposure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.07,0:09:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could use them to learn more about
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.42,0:09:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diseases such as ebola
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.46,0:09:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or other deadly diseases such as SARS.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.36,0:09:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Organs on chips could also change
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.19,0:09:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way we do clinical trials in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.57,0:09:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, the average participant
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.16,0:09:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a clinical trial is that: average.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.52,0:09:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.85,0:09:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You won't find many clinical trials
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.32,0:09:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which children are involved,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.84,0:10:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet every day, we give children medications,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.38,0:10:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only safety data we have on that drug
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.13,0:10:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one that we obtained from adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.20,0:10:11.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children are not adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.100,0:10:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may not respond in the same way adults do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.13,0:10:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other things like genetic differences
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.54,0:10:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in populations
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.98,0:10:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may lead to at-risk populations
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.08,0:10:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.52,0:10:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now imagine if we could take cells\Nfrom all those different populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.92,0:10:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put them on chips,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.83,0:10:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and create populations on a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.79,0:10:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This could really change the way
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.63,0:10:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do clinical trials.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.70,0:10:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the team and the people\Nthat are doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.53,0:10:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have engineers, we have cell biologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.79,0:10:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have clinicians, all working together.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.56,0:10:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're really seeing something quite incredible
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.49,0:10:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Wyss Institute.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.09,0:10:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really a convergence of disciplines,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.26,0:10:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where biology is influencing the way we design,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.98,0:10:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way we engineer, the way we build.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.64,0:11:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.05,0:11:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're establishing important industry collaborations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.61,0:11:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the one we have with a company
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.98,0:11:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has expertise in large-scale\Ndigital manufacturing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.58,0:11:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to help us make,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.60,0:11:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of one of these,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.13,0:11:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions of these chips,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.71,0:11:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can get them into the hands
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.38,0:11:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of as many researchers as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.27,0:11:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is key to the potential of that technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.49,0:11:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let me show you our instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.02,0:11:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an instrument that our engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.01,0:11:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually prototyping right now in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.63,0:11:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this instrument is going to give us
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.94,0:11:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the engineering controls that we're going to require
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.40,0:11:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.57,0:11:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does something else that's very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.80,0:11:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It creates an easy user interface.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.64,0:11:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a cell biologist like me can come in,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.63,0:11:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take a chip, put it in a cartridge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.64,0:11:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the prototype you see there,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.57,0:11:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put the cartridge into the machine
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.64,0:11:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like you would a C.D.,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.13,0:11:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and away you go.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.26,0:12:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plug and play. Easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.01,0:12:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's imagine a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.52,0:12:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the future might look like
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.90,0:12:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I could take your stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.32,0:12:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put them on a chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.76,0:12:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or your stem cells and put them on a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.97,0:12:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be a personalized chip just for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.48,0:12:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now all of us in here are individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.68,0:12:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those individual differences mean
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.52,0:12:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could react very differently
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.96,0:12:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.21,0:12:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I myself, a couple of years back,\Nhad a really bad headache,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.78,0:12:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just couldn't shake it, thought, \N"Well, I'll try something different."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.19,0:12:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.33,0:12:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was on my way to the emergency room
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.21,0:12:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a full-blown asthma attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.10,0:12:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.93,0:12:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but unfortunately, some of these
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.10,0:12:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adverse drug reactions can be fatal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.71,0:12:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we prevent them?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.65,0:12:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we could imagine one day
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.23,0:12:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having Geraldine on a chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.58,0:12:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having Danielle on a chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.32,0:12:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having you on a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.80,0:13:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Personalized medicine. Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.18,0:13:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)