[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.78,0:00:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in a world of relentless change.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.33,0:00:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Huge migrations of people to new mega cities
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.16,0:00:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filling soaring skyscrapers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.73,0:00:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and vast slums.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.44,0:00:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ravenous appetites for fuel and food,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.77,0:00:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unpredictable climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all this in a world where the population is still growing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.46,0:00:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should we be worried?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.28,0:00:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should we be scared?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.66,0:00:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How to make sense of it all?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.50,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,7 billion people now live on this planet of ours. Isn't it beautiful?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.01,0:01:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when some people think about the world and its future, they panic!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.51,0:01:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others prefer not to think about it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.28,0:01:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But tonight I’m going to show you how things really are.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.97,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My name is Hans Rosling. I’m a statistician at….
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.01,0:01:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NO, NO, NO, NO! Don’t switch off!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.04,0:01:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because with the latest data from all countries I’m going to show you the world in a new way.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.51,0:01:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m going to tell you how world population is changing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.66,0:01:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what today’s data tell us about how the future of the world will be.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.63,0:01:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We undeniably face huge challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.24,0:01:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the good news is that the future may not be quite as gloomy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.80,0:01:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that mankind is already doing better than many of you think!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't Panic!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.50,0:01:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Truth About Population
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.40,0:01:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with professor Hans Rosling
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.50,0:01:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.36,0:01:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one a blessing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.30,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But many people think population growth is out of control.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.50,0:02:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some even talk of a population bomb!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.45,0:02:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where are we with population today? And how did we get here?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.90,0:02:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am going to tell you a history about everyone who ever lived!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.34,0:02:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, at least during the last some 1000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.25,0:02:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.80,0:02:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I give you 2 axes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.12,0:02:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is time in years, and this one here is world population in billions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.24,0:02:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the year 10,000 BC, when the first people where becoming farmers, then the archeologists estimate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.42,0:02:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the world population was only 10 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.47,0:02:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine: 10 million! That’s is like Sweden today!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.49,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A world of only Swedes!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.41,0:03:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, as the millennia passed by, more farmers, food and people, and great empires could emerge.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.39,0:03:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egypt, China, India, and finally Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.12,0:03:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And population continued to grow, but very slowly.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.68,0:03:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I stop here, at the year 1800.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.78,0:03:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it was in 1800 that the world population became 1 billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.98,0:03:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine… All that time, the population growth was just a tiny fraction of a percent, through thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.70,0:03:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here in 1800, with the industrial revolution, everything changed and population started to grow faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.50,0:03:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In little more than 100 years, it reached 2 billions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.32,0:03:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, when I was in school, it was 3 billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.28,0:03:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many people said: ‘The planet can not support more people.’ Even experts said that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.68,0:03:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what happened was this...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.13,0:03:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We became 4 billion… 5 billion… 6 billion… 7 billion!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.62,0:04:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine… More than half of the world population have been added during my lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.41,0:04:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the number is still rising.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.41,0:04:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the population growth, in recent years, has been in Asian countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.62,0:04:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like here, in Bangladesh, where the population has tripled during my lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.47,0:04:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From 50 million to more than 150 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.29,0:04:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is now one of the most densely populated countries in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.79,0:04:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some 15 million already live in the very crowded capital Dhaka.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.10,0:04:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People here, whether in the city or the countryside, are intensely concerned about the size of families.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.82,0:04:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a new Bangladesh is emerging…
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.17,0:04:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like the Khan family. Mom Taslima, daughters Tanjina and little Sadia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.20,0:05:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And dad Hannan.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.10,0:05:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women take agest to get ready, men don't take as long.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.50,0:05:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're going to wipe it off with your hands, why put it on?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.18,0:05:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both Taslima and Hannan come from large families themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.74,0:05:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they’ve decided to have just 2 children.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.70,0:05:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Bangladesh there's slogan you hear everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.20,0:05:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No more than two kids - one is even better!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.55,0:05:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's lucky I only have two kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I had more I couldn't afford it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.90,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With two kids, I can buy what they want.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My pockets are empty now!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.81,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taslima and Hannan are part of a cultural shift away from big families.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.01,0:05:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for Taslima, it has also become a job.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.74,0:06:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She works for the government Family Planning Service
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.53,0:06:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which employs women like her in every village.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.69,0:06:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She goes door-to-door, to try to help others to have smaller families too.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When was your last period?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.90,0:06:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was on the 22nd.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.30,0:06:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you're not using any method of contraception?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.50,0:06:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Won't it be a problem if you conceive?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.60,0:06:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't get pregnant easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.40,0:06:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you already have two children.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.80,0:06:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have time to go to the clinic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.50,0:06:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taslima offers advice, moral support and most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.85,0:06:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a range of contraceptives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.80,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got three daughters - do you really want to have any more kids?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.91,0:06:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's up to the father.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.50,0:06:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're the one giving birth, why is it up to him?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.60,0:06:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to go through the pain, he doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.51,0:06:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who has to go through the pain?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.90,0:06:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I go through the pain, but if he wants a boy what can I do?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.00,0:07:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the pill, take them when you start your period
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be hard to get through to them when they're less educated.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.70,0:07:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But gradually we're getting the message across.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.27,0:07:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how successful has Taslima and Bangladesh been in reducing fertility rate?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.49,0:07:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the number of babies born per woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.11,0:07:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Sweden we set up the Gapminder Foundation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.91,0:07:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the world’s data available in a way that everyone can understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.75,0:07:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I can show you the situation in Bangladesh and what has happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.72,0:07:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, a horizontal axis, babies per woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.43,0:07:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the way from 1 to 2…. 7 to 8.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.87,0:07:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here a vertical axis, that is lifespan,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.94,0:07:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,life expectancy, how many years a newborn can expect to live.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.69,0:07:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From 30 all the way up to 90.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.11,0:08:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now… we start in 1972
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.12,0:08:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very important year for Bangladesh, the first full year of independence.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.98,0:08:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That year, Bangladesh was over there
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.50,0:08:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had on average 7 babies per woman
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.52,0:08:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lifespan was less than 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.98,0:08:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what has happened after independence?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.39,0:08:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Has life become longer in Bangladesh? Have children become fewer?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.33,0:08:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is the data. I start Bangladesh
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.01,0:08:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, life is getting longer and babies, fewer… 6… 5…
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.68,0:08:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and life even longer… 4…3…
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.94,0:08:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they land now almost in 2. It’s 2.2. And the lifespan is 70.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.48,0:08:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s absolutely amazing! In 40 years, Bangladesh has gone
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.36,0:08:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 7… 6… 5… 4… 3… 2…
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.15,0:08:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a miracle that has happened in Bangladesh!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.30,0:08:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is it only in Bangladesh? Well, I will show you the whole world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.70,0:09:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will go back 50 years in time, to 1963.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.39,0:09:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are all the countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.89,0:09:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These green ones are America, north and south. The yellow are Europe, east and west.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.05,0:09:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blue is Africa, north and south of the Sahaara. And red is Asia, and we include Australia and New Zealand.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.99,0:09:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The size of the bubble shows the size of the population. Look:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.43,0:09:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The big ones over there are China and India. And Bangladesh is just behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.12,0:09:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1963 the average number of babies born per woman in the world was 5.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.29,0:09:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was a divided world… can you see that?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.80,0:09:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These countries over here, the developed countries, had small families and long lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.07,0:09:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there were the developing countries, and they had large families and short lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.35,0:09:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very few countries were in between.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.84,0:10:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we will see what has happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.09,0:10:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I start the world!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.40,0:10:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go…
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.100,0:10:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see China, the big bubble, is getting better health
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.90,0:10:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they start family planning, they move along to smaller families.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.99,0:10:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The big green, look at Mexico, it is coming there!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.10,0:10:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Brazil, also the green in Latin America.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.97,0:10:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here India is following. The big red bubbles are Asian countries going this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.20,0:10:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many Africans are still with ‘many babies born per woman’.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.44,0:10:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Bangladesh over there overtakes India on its way to the small family.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.70,0:10:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now almost all countries go up to this part, even Africa now starts to move up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.44,0:10:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oooh! That was the earthquake in Haiti!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.52,0:10:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now everyone ends up there. What a change we have!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.08,0:10:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, the average in the world is 2.5
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.59,0:10:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It used to be 5 fifty years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world has changed: the average number of babies born per woman has gone from 5 to 2.5
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.17,0:11:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is still decreasing…. What a big change!
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.22,0:11:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People would think that Bangladesh and countries like that are some sort of epicenter of a population bomb.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.37,0:11:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They couldn’t be more wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.56,0:11:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, health workers like Mrs. Taslima and their colleagues,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.47,0:11:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have taken their countries from this side… all over… in a few decades
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.81,0:11:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to much better health and small families, they are the heroes of our time!
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.78,0:11:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an amazing change that has happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.34,0:11:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We no longer live in a divided world.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.54,0:11:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how much do people know about this amazing change?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.82,0:11:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At Gapminder we not only show data, we also measure how much people know or don't know about the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.52,0:11:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we did the first survey in Sweden. The results were depressing!
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.80,0:12:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did our second survey in Britain. We had high hopes, because the British had been all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.50,0:12:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We thought we would get good results here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.95,0:12:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first question we asked was: how many babies do women have on average in Bangladesh?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.00,0:12:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we gave four alternatives: 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 or 5.5
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.50,0:12:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the result of the British survey.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.46,0:12:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you know the right answer: it’s 2.5
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.45,0:12:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only 12 percent of the British got it right.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.52,0:12:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we thought that perhaps it was those with low education who dragged down the result.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.50,0:12:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we segmented those who had been to the fine British universities and had an university degree.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.54,0:12:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here they are. This is the result.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.54,0:13:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If anything, they did worse!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.80,0:13:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now you may conclude that the British lack knowledge about the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.95,0:13:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.20,0:13:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if I would have asked this chimp and his friends?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.70,0:13:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would have written the different answers on bananas and let them pick one banana each.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.04,0:13:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This result I would get.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.95,0:13:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course chimps know nothing about Bangladesh.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.05,0:13:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by pure randomness, they would pick twice as many correct answers as the British.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.62,0:13:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than half of the British people think it’s 4.5 or more.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.15,0:13:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem here is not lack of knowledge, it is preconceived ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.80,0:13:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British can not even imagine, cannot even guess
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.32,0:13:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that women in Banglash have 2.5 babies in average. And it is really 2.2 already.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.73,0:14:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what the British don’t know: that Taslima and her family are the norm in Bangladesh, the most common family size.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.91,0:14:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it’s not only there, it’s all over the world. In Brazil, 2 child families.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.15,0:14:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vietnam, 2 child families.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.10,0:14:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even in India, the most common family size is 2 children today.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.67,0:14:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also if you go to the African continent, you go the big cities like Addis Ababa.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.60,0:14:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are less than 2 children per woman in Addis Ababa.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.60,0:14:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There can be Muslin, Buddhist, Hindu, Christian…
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.23,0:14:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is not one religion, not one culture, not one continent
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.40,0:14:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where 2 child families can not happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.00,0:14:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This change from big families down to 2 child families
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.70,0:14:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the most important things that have happened in the world during my lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.23,0:14:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is unprecedented in human history!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.60,0:15:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are, back in Bangladesh.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.80,0:15:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s find the reasons behind this historic and continuing shift from large to small families.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.50,0:15:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost all girls in Muslim Bangladesh, like 15-year-old Tanjina, go to school today.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.76,0:15:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The government now even pays families money to keep their daughters on at secondary level.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.00,0:15:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At Tanjina’s school boys are now outnumbered by girls.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.50,0:15:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What type of family is this?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.40,0:15:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A big family!
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.00,0:15:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will they be short of food?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.90,0:15:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could hardly miss the point of this lesson.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.60,0:15:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What type of family is this?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.00,0:15:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will they face any difficulties?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.60,0:15:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No!
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.10,0:15:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education is effective and there are also new opportunities for Bangladeshi women.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.92,0:16:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite continuing inequalities, there are more jobs and Tanjina is aiming high.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.00,0:16:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love going to school
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.00,0:16:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my mother's day, they used to get married young
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.40,0:16:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had no chance to study
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.20,0:16:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we can have big dreams of becoming a doctor or an engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.13,0:16:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More and more young women here are seeing how different things could be for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.50,0:16:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't imagine how you got married at 17
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.80,0:16:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't dream of getting married in two years' time
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.50,0:16:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's impossible
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.80,0:16:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't understand back then
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.00,0:16:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But people know better now
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.70,0:16:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what age are you thinking of getting married?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.50,0:16:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty five
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.00,0:16:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll finish my education and get a job
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.10,0:16:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll become a doctor and get married after that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.90,0:16:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're very smart!
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.30,0:17:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is wonderful to see Taslima so full of hope for a bright future for her two daughters.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.46,0:17:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one essential transformation underpins the change in Bangladesh.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.09,0:17:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a dramatic improvement in child survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.21,0:17:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s Ramadan, the Muslim month of fasting and reflection.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.12,0:17:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this auspicious time, Hanan is helping his parents to tend the family graveyard.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.90,0:17:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Press the soil down with your hands
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.32,0:17:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three of Hannan’s siblings died when they were very young. They are buried here.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.50,0:17:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They died of measles
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.20,0:17:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cried so much, it was so sad
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.00,0:17:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If doctors had been there they could have been treated
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.70,0:17:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One might have survived
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.50,0:18:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can I forget? I will remember them as long as I live
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.09,0:18:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back when Hannan’s parents where a young couple,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.24,0:18:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1 in 5 children in Bangladesh died before they reached 5 years of age.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.98,0:18:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All families lived with a constant fear of losing one or more children.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.40,0:18:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd carry on having one child after another
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.80,0:18:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then if one died, you wouldn't have just one left
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.30,0:18:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how it was
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.00,0:18:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't think we were having too many children, or what their future would be
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.38,0:18:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last few decades Bangladesh has made great progress in basic health, particularly in child survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.51,0:18:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vaccines, treatments of infections and better nutrition and hygiene
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.50,0:18:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have all saved the lives of millions of children.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.99,0:18:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as parents have come to see that all their children are now likely to survive,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.27,0:19:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the biggest obstacle to family planning has at last gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.07,0:19:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in the slums of Dhaka, women now have on average just 2 children.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.00,0:19:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Child survival drives everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.00,0:19:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s go back into history.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.95,0:19:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did the world population grow so slowly before 1800?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.81,0:19:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Throughout history, all historical records show us that, on average
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.01,0:19:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2 parents got more or less 6 children.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.81,0:19:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that looks as a very fast population growth. So why didn’t it grow?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.74,0:19:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because 1… 2… 3… 4 of the children died before growing up to become parents themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.38,0:19:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People in the past never lived in ecological balance with nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.92,0:19:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they died in ecological balance with nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.70,0:19:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was utterly tragic!
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.12,0:20:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with the industrial revolution, this changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.01,0:20:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better wages, more food, tapped water, better sanitation, soap, medical advances....
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.68,0:20:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So from all these advances, why did the population grow? Was it because they got more children?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.67,0:20:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No! In 1963 when I was at school, actually the number of children per woman had decreased a little in the world, to 5.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.70,0:20:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason for the fast population growth was the improved children survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.90,0:20:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4 survived at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.10,0:20:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still 1 out of 5 died, that was still terrible.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.85,0:20:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s only in the recent decades that most countries have taken big leaps forward in child survival and in family planning.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.50,0:20:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that we are now approaching the new balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.58,0:20:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it’s a nice balance: 2 parents on average get 2 children that survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.75,0:21:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have families in a very happy balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.73,0:21:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the most normal family situation in the world today.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.90,0:21:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what does it mean for the future here?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.51,0:21:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will show you the best projection into the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.37,0:21:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the finest demographers we have, at the Population Division of the United Nations.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.41,0:21:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it looks like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.89,0:21:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is going to continue first, up to 8… then it goes up to 9… and then it goes here…
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.88,0:21:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But see: it’s slowing down!
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.85,0:21:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the end of the century it is becoming more flat there.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.88,0:21:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I do a close-up on this, you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.59,0:21:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are expecting a ’slowing down’ and the end of fast population growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.06,0:21:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course this is a projection that has a certain degree of uncertainty.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.54,0:21:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we are sure that we are at the end of fast population growth within this century.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.76,0:21:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is all due to a remarkable effect of the falling fertility rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.100,0:22:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look here. If we go back into this
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.02,0:22:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will show this by showing you the number of children in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.81,0:22:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number of children from 0 to 15 years of age.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.80,0:22:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here they come. Look:
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.64,0:22:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number of children there increased slowly… and then it also increased rapidly…
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.32,0:22:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by the turn of the century here
Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.63,0:22:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were 2 billion children in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.63,0:22:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me that was an important year because that was when Doris was born. That’s my first grandchild.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.88,0:22:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was born at a very special time for children in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.21,0:22:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the specialist demographers estimate that from this year
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.54,0:22:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of children in the world will continue like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.75,0:22:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will not increase any longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.12,0:22:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the end of the century we will still have 2 billion children in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.45,0:22:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Doris was born was when the world entered into the age of peak child.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.09,0:23:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number of children are not increasing.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.99,0:23:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this will confuse you.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.90,0:23:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because… how can the total population grow like this, if the children don’t increase?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.02,0:23:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where will all these adults come from?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.84,0:23:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to explain that I have to leave this fancy digital stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.100,0:23:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and show you real powerful educational material we have developed.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.40,0:23:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will show you the world population, ladies and gentleman...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.22,0:23:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of foam blocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:35.22,0:23:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One block is 1 billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.91,0:23:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means that we have 2 billion children in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.18,0:23:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we have 2 billion between 15 and 30 years of age.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.67,0:23:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are rounded numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.63,0:23:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have 1 billion of 30 to 45 years of age,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.23,0:23:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have 1 billion of 45 to 60 years of age
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.97,0:24:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we have my block: 60 years and older. We are here on top.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.30,0:24:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the world population today.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.72,0:24:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that there are 3 billions missing here.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.60,0:24:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a few of them are missing because they have died.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:12.54,0:24:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of them are missing because they were never born.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.09,0:24:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because before 1980 there were much fewer children born in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.05,0:24:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there were fewer women giving birth to children.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.70,0:24:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what we have today.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.81,0:24:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what will happen in the future?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.48,0:24:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know what happens to old people like me?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.94,0:24:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They die!
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.31,0:24:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes! There was someone here who works in hospitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.57,0:24:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So… they die!
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.80,0:24:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rest grows 15 years older and have 2 billion children.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:46.74,0:24:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These ones are now old, time to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.80,0:24:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then these ones grow 15 years older and they have 2 billion children.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.90,0:24:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one die and the rest grow 15 years older and have 2 billion children.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.58,0:25:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah!
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.12,0:25:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without increasing the number of children,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.80,0:25:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without increasing the length of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.63,0:25:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have 3 billion people more by this big and inevitable fill up of adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.39,0:25:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which happen just when the large young generations grow up.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.46,0:25:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there is one more detail, which is good news for the older ones here, like me.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.51,0:25:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is estimated that the old people will live a little longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.90,0:25:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to add 1 billion more for the old here on the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.91,0:25:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I’m desperately hoping that I will be part of that group.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.64,0:25:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because then I can live long and read annual statistics as they come, reporting every year…
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.69,0:25:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when I talk to many fine environmental activists, who have a good concern about the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.39,0:25:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they very often tell me ‘we have to stop population growth at 8 billion’.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.80,0:25:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I then talk to them… first, they don’t know that we have reached peak child.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.00,0:26:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they are completely unaware that most of the remaining population growth is an inevitable fill up of adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.90,0:26:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we will end up with more or less this amount of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.85,0:26:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we know how many billions there will be. But what about where they live?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.13,0:26:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now and in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.28,0:26:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There you have the world and here are the 7 billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.43,0:26:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Out of the 7 billion, 1 live in the America, north and south together.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.07,0:26:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1 in Europe, 1 in Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.70,0:26:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 4 in Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.54,0:26:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is nowadays. But how to remember this?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:43.74,0:26:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a simple way of remembering this: I put up the numbers like this
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.55,0:26:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I say this is the pin code of the world: 1114.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.61,0:26:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what will happen up to mid-century?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.34,0:26:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That we know fairly well.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.35,0:27:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe… no increase. In fact, the European population is decreasing.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:02.10,0:27:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In America, a little more people. Mainly retired people in Latin America,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.49,0:27:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it makes no difference, it's almost the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:09.80,0:27:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Asia we will have 1 billion more.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.05,0:27:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the population growth in Asia is over.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.36,0:27:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Africa, in the next 40 years, the population will double to 2 billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.46,0:27:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now… to the end of the century
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.10,0:27:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well… we know quite well: no more people in Europe, no more in America, no more in Asia…
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.87,0:27:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Africa is set, as we have data today, for another doubling.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.61,0:27:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there will be 4 billions in Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:39.64,0:27:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At 2100, and probably the final pin code will be 1145.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.98,0:27:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in 2100 there will be quite a different world.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.95,0:27:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people who live in what I call the old west,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.100,0:27:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in west Europe and North America, will by then be less than 10 percent of the world population.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.77,0:28:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80 percent of the world population will be living in Asia and Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.57,0:28:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But will there be resources enough to sustain them?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.70,0:28:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this will be a huge challenge and nothing will come automatically.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.88,0:28:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my take is that it is possible for all these billions to live well together.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.76,0:28:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly it's easy to see the potential for a prosperous and peaceful Asia, with 5 billion people.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.61,0:28:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan, South Korea and others are already rich.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.80,0:28:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Following them on the road to wealth, are larger and larger parts of China, India, Indonesia and many other Asian countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.49,0:28:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in poorer Asian countries, more and more are getting a decent life.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.78,0:29:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about a future Africa, of as much as 4 billion?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.70,0:29:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Won’t most of them be living in terrible poverty?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.74,0:29:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have seen extreme poverty in Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.75,0:29:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 years ago I spent the 2 most intense years of my life working as medical doctor
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.39,0:29:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one of the poorest countries, Mozambique, on the east coast of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.82,0:29:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mozambique had just become independent after a long war against the colonial power Portugal.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.10,0:29:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My job was to be 1 of 2 doctors, we were both foreigners, for 300,000 people.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.30,0:29:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was the hospital. My wife was also there working as a midwife.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.48,0:29:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the entire staff of the hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.90,0:29:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those with white coats had the chance during the colonial period to get a professional training of at least one year.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:57.68,0:30:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The others… many of them couldn’t even read or write.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.31,0:30:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they all worked with such dedication and motivation!
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.96,0:30:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the patients came with the worse diseases of extreme poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.97,0:30:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our resources were often not enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.21,0:30:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially my skills as a young doctor, did not meet the need of the patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.96,0:30:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mozambique is still today a very poor country.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.72,0:30:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But things have improved immensely since I was there, 30 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.19,0:30:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For a start, there is now a brand new hospital in the town where I worked 30 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.00,0:30:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new, much bigger hospital has 15 doctors and 11 of them are Mozambicans.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.12,0:30:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the staff are now well trained.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.45,0:31:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The director of the hospital is Dr. Cashimo, the obstetrician.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:02.00,0:31:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything indicates that…
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.30,0:31:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to be…
Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.50,0:31:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twins!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.66,0:31:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The transformation here is amazing to me!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.00,0:31:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have accident and emergency…
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.40,0:31:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and paediatric and orthopaedic surgery
Dialogue: 0,0:31:20.70,0:31:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have big laboratories and a pharmacy that works 24 hours
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.80,0:31:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They routinely save women in child birth with cesareans, something that was impossible when I was there.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.00,0:31:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays we can do it here, with a professional team…
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.00,0:31:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an operating room equipped as well as anywhere else in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:31:47.97,0:31:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything has improved so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.69,0:31:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those born in Mozambique today should have a much brighter future!
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.34,0:32:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just because of better health, but a booming economy too
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.19,0:32:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with busy ports and markets
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.55,0:32:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and new industries with lots of new jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.65,0:32:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know you might be thinking that this good news is just about cities and towns.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.48,0:32:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it’s true!
Dialogue: 0,0:32:22.14,0:32:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The worse challenge is in the rural areas, where most people live.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.27,0:32:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But things are changing here too.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.17,0:32:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deep in rural northern Mozambique lies the district of Mogovolas.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.14,0:32:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is home for Olivia, Andre and their young family.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.75,0:32:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like so many other poor people in the world, Olivia and Andre are farmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.52,0:32:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reliant on what they grow for what they eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.04,0:33:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s 4 a.m. and the day’s tasks beckon.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.77,0:33:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andre heads straight to the fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.69,0:33:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Olivia first goes to fetch water.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:12.73,0:33:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both have to walk miles to get anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.90,0:33:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes me two hours to get there
Dialogue: 0,0:33:21.60,0:33:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it's busy it might take two hours
Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.00,0:33:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I get back I'm tired and hungry
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.70,0:33:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With no other means of transport, everything has to be carried.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.54,0:33:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Olivia and Andre have 8 children.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.68,0:33:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fertility rates are still high in much of rural Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.08,0:33:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it’s the poorest families who have the most mouths to feed.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.85,0:33:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anything this family can spare, they will sell.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.80,0:34:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm really struggling
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.80,0:34:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I plant all kinds of crops but even with all the crops I grow…
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.80,0:34:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still don't make enough money to provide for my children
Dialogue: 0,0:34:18.80,0:34:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet economic growth is slowly trickling into the countryside.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.50,0:34:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saved up for three years to get this roof for my house
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.80,0:34:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Andre has set his sights on one thing he believes will change everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.80,0:34:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I desperately need a bicycle. I can't get anywhere without one
Dialogue: 0,0:34:42.34,0:34:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bicycles can make a huge different to the lives of the rural poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:47.47,0:34:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They save hours everyday and get so much more done.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.05,0:34:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a bicycle they can carry much heavier loads to the market.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.35,0:34:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and earn more money.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:58.23,0:35:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can travel to find work
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.29,0:35:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they get sick, they can reach a health clinic in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.60,0:35:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I get a bicycle I'll be so happy
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.20,0:35:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because a house without bicycle is not a home
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.68,0:35:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andre and Olivia have been putting money away for 2 years. They haven’t quite enough yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.20,0:35:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything now depends on the sesame seeds, which they are just harvesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.30,0:35:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they get can get a good price, they might just make it.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.33,0:35:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andre and Olivia live in one of the poorest countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.32,0:35:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they live in the rural area, which is the poorest part of that country.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.43,0:35:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how many people are there in the world living like them? And how many are there that are poor?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.69,0:35:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m going to show you this yardstick.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.100,0:35:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very simple. Poor… and … rich.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:56.47,0:35:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here I have all the 7 billions again.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.63,0:36:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are in a very simplified way, lined up there from the poorest to the richest.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.17,0:36:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how much does the richest billion earn here, in dollars per day?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.36,0:36:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look here.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:13.09,0:36:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh… oohhh…
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.58,0:36:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s coming up, it’s coming up….
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.40,0:36:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ooh, yoi-yoi, yoi-yoi...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.80,0:36:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can’t even reach. $100 a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.08,0:36:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then let's look at the middle billion. How much do they earn?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.35,0:36:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will come just yet…. Just $10.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.96,0:36:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I go over here to the poorest billion. How much to they get?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.57,0:36:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well…
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.95,0:36:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just $1.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.51,0:36:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the difference of the world today.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.34,0:36:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The economists draw a line, which they call the line for extreme poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:48.45,0:36:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little above $1.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.00,0:36:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s when you hardly can have enough food to feed the family, you can not be sure that you have food all days.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.56,0:36:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1 billion is clearly below that still.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.64,0:37:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and second billion is sort of divided by that line.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.87,0:37:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the others are above it.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.60,0:37:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The poorest people can hardly afford to buy shoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.22,0:37:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they get shoes… the next thing they will save for is bicycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:14.100,0:37:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where Andre and Olivia are.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.35,0:37:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after bicycle, you will go for the motorbike.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.61,0:37:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then after the motorbike, it’s the car.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.57,0:37:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember when my family got the first car, it was a small grey Volkswagen.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.51,0:37:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing we did was to go to Norway on holiday, because Norway is so much more beautiful than Sweden.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.31,0:37:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a fantastic trip!
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.18,0:37:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now I’m in this group. I can go like the richest billion, we can go on holiday by airplanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.06,0:37:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course there are people who are much richer than the airplane people.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.54,0:37:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are so rich that they are even contemplating that they should go as tourists out into space.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.94,0:37:59.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the difference in income from the airplane people to the very richest over there
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.01,0:38:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is almost as big as it is from the airplane people here
Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.03,0:38:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way down to the poorest in that side.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:08.20,0:38:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the most important to remember from this yardstick is this
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.96,0:38:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To show you this I need my stepladder.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:18.34,0:38:22.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes you need some old well functioning technology also.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:23.27,0:38:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:29.02,0:38:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can only reach up… Here they are, now I am at the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:33.15,0:38:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem for us living on $100 a day is that when we look down
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.95,0:38:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on those who have $10 or $1 they look equally poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.90,0:38:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can’t see the difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:46.85,0:38:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks as if everyone is living on the same amount of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.80,0:38:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they say "oh, they are all poor".
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.83,0:38:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, I can assure you, because I’ve met and talked with people who live down here
Dialogue: 0,0:38:59.71,0:39:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can assure you that the people down here
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.70,0:39:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they know very well how much better life would be if they would move from $1 to $10
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.00,0:39:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 times as much income.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.15,0:39:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a huge difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.62,0:39:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To understand this, this is what Olivia and Andre are trying to do now.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.74,0:39:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each little step they take along this line here
Dialogue: 0,0:39:27.20,0:39:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the shoes towards the bicycle
Dialogue: 0,0:39:30.39,0:39:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small as it may seem from far distance, make a huge difference in their life.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.55,0:39:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if Andre and Olivia would get that bicycle it would speed them along to better life and better wealth up in this end.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.36,0:39:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, Andre and Olivia are preparing to sell the sesame crop they’ve been growing for many months.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.50,0:39:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The price used to be 25 Meticais
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.60,0:40:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This year it's better
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.00,0:40:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hope to sell it for 40-45 Meticais
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.98,0:40:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Andre and Olivia will have to be careful if they are to get paid the proper price.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.40,0:40:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've found out that some buyers have been doctoring the scales
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.10,0:40:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we get it weighed ourselves and it's ten kilos…
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.00,0:40:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,… then take it to the buyers, they might tell us it's seven or eight
Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.18,0:40:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andre is going to do the selling.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.94,0:40:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the last time, he hopes, he has to get help to transport the crop to market.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.00,0:40:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andre now needs to keep his wits about him.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:53.00,0:40:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hey, hey my friend. Do the calculations properly!
Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.97,0:41:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The deal is done. And Andre is happy with the price he’s got.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.30,0:41:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to spend my money!
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.35,0:41:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s the moment the family have worked so hard for.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.97,0:41:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andre’s journey to market took all morning to walk.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.80,0:41:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in less than an hour, he can ride home.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.70,0:41:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You bought a bicycle!
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.30,0:41:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes darling, I bought a bicycle!
Dialogue: 0,0:42:02.04,0:42:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bicycle is put to use at once.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.52,0:42:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The children fetch water with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.44,0:42:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andre carries more crops to the market
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.90,0:42:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, just as importantly, Olivia and Andre can now easily reach their lessons for adults
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.75,0:42:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they can learn better maths and how to read and write.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.70,0:42:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I want to save up to buy a motorbike to carry my wife and children
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.40,0:42:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what I want next
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.37,0:42:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s so great to see Olivia and Andre pedalling their way out of extreme poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.85,0:42:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they use the bicycle to go to literacy classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.50,0:42:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education is so important for the progress of people and nations.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.25,0:43:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how many know what has really happened with education in the world?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:00.60,0:43:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Time for the great British ignorance survey again
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.81,0:43:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.77,0:43:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked what percent of adults in the world today are literate, can read and write?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.68,0:43:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can I ask the audience? How many guess 20 percent? Hands up.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.00,0:43:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40 percent?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.70,0:43:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,60 percent?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.96,0:43:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 80 percent? Ah, ah, ah.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.12,0:43:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the result of the British sample.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.95,0:43:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By now you can use the result of the British survey to find out what the right answer is, isn’t it?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.07,0:43:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, 80 percent is the right answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:46.95,0:43:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least you were clearly better than the British average.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.49,0:43:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, 80 percent the population in the world can read and write today.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:55.31,0:43:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Literacy is 80 percent… actually, the last figure is a little higher.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.91,0:44:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I would have compared that with the chimps again, you know...
Dialogue: 0,0:44:04.54,0:44:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once more you only get random results from the chimps.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.34,0:44:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you get 3 times as many correct answers than you get from the British.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:13.35,0:44:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now the university people
Dialogue: 0,0:44:17.19,0:44:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps they know this... oh, even worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:20.48,0:44:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What on earth are they teaching at British universities?
Dialogue: 0,0:44:24.28,0:44:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The common view about the world is outdated with several decades. The media has missed to communicate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:31.49,0:44:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But perhaps this is because the world is changing so fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:35.43,0:44:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentlemen,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.40,0:44:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m going to give you my all time favourite graph,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.19,0:44:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m going to show you the history of 200 countries during 200 years in less than 1 minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:48.88,0:44:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have an axis for income. I have an axis for lifespan.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.19,0:44:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I start in 1800 and there are all the countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:59.58,0:45:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And back in 1800 everyone was down in the poor and sick corner, can you see?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.42,0:45:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Low lifespan, little money.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.71,0:45:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here comes the effect of the Industrial Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.20,0:45:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, the countries in West Europe are coming to better wealth, but are not getting much healthier in the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:45:15.29,0:45:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those on the colonial domination doesn’t benefit anything in there,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.94,0:45:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they remain there in the sick and poor corner.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.20,0:45:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now health is slowly improving here, it’s getting up here and we are coming into the new century.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:27.28,0:45:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the terrible First World War, and then the economic recession after that.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.80,0:45:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the Second World War.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.50,0:45:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ooh. And now independence.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:36.90,0:45:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with independence health is improving faster than it ever did in other countries here.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:41.52,0:45:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now starts the fast economic catch-up of China and other Latin American countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:47.59,0:45:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They come on here you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:49.05,0:45:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And India is following there and the African countries are also following.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.26,0:45:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s an amazing change that has happened in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:56.55,0:46:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, in the front here we have now US and UK, but they are not moving so fast any longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:02.80,0:46:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fast movers are here in the middle.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:05.45,0:46:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China is moving very fast to catch up. And Bangladesh...
Dialogue: 0,0:46:09.00,0:46:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look, Bangladesh is already here, now quite healthy and now starting with fast economic growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.01,0:46:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Mozambique… Yes, Mozambique is back there, but they are now moving fast in the right direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:20.86,0:46:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all this I show you are country averages.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:25.07,0:46:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about people? Have people also got a better life?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:29.68,0:46:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am now going to show you something which makes me very excited as a statistician.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.38,0:46:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you income distribution. The difference between people.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:39.10,0:46:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do that I take the bubbles back 50 years
Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.38,0:46:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we are going to look only at money.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.38,0:46:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do that we have to expand and adjust the axis, because the richest is so rich and the poorest is so poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:52.10,0:46:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this will be a bigger difference than between the countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:55.26,0:47:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we let the country fall down here. This is the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.35,0:47:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spread to show the range within the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:03.45,0:47:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I take down all the countries in the Americas.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.49,0:47:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now you can see from the richest person to the poorest person.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.49,0:47:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the height here shows you how many there are on each income level.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.26,0:47:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now let’s take down Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.00,0:47:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on top of that I’m going to put Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:23.28,0:47:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, the region with most people, on top of everything, Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:29.99,0:47:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in 1963 the world was constituted by two humps:
Dialogue: 0,0:47:36.14,0:47:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first, the richest hump, it’s like a camel, isn’t it?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:40.11,0:47:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first hump here with the richest is mainly Europe and the Americas.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.06,0:47:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the poorest hump over here is mainly Asia and Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:49.42,0:47:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the poverty line was there.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:52.10,0:47:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you see how many people there were in extreme poverty 50 years ago?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:58.09,0:48:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of them were in Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.11,0:48:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people were saying Asia will never get out of poverty, exactly as some people are still saying about Africa today.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:06.16,0:48:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what has happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.96,0:48:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I start the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:09.50,0:48:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that many people are born into poverty here, but Asia goes towards higher income
Dialogue: 0,0:48:15.09,0:48:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 1 billion goes out of extreme poverty this way
Dialogue: 0,0:48:19.30,0:48:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the whole shape of the world change, and that camel is dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.15,0:48:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s reborn as a dromedary.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:27.64,0:48:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you can see here, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.64,0:48:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the variation from the richest, that is most people in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:36.14,0:48:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there’s a much smaller proportion of the world now in extreme poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:48:41.00,0:48:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but be careful, it’s still a lot of people: more than 1 billion people in extreme poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:46.67,0:48:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the question is: can this ‘move out of extreme poverty’ now continue
Dialogue: 0,0:48:52.87,0:48:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those in Africa and even for the new billions in Africa?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:59.38,0:49:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it’s possible, even probable, that most countries in Africa will rise out of poverty too.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:06.63,0:49:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will need wise action and huge investment, but it can happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:14.43,0:49:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The many countries of Africa are not all advancing at the same pace.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:20.00,0:49:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few are moving very fast, others are stuck in conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.35,0:49:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most, like Mozambique, are now making steady progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.91,0:49:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what about feeding all the new African people in the future?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.36,0:49:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, there are shortages today, but there is also much potential here.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.00,0:49:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Agricultural yields in Africa are just a fraction of what they could be with better technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:53.10,0:49:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Africa’s rivers are barely tapped for irrigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:57.40,0:50:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day Africa could hum with combine harvesters and tractors and grow food for many more billions.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:05.89,0:50:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And please, don’t imagine it’s just me who thinks Africa can make it.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:10.100,0:50:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United Nations is about to set itself a new official goal: eliminating extreme poverty within 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:21.03,0:50:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone understands it’s a huge challenge, but I seriously believe it’s possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:27.99,0:50:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if that would happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:30.02,0:50:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what we have seen so far is that the rich end moves...
Dialogue: 0,0:50:34.99,0:50:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the middle... it moves. But this poorest end is stuck.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:41.92,0:50:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s here in extreme poverty we find almost all the illiteracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:46.99,0:50:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we find high child mortality and still many babies born per woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.56,0:50:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s like extreme poverty reproduces itself if you don’t end it swiftly.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:58.93,0:51:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Andre and Olivia, and people like that, work so hard to get away from it,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:05.22,0:51:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they only can get the right help from their government and from the world at large
Dialogue: 0,0:51:10.100,0:51:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with things like school, health, vaccines, roads, electricity, contraceptives,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.02,0:51:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they will manage, but they will mainly manage by their own hard work.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:25.49,0:51:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go… go on... follow Andre and Olivia across the line, you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:31.95,0:51:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is possible within some decades… Yes!
Dialogue: 0,0:51:36.80,0:51:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But getting out of poverty is just the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:40.66,0:51:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People want to continue along this line to a good life.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:46.38,0:51:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what does a good life mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.76,0:51:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most people in the world the good life they are striving for will mean more machines and much more use of energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:58.04,0:52:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there’s a problem. Because all this adds to one of the great threats for the future: severe climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:06.95,0:52:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80 percent of the energy the world uses is still fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:11.97,0:52:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the science shows that the climate may change dramatically in the future
Dialogue: 0,0:52:17.19,0:52:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the carbon dioxide emission from continuing to burn all these fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.42,0:52:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m not the best person to tell you how bad climate change will be
Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.36,0:52:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor am I a specialist on how to prevent it.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:34.51,0:52:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I can do is to show you data to make you understand who is the one that emits the carbon dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:42.25,0:52:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will show this.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.67,0:52:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You remember the yardstick from the poorest billion to the richest billion
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.41,0:52:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the one who hardly can afford shoes to the one who flies with airplanes
Dialogue: 0,0:52:53.94,0:53:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this shows the total amount of fossil fuel used in the world during one year
Dialogue: 0,0:53:02.69,0:53:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coal, oil and natural gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:05.36,0:53:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it represents more or less the total emission of carbon dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:09.25,0:53:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now how much of that is used by the richest billion?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:14.10,0:53:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:16.29,0:53:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the second richest billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:18.95,0:53:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of what’s left.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:21.39,0:53:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you understand what the third use
Dialogue: 0,0:53:24.23,0:53:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,half of what’s left. And the others use hardly anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:28.25,0:53:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This are rounded numbers, but it clearly shows that almost all the fossil fuel is used here by the 1, 2, 3 richest billions
Dialogue: 0,0:53:37.69,0:53:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than 85 percent they use.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:40.20,0:53:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the richest billion at least have stopped increasing, but we are yet to see whether they will decrease.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:47.65,0:53:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the coming decades it’s the economic growth of these 2
Dialogue: 0,0:53:52.95,0:53:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will increase the fossil fuel use and the carbon dioxide emission.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:57.53,0:54:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if these ones over here come out of extreme poverty and get richer all the way to the motorbike
Dialogue: 0,0:54:03.28,0:54:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doesn’t contribute much to the emission of carbon dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:07.81,0:54:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And regarding population growth, most of the additional billions in the next 40 years will be in this group here.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:15.08,0:54:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still, if you ask people in the richest end they seem to get everything wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:20.02,0:54:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They look down on the world from their very high emission and then they say:
Dialogue: 0,0:54:24.75,0:54:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“Oh, those over there, you cannot live like us, you will destroy the planet”.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:30.87,0:54:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, I find the argument from the people here catching up to be much more correct and logic.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:38.07,0:54:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say: "Huh! Who are you to tell us that we can’t live like you?
Dialogue: 0,0:54:43.34,0:54:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You’d better change first if you want us to do it differently”.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:50.46,0:54:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many essentials to having a good life that billions in the world do not yet have.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:56.13,0:55:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andre’s village and house, and so many like them, don’t even have electricity.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:03.58,0:55:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mozambique has huge coal reserves
Dialogue: 0,0:55:06.100,0:55:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it and the other poorest countries build affordable new power-stations burning coal for electricity and industry
Dialogue: 0,0:55:14.02,0:55:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don’t think anyone who emits more carbon should interfere.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:19.77,0:55:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I’m going to ask you two questions that I often ask my Swedish students.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:26.25,0:55:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one is: how many of you have not travelled by an airplane this year?
Dialogue: 0,0:55:33.62,0:55:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh-huh.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:35.48,0:55:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite a few can do without flying. So the next question is:
Dialogue: 0,0:55:39.77,0:55:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have stayed away from washing machines and have hand washed all bedsheets,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:45.98,0:55:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clothes and laundry during the last year?
Dialogue: 0,0:55:50.28,0:55:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought so, no one.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:53.03,0:55:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone who can afford to use a washing machine, even the hard core in the environmental movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:59.80,0:56:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I still remember the day when my family got a washing machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:03.52,0:56:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was 1st November 1952.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:07.08,0:56:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grandma was invited to be the first to load the machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:11.46,0:56:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had hand washed her entire life for a family of 9.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:15.42,0:56:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when she loaded the machine she sat down on a footstool and she watched the entire programme during one hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:24.01,0:56:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was absolutely mesmerised.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:26.30,0:56:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For my mother it also meant a lot of more free time to do other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:32.18,0:56:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She could read books for me, I think that’s what made me a professor.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:37.20,0:56:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No wonder we said thank you steel mill,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:40.80,0:56:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thank you washing powder factory, thank you electrical power station.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.57,0:56:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:49.100,0:56:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When thinking about where all this leave us I have just one little humble advice to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:57.12,0:57:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beside everything else: look at the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:00.92,0:57:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at the facts about the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.90,0:57:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you will see where we are today and how we can move forwards with all these billions on our wonderful planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:12.34,0:57:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenges of extreme poverty have been greatly reduced
Dialogue: 0,0:57:16.14,0:57:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it’s for the first time in history within our power to end it for good.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:22.62,0:57:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenge of population growth is, in fact, already being solved,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:27.56,0:57:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of children has stopped growing.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:31.15,0:57:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the challenge for climate change, we can still avoid the worst.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:37.12,0:57:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that requires that the richest, as soon as possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:44.25,0:57:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find a way to set their use of resources and energy at a level that, step by step,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:51.69,0:57:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be shared by 10 billions or 11 billions by the end of this century.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:57.93,0:58:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’ve never called myself an optimist,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:01.33,0:58:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I do say I’m a possibilist.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:03.98,0:58:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I also say the world is much better than many of you think.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:08.46,0:58:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much!