[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.85,0:00:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, has everybody heard of CRISPR?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.88,0:00:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would be shocked if you hadn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.51,0:00:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a technology --\Nit's for genome editing --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.74,0:00:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's so versatile and so controversial
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.59,0:00:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's sparking all sorts\Nof really interesting conversations.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.63,0:00:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should we bring back the woolly mammoth?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.28,0:00:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should we edit a human embryo?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.04,0:00:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my personal favorite:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.100,0:00:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we justify\Nwiping out an entire species
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.67,0:00:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we consider harmful to humans
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.14,0:00:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the face of the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.47,0:00:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using this technology?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.16,0:00:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This type of science\Nis moving much faster
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.47,0:00:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the regulatory mechanisms\Nthat govern it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.34,0:00:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, for the past six years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.43,0:00:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've made it my personal mission
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.86,0:00:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure that as many people\Nas possible understand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.90,0:00:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these types of technologies\Nand their implications.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.02,0:00:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, CRISPR has been the subject\Nof a huge media hype,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.09,0:01:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the words that are used most often\Nare "easy" and "cheap."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.34,0:01:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want to do is drill down\Na little bit deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.50,0:01:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look into some of the myths\Nand the realities around CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.95,0:01:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're trying to CRISPR a genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.59,0:01:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first thing that you have to do\Nis damage the DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.10,0:01:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The damage comes in the form\Nof a double-strand break
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.16,0:01:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the double helix.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.75,0:01:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the cellular repair\Nprocesses kick in,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.09,0:01:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we convince\Nthose repair processes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.75,0:01:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the edit that we want,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.05,0:01:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not a natural edit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.62,0:01:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.93,0:01:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a two-part system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.68,0:01:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got a Cas9 protein\Nand something called a guide RNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.07,0:01:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to think of it as a guided missile.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.56,0:01:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Cas9 --\NI love to anthropomorphize --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.23,0:01:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the Cas9 is kind of this Pac-Man thing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.48,0:01:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that wants to chew DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.05,0:01:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the guide RNA is the leash\Nthat's keeping it out of the genome
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.23,0:01:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until it finds the exact spot\Nwhere it matches.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.91,0:01:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the combination of those two\Nis called CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.83,0:02:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a system that we stole
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.42,0:02:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from an ancient, ancient\Nbacterial immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.47,0:02:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The part that's amazing about it\Nis that the guide RNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.04,0:02:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only 20 letters of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.96,0:02:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are what target the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.57,0:02:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is really easy to design,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.74,0:02:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's really cheap to buy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.98,0:02:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the part\Nthat is modular in the system;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.01,0:02:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything else stays the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.48,0:02:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This makes it a remarkably easy\Nand powerful system to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.05,0:02:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The guide RNA and the Cas9\Nprotein complex together
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.31,0:02:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go bouncing along the genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.27,0:02:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they find a spot\Nwhere the guide RNA matches,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.78,0:02:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it inserts between the two strands\Nof the double helix,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.66,0:02:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it rips them apart,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.69,0:02:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that triggers the Cas9 protein to cut,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.96,0:02:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of a sudden,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.82,0:02:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got a cell that's in total panic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.74,0:02:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now it's got a piece\Nof DNA that's broken.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does it do?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.32,0:02:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It calls its first responders.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.96,0:03:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two major repair pathways.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.60,0:03:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first just takes the DNA\Nand shoves the two pieces back together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.70,0:03:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't a very efficient system,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.82,0:03:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what happens is\Nsometimes a base drops out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.57,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a base is added.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.02,0:03:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an OK way to maybe, like,\Nknock out a gene,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.84,0:03:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not the way that we really want\Nto do genome editing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.10,0:03:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second repair pathway\Nis a lot more interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.02,0:03:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this repair pathway,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.68,0:03:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes a homologous piece of DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.38,0:03:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now mind you, in a diploid\Norganism like people,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.05,0:03:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got one copy of our genome\Nfrom our mom and one from our dad,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.32,0:03:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if one gets damaged,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.62,0:03:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can use the other\Nchromosome to repair it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.04,0:03:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's where this comes from.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.52,0:03:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The repair is made,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.01,0:03:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now the genome is safe again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.62,0:03:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way that we can hijack this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.50,0:03:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we can feed it a false piece of DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.23,0:03:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a piece that has homology on both ends
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.40,0:03:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is different in the middle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.12,0:03:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, you can put\Nwhatever you want in the center
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.61,0:03:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cell gets fooled.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.15,0:04:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can change a letter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.29,0:04:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can take letters out,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.58,0:04:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most importantly,\Nyou can stuff new DNA in,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.53,0:04:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like a Trojan horse.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.09,0:04:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CRISPR is going to be amazing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.30,0:04:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the number of different\Nscientific advances
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.94,0:04:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's going to catalyze.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.62,0:04:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing that's special about it\Nis this modular targeting system.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.87,0:04:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, we've been shoving DNA\Ninto organisms for years, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.66,0:04:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But because of the modular\Ntargeting system,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.81,0:04:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can actually put it\Nexactly where we want it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.42,0:04:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing is that there's\Na lot of talk about it being cheap
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.12,0:04:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it being easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.88,0:04:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I run a community lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.24,0:04:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm starting to get emails from people\Nthat say stuff like,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.82,0:04:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, can I come to your open night
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.24,0:04:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, like, maybe use CRISPR\Nand engineer my genome?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.88,0:04:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laugher)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.02,0:04:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.38,0:04:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm, "No, you can't."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.20,0:04:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.24,0:04:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But I've heard it's cheap.\NI've heard it's easy."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.62,0:04:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to explore that a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.82,0:05:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how cheap is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.80,0:05:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, it is cheap in comparison.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.66,0:05:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to take the cost of the average\Nmaterials for an experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.31,0:05:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from thousands of dollars\Nto hundreds of dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.86,0:05:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it cuts the time a lot, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.82,0:05:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can cut it from weeks to days.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.25,0:05:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's great.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.76,0:05:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You still need a professional lab\Nto do the work in;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.48,0:05:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not going to do anything meaningful\Noutside of a professional lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.01,0:05:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, don't listen to anyone who says
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.04,0:05:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can do this sort of stuff\Non your kitchen table.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.42,0:05:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really not easy\Nto do this kind of work.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.95,0:05:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not to mention,\Nthere's a patent battle going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.28,0:05:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so even if you do invent something,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.14,0:05:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Broad Institute and UC Berkeley\Nare in this incredible patent battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.80,0:05:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really fascinating\Nto watch it happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.21,0:05:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're accusing each other\Nof fraudulent claims
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.48,0:05:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they've got people saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.23,0:05:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, well, I signed\Nmy notebook here or there."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.04,0:05:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't going to be settled for years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.17,0:05:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.35,0:05:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can bet you're going to pay someone\Na really hefty licensing fee
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.66,0:06:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to use this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.34,0:06:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, is it really cheap?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.15,0:06:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's cheap if you're doing\Nbasic research and you've got a lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.22,0:06:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How about easy?\NLet's look at that claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.42,0:06:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The devil is always in the details.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.88,0:06:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't really know\Nthat much about cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.04,0:06:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're still kind of black boxes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.73,0:06:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we don't know\Nwhy some guide RNAs work really well
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.61,0:06:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some guide RNAs don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.70,0:06:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know why some cells\Nwant to do one repair pathway
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.19,0:06:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some cells would rather do the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.27,0:06:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And besides that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.58,0:06:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's the whole problem\Nof getting the system into the cell
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.47,0:06:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.76,0:06:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a petri dish, that's not that hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.78,0:06:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you're trying to do it\Non a whole organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.25,0:06:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets really tricky.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.22,0:06:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's OK if you use something\Nlike blood or bone marrow --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.43,0:06:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are the targets\Nof a lot of research now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.68,0:06:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a great story\Nof some little girl
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.96,0:06:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who they saved from leukemia
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.64,0:06:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by taking the blood out, editing it,\Nand putting it back
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.33,0:07:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a precursor of CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.87,0:07:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a line of research\Nthat people are going to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.69,0:07:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But right now, if you want to get\Ninto the whole body,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.27,0:07:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're probably going\Nto have to use a virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.43,0:07:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you take the virus,\Nyou put the CRISPR into it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.83,0:07:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you let the virus infect the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.56,0:07:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now you've got this virus in there,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.73,0:07:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don't know what the long-term\Neffects of that are.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.44,0:07:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plus, CRISPR has some off-target effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.73,0:07:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very small percentage,\Nbut they're still there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.72,0:07:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going to happen\Nover time with that?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.04,0:07:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not trivial questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.28,0:07:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are scientists\Nthat are trying to solve them,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.94,0:07:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will eventually,\Nhopefully, be solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.25,0:07:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it ain't plug-and-play,\Nnot by a long shot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.91,0:07:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So: Is it really easy?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.03,0:07:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you spend a few years\Nworking it out in your particular system,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.39,0:07:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes, it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.43,0:07:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the other thing is,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.53,0:07:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't really know that much about how\Nto make a particular thing happen
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.92,0:07:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by changing particular spots\Nin the genome.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.31,0:07:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're a long way away from figuring out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.50,0:08:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to give a pig wings, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.36,0:08:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or even an extra leg -- I'd settle\Nfor an extra leg.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.25,0:08:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would be kind of cool, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.92,0:08:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is happening
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.48,0:08:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that CRISPR is being used\Nby thousands and thousands of scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.86,0:08:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do really, really important work,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.25,0:08:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like making better models\Nof diseases in animals, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.72,0:08:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or for taking pathways\Nthat produce valuable chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.73,0:08:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and getting them into industrial\Nproduction in fermentation vats,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.02,0:08:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even doing really basic research\Non what genes do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.02,0:08:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the story of CRISPR\Nwe should be telling,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.98,0:08:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I don't like it\Nthat the flashier aspects of it
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.46,0:08:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are drowning all of this out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.24,0:08:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of scientists did a lot of work\Nto make CRISPR happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.84,0:08:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's interesting to me
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.48,0:08:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that these scientists\Nare being supported by our society.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.42,0:08:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.61,0:08:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got an infrastructure that allows\Na certain percentage of people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.98,0:09:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spend all their time doing research.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.98,0:09:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes us all the inventors of CRISPR,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.100,0:09:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would say that makes us all\Nthe shepherds of CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.49,0:09:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have a responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.75,0:09:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would urge you to really learn\Nabout these types of technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.01,0:09:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, really, only in that way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.42,0:09:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are we going to be able to guide\Nthe development of these technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.79,0:09:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the use of these technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.75,0:09:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make sure that, in the end,\Nit's a positive outcome --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.03,0:09:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for both the planet and for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.70,0:09:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.91,0:09:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)