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[MUSIC]

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Okay, so what locked-in syndrome, the

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locked-in syndrome that, that Jean
Dominique Bauby suffered from.

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It tells us about the four basic functions

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of the brain, of the central nervous
system.

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And those are; voluntary movement,
perception, homeostasis and

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something that is oddly described as
abstract or higher functions, cognition.

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There are a lot of words for this, none of
them exactly perfect.

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Okay.

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So, let's just go through what these
various functions mean.

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So, voluntary movement is everything that
we do.

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And, when I say voluntary, I kind of mean
voluntary, and I kind of don't.

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What I mean is something that is driven by
the brain.

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And that can be something that

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I do completely volitionally, completely
deliberately.

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Like I say, I'm going to raise my hand,
and I raise my hand.

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That's a voluntary volitional movement.

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But, if I step on something and I wince in
pain.

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That's an emotional movement.

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Both of them, are, we're classifying for
right now as voluntary movements.

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They're self generated.

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They are, they come from ourselves.

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And these voluntary movements are the only
way that we have to express ourselves.

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I know that in the popular press there

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is a difference between words and, and,
and actions.

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Sticks and stones can break my bones but
words can never hurt me.

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Well actions and, and talk, talk and

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actions, they're, they're all, they're all
one action.

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[LAUGH] So talk is an action, and we use
are laryngeal muscles.

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Our diaphragm our the, the muscles of the

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upper airway including their tongue, and
pharyngeal muscles.

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These are all muscles that we use to
actually express ourselves.

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So, talking, writing.

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Having a facial expression.

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Raising your hand.

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Jumping up and down.

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Doing a new da, dance step.

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All of these are voluntary movements, and
these were

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definitely lost in Bauby, all he could do
and

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all many of people in, with locked-in
syndrome

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can do is, is move their eyelid.

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Okay.

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So that's voluntary movement.

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Perception, is distinct from sensation.

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And that's a very important, concept.

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Perception is what we consciously
appreciate about sensation.

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So, what, I sense all sorts of stuff that
I have no perception about.

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So, for instance.

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My brain senses how much CO2 there is in
my blood.

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Well, I have no idea how much
CO2 there is in my blood.

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I mean, I could take a guess.

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But, that's because I'm a scientist, and I
kind of know how much there should be.

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but, but there's all the, there, there's
sensors that tell

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us how long our muscles are, where our,
our joints are.

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None of that actually reaches conscious
perception.

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The perceptions that we have
include vision and hearing,

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smell and taste, the sense of balance, the
sense of position in the world.

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Where are we?

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Where is our head in the world?

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A sense of equilibrium.

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All of those are perceptions that we have.

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They actually reach conscious, a conscious
level.

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The third function, major function, that
we're going to talk about, is homeostasis.

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And homeostasis is what we use to keep our
body in physiological limits.

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To make sure that we have enough oxygen to
our brain, and to the rest of our body.

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We are going to focus very much on brain
[LAUGH] in this course.

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so, we have to make sure that the, that,
that there's enough oxygen

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delivered to the body, that there's enough
blood pressure that keeps us upright.

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We have to make sure that our body
temperature stays within limits.

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The physiological limits that the body
will tolerate.

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We -- there are life cycle events that are
challenges to our, our being.

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And these include giving birth, and
nursing a newborn, suckling from a mother.

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All of these things are part of
homeostasis.

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They're part of the package that keeps us
alive.

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Another part of homeostasis is a rhythm.

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The rhythm of our lives.

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The daily rhythm.

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The wake and the sleep.

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And the seasonal rhythm.

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Rhythm, the seasonal rhythm that has a
little bit less

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of an obvious influence on us than, the
daily rhythm.

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And then, the cycle of life.

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So we go from infancy, to childhood, to
adolescence.

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To early adulthood, to middle age, to
being older.

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And so, these are all part of homeostasis.

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It's all part of the challenge of staying
alive, and as far as abstract functions,

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these are things like thinking, and
feeling emotions, and motivation.

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And language, and memory, and learning.

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All of these are part of our higher
abstract functions.

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Another incredibly important abstract
function, is how we interact.

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How, how do we play well with others?

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How do we get in that sandbox and, and,
and survive it?

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So these are all part of abstract
functions.

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And they're a very important part of being
a, a human.

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So, in the next segment, what we're
going to do is, we're going to

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assign each one of these functions to a
part

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of the central nervous system.

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[MUSIC]