[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.40,0:00:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to talk a little bit today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.11,0:00:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about labor and work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.01,0:00:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we think about how people work,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.17,0:00:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the naive intuition we have
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.64,0:00:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that people are like rats in a maze --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.80,0:00:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all people care about is money,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.18,0:00:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the moment we give people money,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.50,0:00:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can direct them to work one way,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.32,0:00:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can direct them to work another way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.42,0:00:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why we give bonuses to bankers and pay in all kinds of ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.72,0:00:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we really have this incredibly simplistic view
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.10,0:00:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of why people work and what the labor market looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.46,0:00:35.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, if you think about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.19,0:00:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's all kinds of strange behaviors in the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.52,0:00:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about something like mountaineering and mountain climbing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.66,0:00:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you read books of people who climb mountains, difficult mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.19,0:00:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you think that those books are full of moments of joy and happiness?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.19,0:00:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, they are full of misery.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.92,0:00:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's all about frostbite and difficulty to walk
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:00:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and difficulty of breathing --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.41,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cold, challenging circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if people were just trying to be happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.70,0:01:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the moment they would get to the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.70,0:01:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would say, "This was a terrible mistake.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.47,0:01:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll never do it again."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.98,0:01:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.52,0:01:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Instead, let me sit on a beach somewhere drinking mojitos."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.15,0:01:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But instead, people go down,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.41,0:01:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after they recover, they go up again.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.44,0:01:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think about mountain climbing as an example,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.85,0:01:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it suggests all kinds of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.94,0:01:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It suggests that we care about reaching the end, a peak.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.90,0:01:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It suggests that we care about the fight, about the challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.44,0:01:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It suggests that there's all kinds of other things
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.49,0:01:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that motivate us to work or behave in all kinds of ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.98,0:01:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for me personally, I started thinking about this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.82,0:01:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after a student came to visit me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.64,0:01:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a student that was one of my students a few years earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.64,0:01:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he came one day back to campus.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.82,0:01:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he told me the following story:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.07,0:02:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said that for more than two weeks, he was working on a PowerPoint presentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.47,0:02:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was working in a big bank.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.24,0:02:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was in preparation for a merger and acquisition.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.14,0:02:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was working very hard on this presentation --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.94,0:02:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,graphs, tables, information.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.95,0:02:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He stayed late at night every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.02,0:02:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the day before it was due,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.47,0:02:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he sent his PowerPoint presentation to his boss,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.69,0:02:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his boss wrote him back and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.34,0:02:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Nice presentation, but the merger is canceled."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.25,0:02:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the guy was deeply depressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.34,0:02:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now at the moment when he was working,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.77,0:02:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was actually quite happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.54,0:02:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every night he was enjoying his work,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.82,0:02:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was staying late, he was perfecting this PowerPoint presentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.47,0:02:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But knowing that nobody would ever watch that made him quite depressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.62,0:02:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I started thinking about how do we experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.33,0:02:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this idea of the fruits of our labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.14,0:02:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to start with, we created a little experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.38,0:03:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we gave people Legos, and we asked them to build with Legos.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.40,0:03:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for some people, we gave them Legos and we said,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.61,0:03:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, would you like to build this Bionicle for three dollars?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.32,0:03:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll pay you three dollars for it."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.34,0:03:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people said yes, and they built with these Legos.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.59,0:03:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they finished, we took it, we put it under the table,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.46,0:03:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we said, "Would you like to build another one, this time for $2.70?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.49,0:03:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they said yes, we gave them another one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.20,0:03:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they finished, we asked them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.50,0:03:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Do you want to build another one?" for $2.40, $2.10, and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.24,0:03:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until at some point people said, "No more. It's not worth it for me."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.68,0:03:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was what we called the meaningful condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.52,0:03:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People built one Bionicle after another.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.66,0:03:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After they finished every one of them, we put them under the table.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.89,0:03:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we told them that at the end of the experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.26,0:03:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will take all these Bionicles, we will disassemble them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.56,0:03:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will put them back in the boxes, and we will use it for the next participant.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.21,0:04:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was another condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.01,0:04:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This other condition was inspired by David, my student.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.66,0:04:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this other condition we called the Sisyphic condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.03,0:04:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you remember the story about Sisyphus,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.48,0:04:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sisyphus was punished by the gods to push the same rock up a hill,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.52,0:04:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when he almost got to the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.54,0:04:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rock would roll over, and he would have to start again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.60,0:04:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can think about this as the essence of doing futile work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.69,0:04:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can imagine that if he pushed the rock on different hills,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.51,0:04:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least he would have some sense of progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.32,0:04:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, if you look at prison movies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.85,0:04:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes the way that the guards torture the prisoners
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.21,0:04:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to get them to dig a hole
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.34,0:04:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the prisoner is finished, they ask him to fill the hole back up and then dig again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.81,0:04:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's something about this cyclical version
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.10,0:04:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of doing something over and over and over
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.46,0:04:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seems to be particularly demotivating.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.41,0:04:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the second condition of this experiment, that's exactly what we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.90,0:05:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked people, "Would you like to build one Bionicle for three dollars?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.99,0:05:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they said yes, they built it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.90,0:05:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we asked them, "Do you want to build another one for $2.70?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.39,0:05:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they said yes, we gave them a new one,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.75,0:05:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as they were building it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.72,0:05:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we took apart the one that they just finished.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.58,0:05:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they finished that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.21,0:05:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we said, "Would you like to build another one, this time for 30 cents less?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.88,0:05:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they said yes, we gave them the one that they built and we broke.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.91,0:05:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this was an endless cycle
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.21,0:05:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of them building and us destroying in front of their eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.19,0:05:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what happens when you compare these two conditions?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.34,0:05:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing that happened
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.43,0:05:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that people built many more Bionicles -- they built 11 versus seven --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.14,0:05:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the meaningful condition versus the Sisyphus condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.80,0:05:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, we should point out that this was not a big meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.86,0:05:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were not curing cancer or building bridges.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.28,0:05:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were building Bionicles for a few cents.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.38,0:05:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not only that, everybody knew that the Bionicles would be destroyed quite soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.43,0:06:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there was not a real opportunity for big meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.33,0:06:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even the small meaning made a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.21,0:06:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we had another version of this experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.58,0:06:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this other version of the experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.12,0:06:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't put people in this situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.46,0:06:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just described to them the situation, much as I am describing to you now,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.88,0:06:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we asked them to predict what the result would be.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.100,0:06:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.09,0:06:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People predicted the right direction but not the right magnitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.14,0:06:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who were just given the description of the experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.20,0:06:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that in the meaningful condition people would probably build one more Bionicle.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.51,0:06:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people understand that meaning is important,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.96,0:06:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just don't understand the magnitude of the importance,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.72,0:06:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the extent to which it's important.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.88,0:06:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was one other piece of data we looked at.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.96,0:06:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about it, there are some people who love Legos and some people who don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.88,0:06:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you would speculate that the people who love Legos
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.96,0:06:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will build more Legos, even for less money,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.54,0:06:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because after all, they get more internal joy from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.48,0:06:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the people who love Legos less will build less Legos
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.78,0:07:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the enjoyment that they derive from it is lower.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.73,0:07:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's actually what we found in the meaningful condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.56,0:07:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a very nice correlation between love of Lego
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.60,0:07:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amount of Legos people built.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.73,0:07:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened in the Sisyphic condition?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.28,0:07:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that condition the correlation was zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.18,0:07:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no relationship between the love of Lego and how much people built,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.62,0:07:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which suggests to me that with this manipulation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.54,0:07:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of breaking things in front of people's eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.91,0:07:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we basically crushed any joy that they could get out of this activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.58,0:07:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We basically eliminated it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.36,0:07:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon after I finished running this experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.08,0:07:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to talk to a big software company in Seattle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.14,0:07:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't tell you who they were, but they were a big company in Seattle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.74,0:07:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was a group within this software company that was put in a different building.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.09,0:07:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they asked them to innovate and create the next big product for this company.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.28,0:07:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the week before I showed up,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.14,0:08:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the CEO of this big software company went to that group, 200 engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.21,0:08:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and canceled the project.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.31,0:08:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I stood there in front of 200 of the most depressed people I've ever talked to.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.47,0:08:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I described to them some of these Lego experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.66,0:08:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they said they felt like they had just been through that experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.51,0:08:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I asked them, I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.13,0:08:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How many of you now show up to work later than you used to?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.66,0:08:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everybody raised their hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.86,0:08:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "How many of you now go home earlier than you used to?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.84,0:08:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everybody raised their hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.64,0:08:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked them, "How many of you now add not-so-kosher things to your expense reports?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.51,0:08:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they didn't really raise their hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.26,0:08:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they took me out to dinner and showed me what they could do with expense reports.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.88,0:08:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I asked them, I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.58,0:08:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What could the CEO have done to make you not as depressed?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.18,0:08:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they came up with all kinds of ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.55,0:08:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said the CEO could have asked them to present to the whole company
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.79,0:08:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about their journey over the last two years and what they decided to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.09,0:09:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could have asked them to think about which aspect of their technology
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.96,0:09:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could fit with other parts of the organization.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.50,0:09:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could have asked them to build some prototypes, some next-generation prototypes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.88,0:09:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seen how they would work.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.75,0:09:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the thing is that any one of those
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.74,0:09:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would require some effort and motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.71,0:09:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think the CEO basically did not understand the importance of meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.86,0:09:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the CEO, just like our participants,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.13,0:09:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought the essence of meaning is unimportant,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.23,0:09:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then he [wouldn't] care.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.59,0:09:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he would tell them, "At the moment I directed you in this way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.55,0:09:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now that I am directing you in this way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.15,0:09:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything will be okay."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.11,0:09:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you understood how important meaning is,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.66,0:09:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you would figure out that it's actually important
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.08,0:09:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spend some time, energy and effort
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.96,0:09:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in getting people to care more about what they're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.40,0:09:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next experiment was slightly different.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.10,0:09:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took a sheet of paper with random letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.76,0:09:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we asked people to find pairs of letters that were identical next to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.23,0:09:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the task.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.38,0:09:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people did the first sheet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.76,0:09:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we asked them if they wanted to do the next sheet for a little bit less money
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.82,0:10:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the next sheet for a little bit less money, and so on and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.78,0:10:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had three conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.66,0:10:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the first condition, people wrote their name on the sheet,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.35,0:10:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found all the pairs of letters, gave it to the experimenter.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.03,0:10:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experimenter would look at it, scan it from top to bottom,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.100,0:10:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say "uh huh" and put it on the pile next to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.15,0:10:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the second condition, people did not write their name on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.84,0:10:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experimenter looked at it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.06,0:10:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took the sheet of paper, did not look at it, did not scan it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.20,0:10:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and simply put it on the pile of pages.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.80,0:10:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you take a piece, you just put it on the side.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.45,0:10:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the third condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.59,0:10:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experimenter got the sheet of paper and directly put it into a shredder.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.97,0:10:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened in those three conditions?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.79,0:10:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this plot I'm showing you at what pay rate people stopped.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.22,0:10:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So low numbers mean that people worked harder. They worked for much longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.74,0:10:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the acknowledged condition, people worked all the way down to 15 cents.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.65,0:11:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At 15 cents per page, they basically stopped these efforts.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.40,0:11:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the shredder condition, it was twice as much -- 30 cents per sheet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.15,0:11:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is basically the result we had before.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.33,0:11:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You shred people's efforts, output,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.80,0:11:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get them not to be as happy with what they're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.30,0:11:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I should point out, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.84,0:11:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the shredder condition, people could have cheated.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.80,0:11:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could have done not so good work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.98,0:11:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they realized that people were just shredding it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.49,0:11:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe the first sheet you would do good work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.35,0:11:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then you see nobody is really testing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.27,0:11:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you would do more and more and more.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.47,0:11:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in fact, in the shredder condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.03,0:11:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people could have submitted more work and gotten more money
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.90,0:11:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put less effort into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.32,0:11:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about the ignored condition?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.47,0:11:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would the ignored condition be more like the acknowledged or more like the shredder,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.98,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or somewhere in the middle?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out it was almost like the shredder.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.36,0:11:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there's good news and bad news here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.16,0:11:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bad news is that ignoring the performance of people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.80,0:12:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is almost as bad as shredding their effort in front of their eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.30,0:12:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ignoring gets you a whole way out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.05,0:12:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that by simply looking at something that somebody has done,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.45,0:12:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scanning it and saying "uh huh,"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.66,0:12:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seems to be quite sufficient
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.07,0:12:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dramatically improve people's motivations.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.31,0:12:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the good news is that adding motivation doesn't seem to be so difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.79,0:12:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bad news is that eliminating motivations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.09,0:12:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems to be incredibly easy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.86,0:12:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we don't think about it carefully, we might overdo it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.56,0:12:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is all in terms of negative motivation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.04,0:12:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or eliminating negative motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.92,0:12:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next part I want to show you is something about the positive motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.41,0:12:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a store in the U.S. called IKEA.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.54,0:12:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And IKEA is a store with kind of okay furniture that takes a long time to assemble.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.39,0:12:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.34,0:12:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't know about you, but every time I assemble one of those,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.18,0:13:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes me much longer, it's much more effortful, it's much more confusing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.27,0:13:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I put things in the wrong way.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.19,0:13:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't say enjoy those pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.79,0:13:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't say I enjoy the process.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.04,0:13:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when I finish it, I seem to like those IKEA pieces of furniture
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.90,0:13:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than I like other ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.27,0:13:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's an old story about cake mixes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.65,0:13:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when they started cake mixes in the '40s,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.67,0:13:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would take this powder and they would put it in a box,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.49,0:13:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would ask housewives to basically pour it in, stir some water in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.93,0:13:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mix it, put it in the oven, and -- voila! -- you had cake.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.44,0:13:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out they were very unpopular.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.64,0:13:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People did not want them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.42,0:13:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they thought about all kinds of reasons for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.72,0:13:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe the taste was not good.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.16,0:13:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, the taste was great.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.66,0:13:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they figured out was that there was not enough effort involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.68,0:13:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was so easy that nobody could serve cake to their guests
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.08,0:13:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "Here is my cake."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.39,0:13:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, no, it was somebody else's cake.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.96,0:13:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was as if you bought it in the store.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.97,0:14:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It didn't really feel like your own.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.38,0:14:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what did they do?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.04,0:14:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took the eggs and the milk out of the powder.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.71,0:14:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.06,0:14:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you had to break the eggs and add them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.90,0:14:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had to measure the milk and add it, mixing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.87,0:14:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it was your cake. Now everything was fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.69,0:14:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.28,0:14:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I think a little bit like the IKEA effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.04,0:14:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by getting people to work harder,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.01,0:14:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they actually got them to love what they're doing to a higher degree.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.76,0:14:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we look at this question experimentally?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.78,0:14:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked people to build some origami.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.22,0:14:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We gave them instructions on how to create origami,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.08,0:14:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we gave them a sheet of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.76,0:14:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these were all novices, and they built something that was really quite ugly --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.08,0:14:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing like a frog or a crane.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.74,0:14:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then we told them, we said, "Look, this origami really belongs to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.28,0:14:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You worked for us, but I'll tell you what, we'll sell it to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.09,0:15:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much do you want to pay for it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.23,0:15:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we measured how much they were willing to pay for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.21,0:15:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had two types of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.18,0:15:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had the people who built it,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.11,0:15:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had the people who did not build it and just looked at it as external observers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.02,0:15:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we found was that the builders thought
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.43,0:15:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these were beautiful pieces of origami,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.94,0:15:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were willing to pay for them five times more
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.48,0:15:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the people who just evaluated them externally.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.64,0:15:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you could say, if you were a builder,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.66,0:15:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you think that, "Oh, I love this origami, but I know that nobody else would love it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.10,0:15:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do you think, "I love this origami, and everybody else will love it as well?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.80,0:15:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which one of those two is correct?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.27,0:15:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turns out the builders not only loved the origami more,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.42,0:15:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they thought that everybody would see the world in their view.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.92,0:15:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They thought everybody else would love it more as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.94,0:15:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the next version we tried to do the IKEA effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.99,0:15:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tried to make it more difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.79,0:15:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for some people we gave the same task.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.70,0:16:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For some people we made it harder by hiding the instructions.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.72,0:16:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the top of the sheet, we had little diagrams of how do you fold origami.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.100,0:16:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For some people we just eliminated that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.74,0:16:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now this was tougher. What happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.70,0:16:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well in an objective way, the origami now was uglier, it was more difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.61,0:16:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when we looked at the easy origami,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.71,0:16:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we saw the same thing: Builders loved it more, evaluators loved it less.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.10,0:16:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you looked at the hard instructions,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.26,0:16:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the effect was larger.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.19,0:16:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because now the builders loved it even more.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.27,0:16:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put all this extra effort into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.93,0:16:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And evaluators? They loved it even less.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.02,0:16:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in reality it was even uglier than the first version.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.43,0:16:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, this tells you something about how we evaluate things.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.53,0:16:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now think about kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.73,0:16:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine I asked you, "How much would you sell your kids for?"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.14,0:17:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your memories and associations and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.78,0:17:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people would say for a lot, a lot of money --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.20,0:17:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on good days.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.04,0:17:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.30,0:17:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But imagine this was slightly different.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.07,0:17:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if you did not have your kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.65,0:17:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one day you went to the park and you met some kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.98,0:17:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were just like your kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.22,0:17:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you played with them for a few hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.94,0:17:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you were about to leave, the parents said,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.16,0:17:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, by the way, just before you leave, if you're interested, they're for sale."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.29,0:17:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.56,0:17:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much would you pay for them now?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.42,0:17:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people say not that much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.92,0:17:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is because our kids are so valuable,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.74,0:17:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just because of who they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.81,0:17:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because of us, because they are so connected to us
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.72,0:17:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of the time and connection.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.98,0:17:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, if you think that IKEA instructions are not good,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.24,0:17:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think about the instructions that come with kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.16,0:17:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are really tough.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.40,0:17:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.47,0:17:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, these are my kids, which, of course, are wonderful and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.95,0:17:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which comes to tell you one more thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.90,0:18:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, much like our builders,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.22,0:18:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they look at the creature of their creation,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.96,0:18:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't see that other people don't see things our way.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.70,0:18:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me say one last comment.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.83,0:18:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about Adam Smith versus Karl Marx,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.23,0:18:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adam Smith had the very important notion of efficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.35,0:18:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gave an example of a pin factory.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.18,0:18:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said pins have 12 different steps,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.44,0:18:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if one person does all 12 steps, production is very low.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.56,0:18:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you get one person to do step one
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.06,0:18:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one person to do step two and step three and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.46,0:18:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,production can increase tremendously.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.26,0:18:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed, this is a great example and the reason for the Industrial Revolution and efficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.80,0:18:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Karl Marx, on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.88,0:18:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that the alienation of labor is incredibly important
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.18,0:18:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how people think about the connection to what they are doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.78,0:18:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you make all 12 steps, you care about the pin.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.08,0:18:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you make one step every time, maybe you don't care as much.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.90,0:19:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that in the Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.79,0:19:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adam Smith was more correct than Karl Marx,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.13,0:19:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the reality is that we've switched
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.95,0:19:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now we're in the knowledge economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.31,0:19:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can ask yourself, what happens in a knowledge economy?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.05,0:19:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is efficiency still more important than meaning?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.46,0:19:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the answer is no.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.05,0:19:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that as we move to situations
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.21,0:19:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which people have to decide on their own
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.20,0:19:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how much effort, attention, caring, how connected they feel to it,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.98,0:19:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are they thinking about labor on the way to work and in the shower and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.03,0:19:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of a sudden Marx has more things to say to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.49,0:19:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we think about labor, we usually think about motivation and payment as the same thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.43,0:19:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the reality is that we should probably add all kinds of things to it --
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.19,0:19:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning, creation, challenges, ownership, identity, pride, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.54,0:19:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the good news is that if we added all of those components and thought about them,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.85,0:19:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we create our own meaning, pride, motivation,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.25,0:20:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how do we do it in our workplace and for the employees,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.68,0:20:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we could get people to both be more productive and happier.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.50,0:20:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.18,0:20:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)