[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.94,0:00:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to talk a little bit today\Nabout labor and work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.50,0:00:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we think about how people work,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.25,0:00:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the naive intuition we have
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.64,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that people are like rats in a maze --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.03,0:00:15.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all people care about is money,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.02,0:00:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the moment we give them money,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.70,0:00:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can direct them to work one way,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.42,0:00:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can direct them to work another way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.42,0:00:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why we give bonuses to bankers\Nand pay in all kinds of ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.06,0:00:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we really have\Nthis incredibly simplistic view
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.55,0:00:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of why people work, and what\Nthe labor market looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.84,0:00:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, if you think about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.19,0:00:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's all kinds of strange behaviors\Nin the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.91,0:00:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about something like mountaineering\Nand mountain climbing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.28,0:00:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you read books of people\Nwho climb mountains, difficult mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.55,0:00:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you think that those books are full\Nof moments of joy and happiness?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.70,0:00:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, they are full of misery.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.04,0:00:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's all about frostbite\Nand having difficulty walking,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:00:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and difficulty breathing --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.41,0:01:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cold, challenging circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.47,0:01:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if people were just trying\Nto be happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.95,0:01:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the moment they would get to the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.83,0:01:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would say,\N"This was a terrible mistake.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.98,0:01:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll never do it again."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.38,0:01:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.52,0:01:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Instead, let me sit on a beach\Nsomewhere drinking mojitos."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.16,0:01:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But instead, people go down,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.86,0:01:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after they recover, they go up again.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.76,0:01:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think about\Nmountain climbing as an example,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.85,0:01:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it suggests all kinds of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.21,0:01:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It suggests that we care\Nabout reaching the end, a peak.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.14,0:01:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It suggests that we care\Nabout the fight, about the challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.67,0:01:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It suggests that there's all kinds\Nof other things that motivate us
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.15,0:01:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work or behave in all kinds of ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.32,0:01:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for me personally,\NI started thinking about this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.82,0:01:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after a student came to visit me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.08,0:01:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was one of my students\Nfrom a few years earlier,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.01,0:01:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he came one day back to campus.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.20,0:01:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he told me the following story:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.36,0:01:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said that for more than two weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.80,0:02:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was working\Non a PowerPoint presentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.85,0:02:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was working in a big bank,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.62,0:02:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was in preparation\Nfor a merger and acquisition.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.43,0:02:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was working very hard\Non this presentation --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.94,0:02:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,graphs, tables, information.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.95,0:02:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He stayed late at night every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.46,0:02:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the day before it was due,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.68,0:02:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he sent his PowerPoint\Npresentation to his boss,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.01,0:02:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his boss wrote him back and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.64,0:02:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Nice presentation,\Nbut the merger is canceled."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.34,0:02:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the guy was deeply depressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.48,0:02:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now at the moment when he was working,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.66,0:02:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was actually quite happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.54,0:02:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every night he was enjoying his work,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.82,0:02:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was staying late, he was perfecting\Nthis PowerPoint presentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.52,0:02:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But knowing that nobody would ever\Nwatch it made him quite depressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.78,0:02:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I started thinking\Nabout how do we experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.33,0:02:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this idea of the fruits of our labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.37,0:02:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to start with, we created\Na little experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.59,0:03:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we gave people Legos,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.62,0:03:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we asked them to build with Legos.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.96,0:03:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for some people,\Nwe gave them Legos and we said,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.50,0:03:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, would you like to build\Nthis Bionicle for three dollars?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.27,0:03:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll pay you three dollars for it."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.34,0:03:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people said yes,\Nand they built with these Legos.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.87,0:03:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they finished, we took it,\Nwe put it under the table,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.46,0:03:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we said, "Would you like\Nto build another one,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.47,0:03:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this time for $2.70?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.47,0:03:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they said yes,\Nwe gave them another one,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.51,0:03:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they finished, we asked them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.39,0:03:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Do you want to build another one?"\Nfor $2.40, $2.10, and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.24,0:03:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until at some point people said,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.11,0:03:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No more. It's not worth it for me."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.10,0:03:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was what we called\Nthe meaningful condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.78,0:03:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People built one Bionicle after another.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.83,0:03:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After they finished every one of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.68,0:03:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we put them under the table.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.05,0:03:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we told them that at the end\Nof the experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.46,0:03:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will take all these Bionicles,\Nwe will disassemble them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.56,0:03:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will put them back in the boxes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.40,0:03:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we will use it\Nfor the next participant.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.73,0:04:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was another condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.28,0:04:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This other condition was inspired\Nby David, my student.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.81,0:04:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this other condition we called\Nthe Sisyphic condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.27,0:04:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you remember\Nthe story about Sisyphus,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.48,0:04:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sisyphus was punished by the gods\Nto push the same rock up a hill,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.73,0:04:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when he almost got to the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.81,0:04:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rock would roll over,\Nand he would have to start again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.80,0:04:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can think about this\Nas the essence of doing futile work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.69,0:04:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can imagine that if he pushed\Nthe rock on different hills,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.67,0:04:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least he would have\Nsome sense of progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.32,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, if you look at prison movies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.02,0:04:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes the way that the guards\Ntorture the prisoners
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.21,0:04:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to get them to dig a hole,\Nand when the prisoner is finished,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.87,0:04:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they ask him to fill the hole\Nback up and then dig again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.89,0:04:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's something\Nabout this cyclical version
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.10,0:04:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of doing something over and over and over
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.73,0:04:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seems to be\Nparticularly demotivating.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.58,0:04:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the second condition\Nof this experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.81,0:04:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's exactly what we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.50,0:04:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.81,0:05:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Would you like to build\None Bionicle for three dollars?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.99,0:05:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they said yes, they built it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.31,0:05:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we asked them, "Do you want\Nto build another one for $2.70?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.74,0:05:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they said yes,\Nwe gave them a new one,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.91,0:05:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as they were building it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.72,0:05:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we took apart the one\Nthat they just finished.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.52,0:05:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they finished that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.14,0:05:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we said, "Would you like\Nto build another one,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.33,0:05:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this time for 30 cents less?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.88,0:05:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they said yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.10,0:05:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we gave them the one\Nthat they built and we broke.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.28,0:05:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this was an endless cycle\Nof them building,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.89,0:05:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and us destroying in front of their eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.64,0:05:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what happens when you compare\Nthese two conditions?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.34,0:05:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing that happened was\Nthat people built many more Bionicles --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.90,0:05:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eleven in the meaningful condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.16,0:05:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus seven in the Sisyphus condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.92,0:05:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, we should point out\Nthat this was not big meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.06,0:05:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were not curing cancer\Nor building bridges.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.62,0:05:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were building\NBionicles for a few cents.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.38,0:05:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not only that, everybody knew
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.36,0:05:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Bionicles\Nwould be destroyed quite soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.69,0:06:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there was not a real\Nopportunity for big meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.54,0:06:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even the small meaning\Nmade a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.47,0:06:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we had another version\Nof this experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.81,0:06:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this other version of the experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.75,0:06:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't put people in this situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.72,0:06:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just described to them the situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.75,0:06:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much as I am describing to you now,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.88,0:06:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we asked them to predict\Nwhat the result would be.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.26,0:06:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.44,0:06:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People predicted the right direction\Nbut not the right magnitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.49,0:06:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who were just given\Nthe description of the experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.20,0:06:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that in the meaningful condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.11,0:06:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would probably build\None more Bionicle.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.79,0:06:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people understand\Nthat meaning is important,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.04,0:06:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just don't understand\Nthe magnitude of the importance,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.90,0:06:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the extent to which it's important.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.66,0:06:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was one other piece\Nof data we looked at.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.47,0:06:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about it, there are\Nsome people who love Legos,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.36,0:06:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some people who don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.84,0:06:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you would speculate\Nthat the people who love Legos
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.43,0:06:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would build more Legos,\Neven for less money,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.54,0:06:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because after all,\Nthey get more internal joy from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.76,0:06:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the people who love Legos less\Nwould build less Legos
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.88,0:07:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the enjoyment\Nthat they derive from it is lower.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.81,0:07:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's actually what we found\Nin the meaningful condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.76,0:07:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a very nice correlation\Nbetween the love of Legos
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.60,0:07:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amount of Legos people built.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.01,0:07:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened in the Sisyphic condition?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.68,0:07:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that condition,\Nthe correlation was zero --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.31,0:07:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was no relationship\Nbetween the love of Legos,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.06,0:07:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how much people built,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.85,0:07:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which suggests to me\Nthat with this manipulation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.54,0:07:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of breaking things\Nin front of people's eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.01,0:07:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we basically crushed any joy\Nthat they could get out of this activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.58,0:07:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We basically eliminated it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.83,0:07:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon after I finished\Nrunning this experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.08,0:07:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to talk to a big\Nsoftware company in Seattle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.39,0:07:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't tell you who they were,\Nbut they were a big company in Seattle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.26,0:07:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a group\Nwithin the software company
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.37,0:07:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was put in a different building,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.19,0:07:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they asked them to innovate,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.83,0:07:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and create the next big product\Nfor this company.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.59,0:07:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the week before I showed up,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.14,0:08:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the CEO of this big software company\Nwent to that group, 200 engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.57,0:08:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and canceled the project.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.31,0:08:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I stood there in front of 200
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.36,0:08:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the most depressed\Npeople I've ever talked to.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.01,0:08:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I described to them\Nsome of these Lego experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.66,0:08:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they said they felt like they had\Njust been through that experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.05,0:08:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I asked them, I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.30,0:08:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How many of you now show up\Nto work later than you used to?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.92,0:08:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everybody raised their hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.89,0:08:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "How many of you now go home\Nearlier than you used to?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.09,0:08:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody raised their hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.01,0:08:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked them, "How many of you now add
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.71,0:08:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not-so-kosher things\Nto your expense reports?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.87,0:08:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they didn't raise their hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.54,0:08:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they took me out to dinner
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.01,0:08:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and showed me what they could do\Nwith expense reports.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.58,0:08:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I asked them, I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.06,0:08:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What could the CEO have done\Nto make you not as depressed?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.42,0:08:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they came up with all kinds of ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.55,0:08:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said the CEO could have asked\Nthem to present to the whole company
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.95,0:08:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about their journey\Nover the last two years
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.98,0:08:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they decided to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.41,0:09:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could have asked them to think\Nabout which aspect of their technology
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.19,0:09:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could fit with other parts\Nof the organization.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.54,0:09:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could have asked them to build\Nsome next-generation prototypes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.88,0:09:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see how they would work.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.90,0:09:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the thing is that any one of those\Nwould require some effort and motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.91,0:09:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think the CEO basically did not\Nunderstand the importance of meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.12,0:09:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the CEO, just like our participants,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.34,0:09:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought the essence\Nof meaning is unimportant,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.32,0:09:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then he [wouldn't] care.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.56,0:09:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he would say, "At the moment\NI directed you in this way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.48,0:09:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now that I'm directing\Nyou in this way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.53,0:09:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything will be okay."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.08,0:09:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you understood\Nhow important meaning is,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.78,0:09:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you would figure out\Nthat it's actually important
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.38,0:09:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spend some time, energy and effort
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.20,0:09:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in getting people to care more\Nabout what they're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.32,0:09:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next experiment\Nwas slightly different.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.46,0:09:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took a sheet of paper\Nwith random letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.12,0:09:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we asked people\Nto find pairs of letters
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.23,0:09:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were identical next to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.28,0:09:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the task.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.47,0:09:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People did the first sheet,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.89,0:09:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we asked if they wanted to do\Nanother for a little less money,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.26,0:10:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next sheet for a little bit\Nless, and so on and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.16,0:10:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had three conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.75,0:10:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the first condition, people\Nwrote their name on the sheet,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.35,0:10:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found all the pairs of letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.66,0:10:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gave it to the experimenter,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.33,0:10:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experimenter would look at it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.24,0:10:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scan it from top to bottom,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.100,0:10:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say "Uh huh," and put it\Non the pile next to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.68,0:10:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the second condition,\Npeople did not write their name on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.99,0:10:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experimenter looked at it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.38,0:10:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took the sheet of paper,\Ndid not look at it, did not scan it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.35,0:10:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and simply put it on the pile of pages.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.97,0:10:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you take a piece,\Nyou just put it on the side.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.53,0:10:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the third condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.88,0:10:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experimenter got the sheet of paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.25,0:10:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put it directly into a shredder.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.76,0:10:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.18,0:10:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened in those three conditions?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.99,0:10:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this plot I'm showing you\Nat what pay rate people stopped.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.22,0:10:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So low numbers mean\Nthat people worked harder.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.83,0:10:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They worked for much longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.95,0:10:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the acknowledged condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.53,0:10:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people worked all the way\Ndown to 15 cents.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.65,0:11:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At 15 cents per page,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.30,0:11:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they basically stopped these efforts.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.64,0:11:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the shredder condition, it was twice\Nas much -- 30 cents per sheet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.15,0:11:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is basically\Nthe result we had before.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.42,0:11:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You shred people's efforts, output --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.80,0:11:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get them not to be as happy\Nwith what they're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.49,0:11:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I should point out, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.22,0:11:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the shredder condition,\Npeople could have cheated.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.97,0:11:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could have done not so good work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.100,0:11:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they realized\Npeople were just shredding it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.52,0:11:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe the first sheet\Nyou'd do good work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.63,0:11:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then you see nobody\Nis really testing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.79,0:11:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you would do more and more and more.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.73,0:11:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in fact, in the shredder condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.59,0:11:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people could have submitted more work\Nand gotten more money,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.45,0:11:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put less effort into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.47,0:11:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about the ignored condition?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.44,0:11:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would the ignored condition\Nbe more like the acknowledged
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.19,0:11:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or more like the shredder,\Nor somewhere in the middle?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.14,0:11:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out it was\Nalmost like the shredder.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.47,0:11:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there's good news and bad news here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.92,0:11:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bad news is that ignoring\Nthe performance of people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:12:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is almost as bad as shredding\Ntheir effort in front of their eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.30,0:12:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ignoring gets you a whole way out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.21,0:12:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that by simply looking\Nat something that somebody has done,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.55,0:12:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scanning it and saying "Uh huh,"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.56,0:12:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seems to be quite sufficient
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.17,0:12:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dramatically improve\Npeople's motivations.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.58,0:12:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the good news is that adding motivation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.39,0:12:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't seem to be so difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.91,0:12:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bad news is\Nthat eliminating motivations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.09,0:12:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems to be incredibly easy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.86,0:12:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we don't think about it\Ncarefully, we might overdo it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.68,0:12:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is all in terms\Nof negative motivation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.12,0:12:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or eliminating negative motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.43,0:12:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next part I want to show you\Nis something about positive motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.47,0:12:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a store\Nin the U.S. called IKEA.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.97,0:12:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And IKEA is a store\Nwith kind of okay furniture
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.20,0:12:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that takes a long time to assemble.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.67,0:12:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.71,0:12:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know about you,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.89,0:12:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but every time I assemble one of those,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.79,0:12:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes me much longer,\Nit's much more effortful,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.15,0:13:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's much more confusing,\NI put things in the wrong way --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.19,0:13:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't say I enjoy those pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.18,0:13:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't say I enjoy the process.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.04,0:13:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when I finish it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.70,0:13:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I seem to like those\NIKEA pieces of furniture
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.84,0:13:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than I like other ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.72,0:13:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.80,0:13:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's an old story about cake mixes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.76,0:13:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when they started\Ncake mixes in the '40s,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.01,0:13:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would take this powder\Nand they would put it in a box,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.49,0:13:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would ask housewives\Nto basically pour it in,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.55,0:13:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stir some water in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.30,0:13:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mix it, put it in the oven,\Nand -- voila -- you had cake.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.59,0:13:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out they were very unpopular.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.64,0:13:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People did not want them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.47,0:13:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thought about\Nall kinds of reasons for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.02,0:13:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe the taste was not good?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.46,0:13:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, the taste was great.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.66,0:13:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they figured out was\Nthat there was not enough effort involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.68,0:13:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was so easy that nobody\Ncould serve cake to their guests
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.08,0:13:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "Here is my cake."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.39,0:13:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it was somebody else's cake,\Nas if you bought it in the store.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.99,0:14:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It didn't really feel like your own.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.57,0:14:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what did they do?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.04,0:14:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took the eggs and the milk\Nout of the powder.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.31,0:14:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.06,0:14:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you had to break\Nthe eggs and add them,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.90,0:14:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you had to measure the milk\Nand add it, mixing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.08,0:14:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it was your cake.\NNow everything was fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.94,0:14:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.33,0:14:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.90,0:14:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I think a little bit\Nlike the IKEA effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.16,0:14:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by getting people to work harder,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.81,0:14:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they actually got them to love\Nwhat they're doing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.25,0:14:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a higher degree.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.15,0:14:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we look at this\Nquestion experimentally?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.05,0:14:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked people to build some origami.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.22,0:14:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We gave them instructions\Non how to create origami,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.00,0:14:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we gave them a sheet of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.76,0:14:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these were all novices,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.60,0:14:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they built something\Nthat was really quite ugly --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.18,0:14:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing like a frog or a crane.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.09,0:14:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then we told them,\N"Look, this origami really belongs to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.15,0:14:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You worked for us, but I'll tell\Nyou what, we'll sell it to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.20,0:15:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much do you want to pay for it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.61,0:15:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we measured how much\Nthey were willing to pay for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.31,0:15:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had two types of people:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.14,0:15:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had the people who built it,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.11,0:15:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the people who did not build it,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.91,0:15:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just looked at it\Nas external observers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.17,0:15:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we found\Nwas that the builders thought
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.43,0:15:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these were beautiful\Npieces of origami --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.08,0:15:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.37,0:15:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were willing to pay\Nfive times more for them
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.88,0:15:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the people who just\Nevaluated them externally.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.89,0:15:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you could say --\Nif you were a builder,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.94,0:15:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you think [you'd say],\N"Oh, I love this origami,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.13,0:15:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I know that nobody\Nelse would love it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.47,0:15:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or "I love this origami,\Nand everybody else will love it as well?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.89,0:15:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which one of those two is correct?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.30,0:15:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turns out the builders\Nnot only loved the origami more,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.77,0:15:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they thought that everybody\Nwould see the world in their view.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.10,0:15:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They thought everybody else\Nwould love it more as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.45,0:15:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the next version,\Nwe tried to do the IKEA effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.91,0:15:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tried to make it more difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.13,0:15:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for some people, we gave the same task.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.78,0:16:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For some people, we made it harder\Nby hiding the instructions.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the top of the sheet,\Nwe had little diagrams
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.41,0:16:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how you fold origami.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.39,0:16:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For some people, we just eliminated that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.15,0:16:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now this was tougher.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.87,0:16:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.05,0:16:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well in an objective way,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.12,0:16:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the origami now was uglier,\Nit was more difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.06,0:16:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when we looked at the easy\Norigami, we saw the same thing --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.10,0:16:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,builders loved it more,\Nevaluators loved it less.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.34,0:16:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you looked at the hard instructions,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.52,0:16:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the effect was larger.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.25,0:16:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.42,0:16:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because now the builders\Nloved it even more.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.52,0:16:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.75,0:16:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put all this extra effort into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.35,0:16:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And evaluators?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.21,0:16:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They loved it even less.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.86,0:16:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in reality, it was even uglier\Nthan the first version.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.74,0:16:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.10,0:16:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, this tells you something\Nabout how we evaluate things.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.84,0:16:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now think about kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.22,0:16:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine I asked you, "How much\Nwould you sell your kids for?"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.75,0:17:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your memories and associations and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.78,0:17:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people would say\Nfor a lot, a lot of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.44,0:17:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.63,0:17:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On good days.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.04,0:17:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.30,0:17:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But imagine this was slightly different.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.23,0:17:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if you did not have your kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.07,0:17:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one day you went to the park\Nand you met some kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.82,0:17:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were just like your kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.33,0:17:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you played with them for a few hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.37,0:17:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you were about to leave,\Nthe parents said, "Hey, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.75,0:17:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just before you leave,\Nif you're interested, they're for sale."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.75,0:17:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.88,0:17:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much would you pay for them now?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.80,0:17:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people say not that much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.55,0:17:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is because our kids\Nare so valuable,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.74,0:17:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just because of who they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.90,0:17:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.53,0:17:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they are so connected to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.72,0:17:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of the time and connection.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.31,0:17:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, if you think\NIKEA instructions are not good,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.24,0:17:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what about the instructions that come\Nwith kids, those are really tough.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.65,0:17:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.69,0:17:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, these are my kids, which,\Nof course, are wonderful and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.95,0:17:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which comes to tell you one more thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.90,0:18:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, much like our builders,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.37,0:18:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they look at the creature\Nof their creation,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.24,0:18:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't see that other people\Ndon't see things our way.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.46,0:18:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me say one last comment.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.16,0:18:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about Adam Smith\Nversus Karl Marx,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.98,0:18:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adam Smith had a very important\Nnotion of efficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.75,0:18:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gave an example of a pin factory.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.46,0:18:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said pins have 12 different steps,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.44,0:18:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if one person does all 12 steps,\Nproduction is very low.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.82,0:18:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you get one person to do step one,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.97,0:18:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one person to do step two\Nand step three and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.75,0:18:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,production can increase tremendously.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.38,0:18:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed, this is a great example,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.14,0:18:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason for the Industrial\NRevolution and efficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.27,0:18:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Karl Marx, on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.88,0:18:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that the alienation\Nof labor is incredibly important
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.36,0:18:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how people think about the connection\Nto what they are doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.78,0:18:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you do all 12 steps,\Nyou care about the pin.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.08,0:18:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you do one step every time,\Nmaybe you don't care as much.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.57,0:19:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that in the Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.38,0:19:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adam Smith was more\Ncorrect than Karl Marx.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.49,0:19:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the reality is that we've switched,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.35,0:19:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now we're in the knowledge economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.38,0:19:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can ask yourself, what happens\Nin a knowledge economy?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.29,0:19:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is efficiency still more\Nimportant than meaning?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.56,0:19:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the answer is no.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.100,0:19:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that as we move to situations
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.21,0:19:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which people have\Nto decide on their own
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.20,0:19:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how much effort, attention,\Ncaring, how connected they feel to it,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.39,0:19:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are they thinking about labor\Non the way to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.79,0:19:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the shower and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.39,0:19:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of a sudden Marx\Nhas more things to say to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.84,0:19:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we think about labor,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.27,0:19:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we usually think about motivation\Nand payment as the same thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.70,0:19:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the reality is that we should\Nprobably add all kinds of things to it --
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.32,0:19:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning, creation, challenges,\Nownership, identity, pride, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.82,0:19:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that if we added\Nall of those components
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.53,0:19:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thought about them --
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.13,0:19:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we create our own\Nmeaning, pride, motivation,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.57,0:19:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how do we do it in our workplace,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.44,0:20:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for the employees --
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.86,0:20:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we could get people to be\Nboth more productive and happier.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.85,0:20:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.18,0:20:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)