[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.42,0:00:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Oxford in the 1950s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.29,0:00:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a fantastic doctor, who was very unusual,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.05,0:00:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Alice Stewart.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.09,0:00:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Alice was unusual partly because, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.23,0:00:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was a woman, which was pretty rare in the 1950s.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.71,0:00:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she was brilliant, she was one of the,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.82,0:00:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the time, the youngest Fellow to be elected to the Royal College of Physicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.64,0:00:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was unusual too because she continued to work after she got married,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.39,0:00:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after she had kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.49,0:00:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even after she got divorced and was a single parent,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.50,0:00:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she continued her medical work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.78,0:00:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she was unusual because she was really interested in a new science,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.90,0:00:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the emerging field of epidemiology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.52,0:00:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the study of patterns in disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.01,0:00:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like every scientist, she appreciated
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.18,0:00:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that to make her mark, what she needed to do
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.44,0:00:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was find a hard problem and solve it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.95,0:00:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hard problem that Alice chose
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.50,0:00:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the rising incidence of childhood cancers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.90,0:01:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most disease is correlated with poverty,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.08,0:01:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the case of childhood cancers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.35,0:01:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the children who were dying seemed mostly to come
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.96,0:01:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from affluent families.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.40,0:01:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what, she wanted to know,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.15,0:01:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could explain this anomaly?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.23,0:01:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Alice had trouble getting funding for her research.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.01,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, she got just 1,000 pounds
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Lady Tata Memorial prize.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.26,0:01:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that meant she knew she only had one shot
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.80,0:01:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at collecting her data.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.84,0:01:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, she had no idea what to look for.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.32,0:01:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This really was a needle in a haystack sort of search,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.44,0:01:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she asked everything she could think of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.06,0:01:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Had the children eaten boiled sweets?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.89,0:01:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Had they consumed colored drinks?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.96,0:01:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did they eat fish and chips?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.61,0:01:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did they have indoor or outdoor plumbing?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.62,0:01:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What time of life had they started school?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.03,0:01:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when her carbon copied questionnaire started to come back,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.40,0:01:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one thing and one thing only jumped out
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.32,0:01:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the statistical clarity of a kind that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.86,0:01:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most scientists can only dream of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.70,0:01:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By a rate of two to one,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.62,0:01:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the children who had died
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.70,0:02:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had had mothers who had been X-rayed when pregnant.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.99,0:02:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that finding flew in the face of conventional wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.50,0:02:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conventional wisdom held
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.41,0:02:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everything was safe up to a point, a threshold.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.40,0:02:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It flew in the face of conventional wisdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.73,0:02:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was huge enthusiasm for the cool new technology
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.19,0:02:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that age, which was the X-ray machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.83,0:02:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it flew in the face of doctors' idea of themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.06,0:02:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was as people who helped patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.87,0:02:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn't harm them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.56,0:02:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless, Alice Stewart rushed to publish
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.25,0:02:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her preliminary findings in The Lancet in 1956.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.83,0:02:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People got very excited, there was talk of the Nobel Prize,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.84,0:02:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Alice really was in a big hurry
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.96,0:02:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to study all the cases of childhood cancer she could find
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.75,0:02:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.91,0:02:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, she need not have hurried.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.25,0:03:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was fully 25 years before the British and medical --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.44,0:03:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British and American medical establishments
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.31,0:03:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abandoned the practice of X-raying pregnant women.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.42,0:03:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The data was out there, it was open, it was freely available,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.90,0:03:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nobody wanted to know.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.12,0:03:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A child a week was dying,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.81,0:03:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nothing changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.54,0:03:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Openness alone can't drive change.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.79,0:03:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for 25 years Alice Stewart had a very big fight on her hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.41,0:03:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how did she know that she was right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.66,0:03:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, she had a fantastic model for thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.32,0:03:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She worked with a statistician named George Kneale,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.57,0:03:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and George was pretty much everything that Alice wasn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.95,0:03:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Alice was very outgoing and sociable,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.02,0:03:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and George was a recluse.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.48,0:04:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alice was very warm, very empathetic with her patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.49,0:04:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,George frankly preferred numbers to people.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.53,0:04:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he said this fantastic thing about their working relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.51,0:04:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "My job is to prove Dr. Stewart wrong."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.84,0:04:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He actively sought disconfirmation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.40,0:04:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different ways of looking at her models,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.74,0:04:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at her statistics, different ways of crunching the data
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.100,0:04:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to disprove her.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.06,0:04:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He saw his job as creating conflict around her theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.68,0:04:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it was only by not being able to prove
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.78,0:04:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she was wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.15,0:04:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that George could give Alice the confidence she needed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.27,0:04:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to know that she was right.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.25,0:04:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a fantastic model of collaboration --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.92,0:04:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking partners who aren't echo chambers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.93,0:04:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder how many of us have,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.28,0:05:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or dare to have, such collaborators.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.20,0:05:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alice and George were very good at conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.98,0:05:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They saw it as thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.12,0:05:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does that kind of constructive conflict require?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.39,0:05:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, first of all, it requires that we find people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.76,0:05:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are very different from ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.41,0:05:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means we have to resist the neurobiological drive,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.75,0:05:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that we really prefer people mostly like ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.25,0:05:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it means we have to seek out people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.48,0:05:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with different backgrounds, different disciplines,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.95,0:05:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different ways of thinking and different experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.10,0:05:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find ways to engage with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.96,0:05:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That requires a lot of patience and a lot of energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.61,0:05:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more I've thought about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.42,0:05:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more I think, really, that that's a kind of love.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.58,0:05:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because you simply won't commit that kind of energy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.65,0:06:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and time if you don't really care.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.34,0:06:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it also means that we have to be prepared to change our minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.80,0:06:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alice's daughter told me
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.16,0:06:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every time Alice went head-to-head with a fellow scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.28,0:06:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they made her think and think and think again.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.46,0:06:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My mother," she said, "My mother didn't enjoy a fight,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.48,0:06:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she was really good at them."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.62,0:06:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's one thing to do that in a one-to-one relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.79,0:06:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it strikes me that the biggest problems we face,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.08,0:06:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of the biggest disasters that we've experienced,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.95,0:06:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mostly haven't come from individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.90,0:06:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've come from organizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.79,0:06:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them bigger than countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.80,0:06:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of them capable of affecting hundreds,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.06,0:06:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands, even millions of lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.06,0:06:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do organizations think?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.50,0:06:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for the most part, they don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.52,0:06:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that isn't because they don't want to,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.52,0:07:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's really because they can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.92,0:07:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they can't because the people inside of them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.27,0:07:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are too afraid of conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.48,0:07:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In surveys of European and American executives,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.34,0:07:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fully 85 percent of them acknowledged
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.31,0:07:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had issues or concerns at work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.83,0:07:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were afraid to raise.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.46,0:07:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Afraid of the conflict that that would provoke,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.62,0:07:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,afraid to get embroiled in arguments
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.99,0:07:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they did not know how to manage,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.02,0:07:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and felt that they were bound to lose.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.60,0:07:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eighty-five percent is a really big number.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.77,0:07:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that organizations mostly can't do
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.59,0:07:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what George and Alice so triumphantly did.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.92,0:07:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can't think together.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.32,0:07:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it means that people like many of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.56,0:07:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have run organizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.74,0:07:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gone out of our way to try to find the very best people we can,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.31,0:08:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mostly fail to get the best out of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.58,0:08:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we develop the skills that we need?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.92,0:08:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it does take skill and practice, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.100,0:08:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we aren't going to be afraid of conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.41,0:08:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to see it as thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.57,0:08:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we have to get really good at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.91,0:08:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, recently, I worked with an executive named Joe,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.17,0:08:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Joe worked for a medical device company.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.64,0:08:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Joe was very worried about the device that he was working on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.62,0:08:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He thought that it was too complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.64,0:08:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he thought that its complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.51,0:08:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created margins of error that could really hurt people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.78,0:08:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was afraid of doing damage to the patients he was trying to help.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.92,0:08:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when he looked around his organization,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.22,0:08:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody else seemed to be at all worried.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.68,0:08:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, he didn't really want to say anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.24,0:08:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, maybe they knew something he didn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.42,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe he'd look stupid.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he kept worrying about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.21,0:09:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he worried about it so much that he got to the point
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.26,0:09:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he thought the only thing he could do
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.42,0:09:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was leave a job he loved.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.54,0:09:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, Joe and I found a way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.54,0:09:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for him to raise his concerns.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.40,0:09:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what happened then is what almost always
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.27,0:09:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happens in this situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.86,0:09:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turned out everybody had exactly the same
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.09,0:09:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions and doubts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.83,0:09:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now Joe had allies. They could think together.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.86,0:09:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, there was a lot of conflict and debate
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.13,0:09:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and argument, but that allowed everyone around the table
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.43,0:09:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be creative, to solve the problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.51,0:09:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to change the device.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.84,0:09:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Joe was what a lot of people might think of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.22,0:09:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a whistle-blower,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.49,0:09:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except that like almost all whistle-blowers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.20,0:09:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wasn't a crank at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.58,0:10:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was passionately devoted to the organization
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.02,0:10:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the higher purposes that that organization served.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.47,0:10:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he had been so afraid of conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.29,0:10:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until finally he became more afraid of the silence.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.37,0:10:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when he dared to speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.23,0:10:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he discovered much more inside himself
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.62,0:10:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and much more give in the system than he had ever imagined.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.87,0:10:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his colleagues don't think of him as a crank.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.20,0:10:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They think of him as a leader.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.33,0:10:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do we have these conversations more easily
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.69,0:10:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more often?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.61,0:10:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the University of Delft
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.59,0:10:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires that its PhD students
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.99,0:10:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to submit five statements that they're prepared to defend.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.90,0:10:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't really matter what the statements are about,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.29,0:10:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what matters is that the candidates are willing and able
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.08,0:10:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stand up to authority.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.68,0:10:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's a fantastic system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.05,0:11:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think leaving it to PhD candidates
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.56,0:11:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is far too few people, and way too late in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.86,0:11:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we need to be teaching these skills
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.03,0:11:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to kids and adults at every stage of their development,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.11,0:11:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we want to have thinking organizations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.56,0:11:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a thinking society.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.21,0:11:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact is that most of the biggest catastrophes that we've witnessed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.82,0:11:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rarely come from information that is secret or hidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.22,0:11:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comes from information that is freely available and out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.52,0:11:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that we are willfully blind to,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.90,0:11:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can't handle, don't want to handle,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.03,0:11:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the conflict that it provokes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.44,0:11:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we dare to break that silence,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.37,0:11:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or when we dare to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.02,0:11:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we create conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.28,0:11:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we enable ourselves and the people around us
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.90,0:11:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do our very best thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.15,0:12:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Open information is fantastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.53,0:12:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,open networks are essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.71,0:12:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the truth won't set us free
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.69,0:12:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we develop the skills and the habit and the talent
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.45,0:12:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the moral courage to use it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.59,0:12:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Openness isn't the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.35,0:12:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.99,0:12:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)