Beautiful day out

there. Thank you

for joining us here today.

This gives me great pleasure to

introduce you to

2 thought leaders

who actually inform

inspire and shape

my own thinking about

relationships between

technology and society

on at least a weekly basis.

And I'm not kidding

It's really fantastic to

have

for an hour and a bit

to talk about a big

topid: AI

and society.

Jot is an associate professor

at MIT media lab

where he leads the

scaleable corporations

group among other

things. He has done

really amazing work

over the last couple of

years looking at

the interplay between

autonomous systems

and society. How these

systems should interact

with eachother.

He recently published a

study in science that

got a lot of press

coverage.

addessing the question

whether we can program

moral principles

into autonomous vehicles.

and maybe he will talk a bit

more about that

and then of course

Joe

Director of MIT media lab

professor of practice.

Aperson who doesn't really

need an intro ,

so I'll keep it extremely brief.

Just by highlighting two

of the must reads

from recent months.

It's an interview he had,

a conversation actually with

President Obama

in the Wired Magazine.

on the future of the world,

addressing AI issues

among other topics.

And his book,

Whiplash, which is somehow a

survival guide for the

faster future that we're all

struggling with. I highly

recommend it as a reading

I greatly benefited fromi it.

So, these are not only 2

amazing thought leaders.

They're also wonderful collaborators

and colleagues

and I have the great privilege

through

Berkley and Kline team to work with b

bothof them as part of

our recently launched

joint venture.

The AI Ethics and Governance

Initiative. It's just wonderful

to have you here

and spend some time

with all of us

and share your thoughts

so thank you very much

and welcome.

(applause)

Thank you,

first of all

some of you may be here thinking

"wait, this isn't the talk

that I signed up for.

So to just give you some of

the prominence of this

originally I think there

was a book talk

that I was going to do

with Merckman and then

I said "oh, well, why don't

we bring somebody else interesting in

and Josh joined.

We were going to have a dialoge

about his book and

my book.

And he had a family emeregency

and coudln't make it.

I grabbed Jot and also

realized just as Ers was

saying, we're doing a lot

of work with the

Berkman Center on

AI and society and I thought

this would be a

sufficiently relevant topic to

what we were going to

talk about anyway

so it wouldn't be that

much false advertising.

and It was sort of an idea

that I think relates to my book as well.

One, I can't remember who it was

but a well known author told me

when you give

book talks, don't explain your

whole book because then no

one will have to buy it.

So this book actually started

about 4 years ago.

And we were just wrapping

it up as we saw a lot of

this AI, society,controversy/interests

start. So the book actually

sort of ends where our

exploration of AI and society begins.

So in a way, it overlaps

what the book is about

but is sufficently different

that you have to read the

book in order to

understand

the whole story

But, let me.

I'll just start a few remarks

We'll have .... present some of his work

and then we'll have a converstaion

with all of you

and feel free to interrupt

and ask questions

or disagree.

I think the(stammers)

I co-taught a class with Jonathan

in January in the winter semester.

His tradtional course he teaches

is called internet and society

it's a politics and technology

of control. .... was there

others were there, it was

a fun class.

But one of the sort of

framing pieces of how we

talked about this

was this sort of framing pieces of

how we talked about this.

Was this sort of lesigian?

picture that many of you

may have seen in

his book where

you have law at the top,

and then you have markets

on one side.

and you have norms on the other

and you have technology

underneath and you have you in

the middle

and some how

what you are able to do

is sort of determine by this

relationship between law. technology - I think technology

is on top and law is

down here.

But anyway,

somehow these all

effect eachother.

so you can create

technologies that effect

the law,

you can create laws that

effect norms,

youcan create norms that

effect technology

so some

realtionship between

norms, markets, law and technology

is how we need to be thinking

in order to

design all of these systems

so they work well in th

future. I think one

of the key reasons why the collaboration

between MIT and Harper Law School

Medialab and Berkman

so important is that

you kind of have to get all

of the pieces

and the people in the same room

because the problem is

once everyone has a solution

and they're trying to convince

eachother of the solution

it's, I call them, people

selling doll houses.

rather than legos .

What you want is a whole pile of legos

with lawyers and business people

and technologists and policy makers

playing with the legos

rather than

trying to sell eachother thier

own dollhouses.

That's what was sort

of fun with the class

is that I think

a lot of lawyers

realized that actually infact,

whether you're talking about bit

coin or differential privacy or AI

we still have a lot of choices

to make on the technology side

and in fact those can

be informed by

policy and law

and conversly, I think

a lot of the technologists thought

that law was something like

laws of physics that just are. But in

fact laws are the result

of lawyers and policy

makers taking to

technologists.

Imagining what society wants.

So we're sort of in the process right

now of

struggling through how

we think about this.

But Importantly,

it's already happening

so it's not like we

have that much time.

I think it was Pedro Demingo in

his book

says in master algorithm

and this isn't the exact

I'm paraphrasing the quote

it's something like

I'm less afraid of

a super intelligence coming

to take over the world

and more worried about

a stupid intelligence that's taken

over already.

You know?

I think that's very close to where we are.

I think if you see

Julie A's paper , article in

Propublic, I guess it was

a little over a year ago.

where she happens to find a district where

they're forced to disclose court records.

So she was specifically going after the

fact that machine learning

AI is now used by the

judiciary to set bail

to do parole

and even sentencing.

And they have this thing

called the risk score

where the machine sort

of pops up

after it does an assesment of

a person's history

looks at thier interviews and

she found, and this

is great, cause she's a

math matician

in a data sense. She crunched

all these numbers

and it shows

that for many cases for white people

is't sort of nearly random

in some cases.

So, it's a number but it's still almost random.

and then for black people

it's biased against them

and what's interesting

is when I talked to ...

a prosecuter the other day

he said well I love, they

love these numbers

because you get a risk score

that says okay,

this person has a

risk rating of 8

and so then the court can

say 'okay, we'll give you this bail

because the last thing that they

want is for them to give them

some bail

and then the person goes out and murders

somebody, it's sort of thier fault.

If they're taken the risk score

they can say, "I just looked at

the risk score

it absolves them of this

responsibility

and so there's this

really interesting question

that even at random

it's still, there' s this wierd moral

hazard that even though you

have agency, you're able to

push off

this responsibility to the machine, right?

And then you can sort of say,

well it was math.

and the problem right now

is these algorithms are running

on data sets and rating

systems that are closed.

We see this happening in a

variety of fields . I think we

see this happening

in the judiciary,

Which is a scary place for it

to be happening

And so part of this initiative with AI

fund that we're doing

we're going to try and look

at whether we can create

more transparency and auditability

we're also seeing it in medicine.

There's a study that I heard

that when a doctor overrulled the machine

in diagnostics the doctor was wrong

70 % of the time.

So what does that mean?

So if you're a doctor

and you know for a fact

that you're 70% likely

on average to be wrong

are you ever going to overrule

the machine?

And what about that 30%

where the doctors are right?

So, it creates a very difficult

situation.

You look at...

Imagine war

We talk about autonomous

weapons and there's this whole

fight about

it, but what if all of the data

and not what if,

In fact, all of the data

that's driving intellegence

the way that you get on to

the termination list

as a target,

a lot of it involves statistical

analysis of your activity

your emotions, your calls

and there's this great interview

I think it was in the Independent or

it was Indpendent.

There was this guy who

I think he was in

Pakistan

I'm gonna get this wrong

I'll um, but it's close.

But he had been attacked

a number of times

where the collateral damage

was family members

being dead so he knew he

was on the kill list

but he didn't know how to get off

so he goes to London

to kind of fight for

'wait, look at me, talk to me

I'm on this kill list

but I'm not a bad guy.

Somehow

you got the wrong person.

But there's no interface

in which he can sort of

lobby and petition for getting off

this kill list.

So even though the person

controlling the drone strike and

pushing the button

maybe a human being,

If all of the data that's feeding into, or

a substantial amount of data that's

feeding into the decision to

put the person on

the kill list

is from a machine,

I don't know how that's that

different

from the machine actually being charged.

So we talk about sort of these

future autonomous systems

and robots running around

and killing people as

a sort of scary thing.

But if we are just pushing a button that the

robot just tells us to do

ABC or D but robot

says it's C, you're going to push C.

Apparently that was how Kisenger controlled Nixon

was through his elbow.

The anwer was always C.

But anyway,

the.... that actually is

when we think about practice.

We may already be in autonomous

mode in many things.

And then I'm going to T up to

Y? which is one of the

first places where the rubber meets

the road is with autonomous vehicles.

and a lot of the people that

I talk to say

that while the real soul searching

around this is going to happen

when the next big autonmous vehicle

accident happens where

it's clearly the machine's fault,

How is that going to play out?

So that may be one of the things

But the last thing that

I'll say is that I think

this is where the media lab

is excited. I think it's kind of

an interface design problem

because part of what the

problem is is that you may think

that by pushing , the button, the right to

overrule the computer the right to

launch the missle

may be your finger

if you have no choice,

morally or statistically other than

to push the button

you're not in charge anymore. Right?

So what I think we need to think about

is how to we bring

society and humans into the decision making

process so that the answer that

we derive involves human beings

and how does that interface hapen? what is the

right way to do it

Because I think what we are going to end

up with is collective decision making.

machines. and what we want to

not be in is human agency with no real decision

making ability.

And then we can talk more about some

of the ideas.

but I'll hand it over to Jot,

Thank you.

So I'll just give a short

overview of

the research we' ve been doing

on autonomous vehicles

I'm not a driverless car expert.

I don't build driverless cars.

But I'm interested in them as

as kind of a social phenomenon

and the reason has to do with this dilema that

Steve will keep discussing.

You know, what if it's an

autonomous car

that is going to for some

reason harm a bunch of

pedestrians

crossing the street because the

brakes are broken

or because they jumped in front

of it or whatever.

But the car can swerve and kill one

bystander on the other side.

in order to minimize harm

in order to save 5 or 10 people

should the car do this?

And who should decide?

And more interestingly,

what if the car could

swerve and hit a wall harming

the passenger or killing the passenger.?

In order to save these people?

Should the car do this as well?

What does the car

have a duty towards.?

Minimizing harm?utilitarian principle?

Protection of the owner or passengers in the car?

Duty toward them? Or something else? A sort of negotiation

inbetween?

Do we ignore this problem?

do we just say

well let the car deal with this problem

and it seems to be a very

controversial topic because

there are lots of people

who love this,

and lots of people who hate this.

and people who hate this say,

Well this is never going to happen

it's just so statistically unlikely

and I think that kind

of misses the point

because this is a invitro e xploration

of a principle so you strip

away all of the things that

don't matter in the real world

so you can isolate the factor

you know, does drug x

cause this particular

reation in a cell for example?

You know, you don't do this in the

forest you do it in a petridish.

And this is the petri dish for studying

human perception of machine ethics

and what other factors do people

seem to be ticked off by?

I think when we started studying

this we used the

techniques from social

psychology, we framed these

problems to people,

we varied things,

the number of people

who are being sacrified or

otherwise, whether there's an active

omission vs act of comission

and things like this.

And we're sort of interested in

how to people want to resolve

this dilemma?

What's fascinating is that

there was somthing that

was so obvious that we

missed initially, and that

was : it's not really

an ethical question, it's more

of a social dilemma. So

it's a question about

how you negotiate

the interests of different people.

And this was the sort of

strongest finding that we

found. Which was, no one

wants to be in a self sacrificing car

but they want to whole world

to drive one.

And it's really fascinating

that the fact is so strong.

You know, if you look at

the morality of sacrifice

and this is if you kill a pedestrian

to save ten

kill a passenger to save ten

and so forth.

so you can see that

I think it's moral and desirable

in both my car and

other cars to sacrifice other people

for the greater good. So I'm

happy to kill pedestrians to

save ten that's great

but as soon as you tell me,

'well would you sacrifice yourself?

would you sacrifice your passenger?'

Well I think it's moral ,

I think it's great, but I would

never want this in my car.

Not in other cars and

defininately not in my car.

This is where you see these

things split.

Now this is the tragedy

at the commons

right?

I want public safety to be maximized.

I would like the world

to be a safer place

where the cars

might make the decisions that

minimize harm, but

I don't want to contribute to

this public good. I woudln't

want to pay the personal cost

needed to do this.

So we thought

maybe regulation? You know

that's how public goods, problems

are solved.

Let's set a quota on the

number of sheep that

can graze so we

don't have to overrrun the pasture.

Or let's set a quota on

the number of fish you

can catch so you don't

over fish and kill

all the fish and basically

everybody loses out.

And we ask people whether

they would support this

and we found that people

think it's moral , but

they don't want it to be

legally enforced.

At least for now. Right?

This is the PR

problem and maybe it's a..

maybe we need to double up

the law

so that people can

feel comfortable with

what this means.

(audience)-I'd just like to ask a question ?

because we talk a lot about the

evolution of cultural things

and I assume all of these are people,

or I guess you don't know

but most of these are

people who have never

been in a self driving car

right? And I think one of the

things we found , again, this is not

my work but some of our colleagues

They do this self driving car,

Uber type thing where you can

map and it was actually for

normal sort of, the public.

And they're impression

of the safety of self drving cars

changed substantially

after they had expereinced

it for a little while

and they sort of anticdotally

felt safer than with dad.

So I think once you're in

a self driving car, and

see how much control it

has your view on the safety

as well as it's,

and the other thing that happens and

this may happen more

in Japan than the US

In Japenese culture

your sort of identify with

machines and tools like that

they start to feel trust with

the machine

which I think unless you expereince it

you don't, you can't imagine it.

Anyway.

I agree.

I think there's all sorts of

things . We're now interested in

studying, for example,

agency perception. You know,

do people see these things to

have minds, and if not, why not?

what's the missing component?

Which becomes really interesting

with drones for example.

So the other thing is

when we ask people, well again,

people think it's moral

to sacrifice but they don't want it

to be regulated

and definately not

buy it if it's regulated

but they're much more likely to

purchase those cars if they were regulated.

I think this is really a really important

question.

If people don't purchase those cars

you will not save lives.

I mean people estimate,

scientists estimate that 90 % of

accidents today are due to human

error. So if we can , the sooner, assuming

the technology get's there assuming

we have wide adoption

the sooner we save more lives.

but if the people

are so worried about edge cases

or that their own safety is not paramount

they may not purchase the

cars and we may not therefor

have wide adoption and as a result

- we can map this onto

the quadrants this is clearly one

that you can't just leave up to the market.

If people aren't buying

the thing that they believe

has a common good.

-Exactly, and if you regulate it

you can, there's a backfire

effect which is well fine,

that's great, that's a good

social contract for other

people but I will continue to

drive my own car

and probably be more

likely to kill myself

as a result.

So people are not rational

in they way they

assess risk of getting on a plane

or will I be eaten by a shark? You know

people over estimate

those risks and there's a

good chance that

if we don't trust those

systems then we will overestimate

those risks too and

prefer to drive ourselves.

so we have an ethical

dilemma we strarted from

then we realized it's a

social dilemma

but now we're realizing

there's a meta ethical dilemma

which is if you solve the

social dilemma

by using regualtions

you may actually create a

bigger dilemma

a bigger trolley problem

which is do we continue

to drive cars or sell or

do we lead to wide adoption?

of autonomous vehicles.

so we want to collect more data.

we want to understand this

issue in more nuanced ways

and we started, I'm gonna

move fast on this

we started collecting data, these

things have made it

to transoportation regulations now

or guidelines which is good

but we've created a website

called moral machine

in which we randomly

generate scenarios

so in this case it's not just

one vs ten

or one vs five

it's there's a dog in there

and we've varied the ages,

sometimes they're children

sometimes they're pregnant

woman

sometimes people are crossing at red

lights

and so do they deserve the same

level of protection as -isn't

that interesting?

This group here,

what if they're children?

Do they, should they,

are they expected to know

not to cross the red light?

and so it get's really hairy

really quickly.

You know these are

some cartoons

very simplified scenarios

but i think they still

bring out lots of interesting

questions and we show

people the resulfs

(audience groaning at result)

We show people results.

This is a former of mine

who has a cat

he's happy to kill babies

to save cats

we also show people,

we show people how much they

care about different factors

and how that compared to with others.

So people love this

cause it's kind of metal to thier

own morality.

You know, do I care about

the law a lot and how

do I

compare with other people on this

matter? Do I protect passengers more

than other people or less,?

and so on.

We also have this design mode

where people can create thier own

scenarios and they get a link

to them and

and a lot of people have been using

them to teach ethics

in highschools

and universities.

And we have all sorts of you know,

species preferences

should social value be taken

into account

should age be taken into

account and so forth.

And we also evaluate if there

is an omission or comission

distinction.

which action, is the action that minimizes

harm should it be an omission or commision

and there is definitely a bias.

WE're now analyses.

So far we've translated this into

10 languages we've recieved

3 million uses

that have completed more than

28 million decisions

binary choices a

and we have 300000 fulll

surveys

and this is still growing fast

These full serveys

allow us to tease out

whether these people

have cars

themselves, which age bracket,

which income bracket

they come from

and so on.

This is really interesting because then you can

start

saying well people how

have cars maybe

more or less likely

to support this particular

ethical framework.

We have a lot of global coverage and so far we've

been looking it

cross cultural differences

and because this is recorded

I don't want to talk about it

yet but basically

we're observing some very

interesting cross cultural differences

in terms of the degree to

which people are utilitarian

or to which thy would prioritize

the passengers

to which they're willing to take

an action so omission vs

comission and so forth

I think it's really facinating

and it would be very important

precondition to any sort of

public relations effort to make the

cars more acceptable

but also potentially to the legal differenes in the

legal frameworks

as well.

Also beginning to look at partial autonomy,

so whether it's autonomous cars or

drones

or jujges making bail decisions

again, you can have a

machine to everything or

you can have a human do everything.

so and in the car you

have things where the driver

assitance so the person is

in control and the machine

sort of watches over them

so tpyota has been promoting

this model and other car makers as well

but also there

s auto pilot where the machine does

the things and thehuman

kind of has to keep an eye on

whether it's a car or anything else and

then you have full autonomy.

The question here we're interested in

is we're comparing these

models and we're investigating

empirically whether

people assign

differnt degrees of blame

and responsibility depending on the

control architecture, we can call it

If a person overrriding a decision made by

a machine is differnt from a machine

overriding a decision made by a human

and it happens

again this is now in submission,

But it happens to really matter.

It really matters who you think is

ultimately responsible and who is liable

and I think this is a sort of psychological

imput to potential legistations that

could come up.

to deal with these scenarios

so this is a broader picture

that I like. wich I think Joey

eluded to initially.

which is that there is a gap in

between

and on one side we have engineers

who think everything is an engeneering

problem, you know, ev

everythin can be enginerred away

and you have people from

the humanities and social sciences

study the nuances of human

behavior

but also who know how rules

can get sort of abused

and have a good sort of knack

for this. You know, how do you

ensure you have coherent system of

ethics and values and checks and

balances and so on

I think that these sides often don't

talk to each other so I think

there is a sizable community of

people who complain about who

are very good identifying a problem

and violations of fairness and rights.

and so on

but we don't have the tools

to express these objections

in a way that computer scientists

can operationalize

likewise, we have machine

learning

and there are scientist who feel

that this is problamatic

I can see that this has, can cause

problems this can

violate

people's rights but again

they don't have the intellectual

framework to raise these issues in

a way that humans as a society

can evaluate so we're hoping

to do and this is part of the partnership

between the media lab and the berkman center

Berkman center are from this side and they

understand us,

and we come from this side from technology and we

work on interfaces`

and we hope through this

we will make some interesting famework

this is , I think, where

many of the interesting questions are.

So I think we're ready for a discussion and taking some

questions.

"I guess the one other part I would add

to this is that

just one other acess is going back

to judiciary but we can have

this

in cars as well. Is in the one hand

I don't think anybody

thinks that speeding tickets issues

by speed cameras on the highway

are , I mean some people may

not like them but

that's inappropriate use of machine

because it's really a fact. There's a speed

that you're allowed to go. and the

machine is more likely to measure your s

speed than

a human eye balling it,

and probably more fair.

on the other hand I don't think anyone believes

that the supreme court

decisions at least for now should

have really that much substantial role

with the machines at least in the deliberation

part so there's a spectrum there's this

thing where on the one end

where you're just establishing a fact which

is sort of impemation of the law

which we're not even disputing

the justice of it to

the supreme court which

is supposed to try and reflect the norms

of the day making

determinations about laws.

but then there's a continum between

somewhere in the middle there

you have this uncanny place where

it feels like the machines have some

infulence and I think whats

kind of interesting is just about all

of these hypotheticals we have

there's one extreme where you do want

the machines in charge,

there's another extreme where you

do want humans in charge.

Those are actually not that difficult.

Ther's a space inbetween them

and I thikn that's why it's kind of

an interface problem

is that it's very unclear how the human

and machine peices whether it's a societal thing

or an individual get together so that's

again, it's related to the autonomy question

but I think it's a .. and I think it's

sort of technology and is it ethics or

morality there's some sort of stack as well.

And maybe everything to an internet person

looks like a stack.

Maybe that's my proble.

I there's sort of an intereting thought

experiment which was

you know, suppose that we

I think we need tools too, it's not

just a legal question. New kinds of tools

and new kinds of data can make a

big difference. So let's assume

that we invented the cars

and they started going on high speed

but we didn't invent radar.

that can accurately measure speeds.

so we relied on human guestimation of speeds

of your speed driving. So there's

a police man standing sort of

eyeballing cars and (thinks)

that sort of looks like 120 right?

You can very well imagine that

under this scenario , if policemen

were discriminating one particular group

maybe over estimate the speed of

people driving cars from

that particular ethinic group.

and underestimate the speed of

other people.

But somehow the tool solves this

question because it makes the

final youknow, it's recorded

and somehow it becomes objective.

It becomes a fact.

And we haven't, you know,

It's not disputeable so can we do

something

similar here and we say

-But I think that's where it hits a slippery slope.

So if you're doing speed of a car

it's a very small number of data points the

machine is getting ot guess

your speed but the risk rating

to some people may seem very

scientific especially if they don't

understand math and statistics

and so they may say the machine

rating said they have a risk of this

and actually in the forms, they never

ask you your race.

It just turns out that when you

collect the data and you collect

the questions the result is biased

against race and so

one of the questions of what's difficult

is if you don'ot understand how these

algorithms convert data inot result

and this is the problem with the

black box thing. A lot of

the machines and again there's progress

on making machines that can explain how

they got to the decision

but a lot of the machines we

currently use are unable to

describe how they got the number,

they just give you the number.

So if I may pick up on that and

ask a first question?

So., this question of the normatitvity

of the autonomous system and who makes

where's the sorce of the norm that

seems to be a key question. And I'm wondering

picking up on your earlier description whether

we're on a particular trajectory

by what you described. I think

there'are roughly 3 phases I've heard.

1 Is okay, we have these autonomous vehicles

and now it's a question for law

makers and regulators

Do we apply existing norms to

these new technologies ?.

Sometimes you need to update

the regualations which we

see happening

you made reference to that. But

there is also a second phase

it seems where it, is can we

somehow program some of the values and laws and

rules into the systems themselves so the behavior

is closer to what we have normative constance around

the society and as law makers and policy

makers?

And then there' s a potential third phase

I'm particulary interested in your views

whether that is indeed a trajectory

in the area you study or

more broadly potentially

that as you could envision a future

where more and more data

accumulates in systems like

autonomous vehicles based on

the rules we program then

how to behave and how they learn

how these rules are obeyed or not

what the compliance rate is and the like

where suddenly the norm itsself becomes

computer or machine generated and how to do

we feel about that because that

may be an advertantly get us to the other end of the

spectrum that you're decribing that the

norms are no longer developed here

and then somehow programmed into the

system

but at least evolution of the norm

happens in the automated system.

I think you would have to tease apart the

norms and the laws

One of my -says the engeneer to the law student -

(laughing)

My favorite one is a chart that Jot gave me

but I did this in japan so I can

do this here.

Imagine you have a car

and on oyur left there's two motor

cycles one the left and on the right

the one on the left has no

helmet, the one on the right

is wearing a helmet. And there's

a helmet law. The guy on the left is clearly

breaking the law completely disrespecting the law

so you have to sweve. Someone jumps in

front of your car. You have to swerve.

Do you hit the guy iwthout the helmet

or do you hit the guy with the helmet??

The guy with the helmet is more likely to survive,

but he's following the law.

So who hits the guy without the helmet.

I did this at a Japenese car company

and half of them in the room

raised their hand said well,

of course you go after the guy who

broke the law right?

But this is a very interesting normative

question

so there's all these versions of it