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Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.17,0:00:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this video, I want to give you a quick\Nintroduction to the history of MOOCs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.31,0:00:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How they came to be, and especially\Nfocusing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.10,0:00:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the mainstream evolution that led to\Nthem.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.16,0:00:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For a long while now, many universities\Nhave taped their
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.67,0:00:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lectures and offered them on private or\Npublic TV channels.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.40,0:00:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some universities were even built around\Ndistance learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.76,0:00:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, I remember as a kid in the\N'80's watching
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.92,0:00:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Sunday morning on the BBC Lectures of\Nthe British Open University.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.47,0:00:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These lectures were great, and they are\Nstill great fun to watch, if only
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.01,0:00:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you could see university\Nprofessors wearing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.80,0:00:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elephant pants straight out of the '70's.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.70,0:00:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in a residential university, the\Nadvantage to taped lectures would be
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.35,0:00:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these students can watch a class they\Nhave missed or misunderstood.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.53,0:00:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At some point in the 2000s, this\Ntransitioned to the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.89,0:00:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Students could know watch classes on\Ndemand with extra convenience.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.65,0:00:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with the transition to the web,\Nprofessors
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.75,0:01:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had now more flexibility and could do\Nsomething new.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.48,0:01:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could post handouts on the website,\Nfor instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.58,0:01:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a form of blended learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.21,0:01:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, if they had recorded the lecture one\Nyear,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.99,0:01:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say in 2005, in 2006 for the new lecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.21,0:01:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could put the old one, the 2005\Nlecture, online.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.33,0:01:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And decide to manage the class time
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.99,0:01:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,differently, in their new, live lecture in\N2006.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.34,0:01:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of covering that material like\Nthey're always done, they
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.30,0:01:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could start assuming that the students had\Nalready watched the material.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.54,0:01:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hold more interactive discussions and\Nchallenge the students in class.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.45,0:01:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called flip teaching where the\Ngoal of the instructor
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.03,0:01:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to make face time, with the students\Nmost useful to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.52,0:01:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To try to engage them in active learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.38,0:01:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, if the lectures were\Nalready recorded, it also
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.74,0:01:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,opened up the possibility of sharing all\Ntheir material with the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.08,0:01:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why not do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.81,0:02:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was done by MIT with Open Courseware,\Nwhere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.66,0:02:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they started to offer freely their regular\Nlectures online.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.60,0:02:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Starting in 2011, it became easier to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.79,0:02:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,date things, because development vocalized\Naround Stanford.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.47,0:02:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some professors there realized that their\Nlectures that were
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.54,0:02:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,available online, for the world, actually\Nattracted a huge audience.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.08,0:02:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the tens of thousands of students, a\Nmassive scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.06,0:02:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They decided to create their own startups.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.36,0:02:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Daphne Koller and Andrew Ng started\NCoursera.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.21,0:02:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While Sebastian Thrun started Udacity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.43,0:02:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, unlike Open Coursework.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.54,0:02:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This company started offering certificates\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.43,0:02:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raising large levels of venture capital\Nfunding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.73,0:02:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,$85 million for Coursera.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.78,0:02:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American Universities sense a real threat\Nthere, mostly in a certificate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.33,0:02:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly, you can buy for hundreds of\Ndollars and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.72,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard work, what usually required $40,000\Nand hard work.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.30,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a response, Standford started Class to\NGo and MIT started EDX.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.31,0:03:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,EDX was set up as a non profit startup and\Nquickly Harvard, Berkeley,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.53,0:03:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a bunch of other major schools joined\Nthem on the portal, EDX.org.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.23,0:03:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stanford even decided to drop Class2Go and\Nwork with EDX, because
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.05,0:03:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their software was open source and\Navailable for anyone to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.42,0:03:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see them at Stanford Online.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.61,0:03:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are Universities that compete on\Neverything else but there they
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.66,0:03:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collaborated and injected money at levels\Nthat matched adventure capital fund.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.21,0:03:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the situation at this stage is that\NCoursera is
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.16,0:03:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the major MOOC portal that has agreement\Nwith around 100 universities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.09,0:03:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basing them, there is an unusual alliance\Nof the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.95,0:03:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world's most famous universities trying to\Ncontract Coursera's dominance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.66,0:03:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, a bunch of other initiatives\Nhave been
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.83,0:04:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started in 2013, mostly divided among geo\Npolitical borders.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.64,0:04:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Future learning the UK Iversity in Germany\N[FOREIGN_LANGUAGE] in France, Miranda
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.08,0:04:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,X in Spain, and Portugal, and Latin\NAmerica, and EDRAAK in the middle east.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.52,0:04:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now is that the whole picture for MOOCs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.24,0:04:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, this is only for so called xMOOCs, the\Nlarge scale classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.56,0:04:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In parallel, and even starting in 2008, a
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.98,0:04:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whole different kind of MOOCs called\NcMOOCs was developed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.76,0:04:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The emphasis there was not on the scale,\Nbut
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.36,0:04:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather on the c, which stands here for\Nconnectivism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.62,0:04:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm utterly unqualified to exactly define\Nwhat connectivism is.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.86,0:04:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me try to pass on my understanding\Nof it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.00,0:04:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some ways, C moocs, X moocs, sorry push
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.01,0:04:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contents to the student, generally in the\Nform of video.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.62,0:04:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I intentionally put the video site above\Nto emphasize that it flows from
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.32,0:04:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instructor to students, and that the\Nstudents are left on the forum to discuss.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.78,0:05:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Connectivism as I understand it highlights\Nthe other direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.97,0:05:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a cMooc the instructor should also\Nactively pool the best content
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.60,0:05:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ideas from the students and integrate\Nit in the course content.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.52,0:05:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, this process should be as\Ndecentralized as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.59,0:05:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that the content aggregation,\Nproduction, and integration should also be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.73,0:05:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,done by the students, that they should get\Nassistance to help their learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.22,0:05:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, they should be helped to
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.87,0:05:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make the important personal connections\Nwith each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.56,0:05:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they can build the content\Ncollaboratively.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.20,0:05:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They should also be helped to connect with\Nexternal sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.85,0:05:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, as it's unlikely, that all
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.20,0:05:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the necessary information resides within\Nthe class.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.35,0:05:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've now presented to you both cMOOCs\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.50,0:05:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,xMOOCs and tried to clarify the\Ndistinction between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.15,0:05:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people try to blend the two models,\Ntaking the best out of both types.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.73,0:05:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find myself that the distinction between\Npushing content in
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.94,0:06:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an xMOOC and pulling ideas in a cMOOC\Nhelps me.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.53,0:06:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that distinction helps me a lot to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.15,0:06:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think of MOOCs and where they should be\Ngoing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.31,0:06:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[BLANK_AUDIO]