[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.29,0:00:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: So I guess\Nwhat we're going to do is Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.81,0:00:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to talk about your life, Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.27,0:00:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and using some pictures\Nthat you shared with me. Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.43,0:00:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think we should start\Nright here with this one. Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.38,0:00:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, now who is this? Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.42,0:00:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Martine Rothblatt: This is me\Nwith our oldest son Eli. Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.49,0:00:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was about age five. Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.38,0:00:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is taken in Nigeria Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.50,0:00:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right after having taken\Nthe Washington, D.C. bar exam. Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.49,0:00:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Okay. But this doesn't\Nreally look like a Martine. Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.08,0:00:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Right. That was myself as a male,\Nthe way I was brought up. Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.83,0:00:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I transitioned from male\Nto female and Martin to Martine. Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.73,0:00:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: You were brought up Martin Rothblatt. Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.76,0:00:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Correct. Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.81,0:00:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And about a year after this picture,\Nyou married a beautiful woman. Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.43,0:00:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was this love at first sight?\NWhat happened there? Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.95,0:00:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: It was love at the first sight. Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.76,0:01:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw Bina at a discotheque\Nin Los Angeles, Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.17,0:01:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we later began living together, Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.65,0:01:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the moment I saw her,\NI saw just an aura of energy around her. Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.48,0:01:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked her to dance. Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.16,0:01:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said she saw an aura\Nof energy around me. Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.06,0:01:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a single male parent.\NShe was a single female parent. Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.75,0:01:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We showed each other\Nour kids' pictures, Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.19,0:01:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've been happily married\Nfor a third of a century now. Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.30,0:01:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.83,0:01:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And at the time, you were\Nkind of this hotshot entrepreneur, Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.89,0:01:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working with satellites. Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.58,0:01:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think you had two successful companies, Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.85,0:01:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you started\Naddressing this problem Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.95,0:01:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how could you use satellites\Nto revolutionize radio. Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.16,0:01:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tell us about that. Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.82,0:01:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Right. I always\Nloved space technology, Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.96,0:01:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and satellites, to me, are sort of\Nlike the canoes that our ancestors Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.86,0:01:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first pushed out into the water. Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.02,0:01:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was exciting for me\Nto be part of the navigation Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.39,0:01:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the oceans of the sky, Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.83,0:02:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as I developed different types\Nof satellite communication systems, Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.35,0:02:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main thing I did was to launch\Nbigger and more powerful satellites, Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.66,0:02:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the consequence of which\Nwas that the receiving antennas Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.32,0:02:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be smaller and smaller, Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.29,0:02:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after going through\Ndirect television broadcasting, Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.14,0:02:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had the idea that if we could make\Na more powerful satellite, Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.68,0:02:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the receiving dish could be so small Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.42,0:02:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it would just be a section\Nof a parabolic dish, Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.71,0:02:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a flat little plate embedded\Ninto the roof of an automobile, Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.45,0:02:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would be possible to have\Nnationwide satellite radio, Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.35,0:02:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's Sirius XM today. Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.90,0:02:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Wow. So who here has used Sirius? Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.92,0:02:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.51,0:02:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Thank you for\Nyour monthly subscriptions. Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.68,0:02:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.45,0:02:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So that succeeded despite\Nall predictions at the time. Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.65,0:02:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a huge commercial success, Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.88,0:02:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but soon after this, in the early 1990s, Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.20,0:02:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was this big transition in your life\Nand you became Martine. Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.71,0:03:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Correct.\NCA: So tell me, how did that happen? Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.01,0:03:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: It happened in consultation with Bina\Nand our four beautiful children, Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.88,0:03:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I discussed with each of them Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.75,0:03:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I felt my soul was always female,\Nand as a woman, Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.74,0:03:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I was afraid people would\Nlaugh at me if I expressed it, Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.33,0:03:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I always kept it bottled up Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.86,0:03:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just showed my male side. Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.100,0:03:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And each of them\Nhad a different take on this. Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.02,0:03:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bina said, "I love your soul, Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.50,0:03:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether the outside\Nis Martin and Martine, Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.07,0:03:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't it matter to me,\NI love your soul." Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.49,0:03:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My son said, "If you become a woman,\Nwill you still be my father?" Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.15,0:03:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Yes,\NI'll always be your father," Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.38,0:04:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm still his father today. Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.68,0:04:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My youngest daughter did an absolutely\Nbrilliant five-year-old thing. Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.23,0:04:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She told people, "I love my dad\Nand she loves me." Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.90,0:04:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she had no problem\Nwith a gender blending whatsoever. Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.43,0:04:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And a couple years after this,\Nyou published this book: Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.35,0:04:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Apartheid of Sex." Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.23,0:04:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was your thesis in this book? Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.46,0:04:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: My thesis in this book is that there\Nare seven billion people in the world, Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.80,0:04:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually, seven billion unique ways\Nto express one's gender. Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.12,0:04:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while people may have\Nthe genitals of a male or a female, Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.55,0:04:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the genitals don't determine your gender Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.59,0:04:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even really your sexual identity. Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.40,0:04:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just a matter of anatomy Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.10,0:04:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reproductive tracts, Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.91,0:04:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people could choose\Nwhatever gender they want Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.11,0:04:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they weren't forced by society\Ninto categories of either male or female Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.48,0:05:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way South Africa used to force people\Ninto categories of black or white. Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.78,0:05:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know from anthropological science\Nthat race is fiction, Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.98,0:05:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though racism is very, very real, Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.78,0:05:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we now know from cultural studies Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.38,0:05:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that separate male or female genders\Nis a constructed fiction. Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.57,0:05:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reality is a gender fluidity Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.34,0:05:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that crosses the entire continuum\Nfrom male to female. Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.22,0:05:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: You yourself don't always\Nfeel 100 percent female. Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.78,0:05:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Correct. I would say in some ways Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.02,0:05:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I change my gender about as often\Nas I change my hairstyle. Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.92,0:05:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: (Laughs) Okay, now, this is\Nyour gorgeous daughter, Jenesis. Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.14,0:05:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I guess she was about this age\Nwhen something pretty terrible happened. Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.52,0:05:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Yes, she was finding herself\Nunable to walk up the stairs Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.80,0:05:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our house to her bedroom, Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.61,0:05:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after several months of doctors, Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.81,0:05:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was diagnosed to have a rare,\Nalmost invariably fatal disease Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.27,0:06:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called pulmonary arterial hypertension. Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.34,0:06:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So how did you respond to that? Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.87,0:06:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Well, we first tried to get her\Nto the best doctors we could. Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.40,0:06:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ended up at Children's National\NMedical Center in Washington, D.C. Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.42,0:06:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The head of pediatric cardiology Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.62,0:06:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told us that he was going to refer her\Nto get a lung transplant, Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.10,0:06:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not to hold out any hope, Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.98,0:06:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are\Nvery few lungs available, Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.10,0:06:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially for children. Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.86,0:06:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said that all people\Nwith this illness died, Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.32,0:06:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if any of you have seen\Nthe film "Lorenzo's Oil," Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.94,0:06:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a scene when the protagonist Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.84,0:06:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of rolls down the stairway\Ncrying and bemoaning the fate of his son, Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.09,0:06:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's exactly\Nhow we felt about Jenesis. Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.46,0:06:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But you didn't accept that\Nas the limit of what you could do. Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.08,0:06:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You started trying to research\Nand see if you could find a cure somehow. Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.92,0:06:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Correct. She was in the intensive\Ncare ward for weeks at a time, Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.74,0:07:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Bina and I would tag team\Nto stay at the hospital Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.71,0:07:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the other watched\Nthe rest of the kids, Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.10,0:07:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I was in the hospital\Nand she was sleeping, Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.68,0:07:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to the hospital library. Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.37,0:07:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I read every article that I could find\Non pulmonary hypertension. Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.22,0:07:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had not taken any biology,\Neven in college, Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.68,0:07:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I had to go from a biology textbook\Nto a college-level textbook Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.31,0:07:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then medical textbook\Nand the journal articles, back and forth, Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.57,0:07:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually I knew enough to think\Nthat it might be possible Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.64,0:07:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that somebody could find a cure. Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.40,0:07:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started a nonprofit foundation. Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.25,0:07:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote a description\Nasking people to submit grants Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.60,0:07:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we would pay for medical research. Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.34,0:07:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I became an expert on the condition --\Ndoctors said to me, Martine, Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.98,0:07:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we really appreciate all the funding\Nyou've provided us, Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.70,0:07:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we are not going to be able\Nto find a cure in time Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.74,0:07:55.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to save your daughter. Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.45,0:07:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, there is a medicine Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.45,0:08:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was developed at the\NBurroughs Wellcome Company Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.65,0:08:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could halt the progression\Nof the disease, Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.76,0:08:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Burroughs Wellcome has just\Nbeen acquired by Glaxo Wellcome. Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.57,0:08:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They made a decision not to develop Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.72,0:08:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any medicines for rare\Nand orphan diseases, Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.02,0:08:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe you could use your expertise\Nin satellite communications Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.61,0:08:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop this cure\Nfor pulmonary hypertension. Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.19,0:08:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So how on earth did you get\Naccess to this drug? Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.25,0:08:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: I went to Glaxo Wellcome Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.43,0:08:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after three times being rejected\Nand having the door slammed in my face Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.91,0:08:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they weren't going\Nto out-license the drug Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.42,0:08:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a satellite communications expert, Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.21,0:08:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they weren't going to send the drug\Nout to anybody at all, Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.64,0:08:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thought\NI didn't have the expertise, Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.68,0:08:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finally I was able to persuade\Na small team of people to work with me Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.28,0:09:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and develop enough credibility. Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.64,0:09:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wore down their resistance, Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.52,0:09:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had no hope this drug\Nwould even work, by the way, Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.10,0:09:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they tried to tell me,\N"You're just wasting your time. Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.81,0:09:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're sorry about your daughter." Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.41,0:09:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But finally, for 25,000 dollars Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.43,0:09:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and agreement to pay 10 percent\Nof any revenues we might ever get, Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.89,0:09:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they agreed to give me\Nworldwide rights to this drug. Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.31,0:09:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And so you put this drug on the market\Nin a really brilliant way, Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.62,0:09:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by basically charging what it would take\Nto make the economics work. Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.35,0:09:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Oh yes, Chris, but this really wasn't\Na drug that I ended up -- Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.18,0:09:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after I wrote the check for 25,000, Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.18,0:09:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said, "Okay, where's\Nthe medicine for Jenesis?" Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.99,0:09:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they said, "Oh, Martine,\Nthere's no medicine for Jenesis. Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.17,0:09:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just something we tried in rats." Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.38,0:09:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they gave me, like,\Na little plastic Ziploc bag Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.09,0:09:53.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a small amount of powder. Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.65,0:09:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said, "Don't give it to any human," Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.46,0:10:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they gave me a piece of paper\Nwhich said it was a patent, Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.26,0:10:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from that, we had to figure out\Na way to make this medicine. Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.10,0:10:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A hundred chemists in the U.S.\Nat the top universities Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.16,0:10:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all swore that little patent\Ncould never be turned into a medicine. Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.83,0:10:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it was turned into a medicine,\Nit could never be delivered Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.12,0:10:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it had a half-life\Nof only 45 minutes. Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.35,0:10:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And yet, a year or two later,\Nyou were there with a medicine Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.81,0:10:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that worked for Jenesis. Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.97,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Chris, the astonishing thing\Nis that this absolutely worthless Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,piece of powder Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.65,0:10:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had the sparkle of a promise\Nof hope for Jenesis Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.72,0:10:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not only keeping Jenesis\Nand other people alive today, Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.96,0:10:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but produces almost a billion\Nand a half dollars a year in revenue. Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.10,0:10:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.92,0:10:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So here you go. Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.45,0:10:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you took this company public, right? Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.01,0:10:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And made an absolute fortune. Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.54,0:11:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how much have you paid Glaxo,\Nby the way, after that 25,000? Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.53,0:11:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Yeah, well, every year we pay them\N10 percent of 1.5 billion, Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.34,0:11:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,150 million dollars,\Nlast year 100 million dollars. Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.05,0:11:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the best return on investment\Nthey ever received. (Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.16,0:11:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And the best news of all, I guess, Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.23,0:11:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this. Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.09,0:11:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Yes. Jenesis is an absolutely\Nbrilliant young lady. Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.36,0:11:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's alive, healthy today at 30. Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.98,0:11:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see me, Bina and Jenesis there. Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.45,0:11:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most amazing thing about Jenesis Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.33,0:11:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that while she could do\Nanything with her life, Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.23,0:11:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and believe me, if you grew up\Nyour whole life with people Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.92,0:11:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your face saying\Nthat you've got a fatal disease, Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.85,0:11:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would probably run to Tahiti and just\Nnot want to run into anybody again. Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.56,0:11:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But instead she chooses to work\Nin United Therapeutics. Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.69,0:11:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She says she wants to do all she can\Nto help other people Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.30,0:11:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with orphan diseases get medicines, Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.52,0:11:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today, she's our project leader\Nfor all telepresence activities, Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.21,0:12:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where she helps digitally unite\Nthe entire company to work together Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.74,0:12:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find cures for pulmonary hypertension. Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.69,0:12:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But not everyone who has this disease\Nhas been so fortunate. Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.99,0:12:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are still many people dying,\Nand you are tackling that too. How? Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.44,0:12:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Exactly, Chris. There's some 3,000\Npeople a year in the United States alone, Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.93,0:12:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps 10 times that number worldwide, Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.80,0:12:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who continue to die of this illness Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.96,0:12:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the medicines\Nslow down the progression Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.49,0:12:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they don't halt it. Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.18,0:12:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only cure for pulmonary hypertension,\Npulmonary fibrosis, Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.92,0:12:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cystic fibrosis, emphysema, Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.36,0:12:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,COPD, what Leonard Nimoy just died of, Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.36,0:12:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a lung transplant, Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.86,0:12:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but sadly, there are only enough\Navailable lungs for 2,000 people Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.62,0:12:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the U.S. a year\Nto get a lung transplant, Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.52,0:12:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas nearly a half\Nmillion people a year Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.82,0:12:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,die of end-stage lung failure. Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.12,0:12:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So how can you address that? Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.82,0:12:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: So I conceptualize the possibility Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.30,0:13:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just like we keep cars and planes Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.71,0:13:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and buildings going forever Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.10,0:13:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an unlimited supply\Nof building parts and machine parts, Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.33,0:13:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why can't we create an unlimited supply\Nof transplantable organs Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.52,0:13:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep people living indefinitely, Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.46,0:13:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially people with lung disease. Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.11,0:13:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've teamed up with the decoder\Nof the human genome, Craig Venter, Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.63,0:13:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the company he founded Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.44,0:13:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Peter Diamandis,\Nthe founder of the X Prize, Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.95,0:13:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to genetically modify Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.02,0:13:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pig genome Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.71,0:13:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the pig's organs will not\Nbe rejected by the human body Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.22,0:13:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thereby to create an unlimited supply Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.33,0:13:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of transplantable organs. Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.74,0:13:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do this through our company,\NUnited Therapeutics. Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.71,0:13:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So you really believe that within,\Nwhat, a decade, Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.78,0:13:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this shortage of transplantable lungs\Nmaybe be cured, through these guys? Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.26,0:13:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Absolutely, Chris. Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.84,0:13:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm as certain of that as I was\Nof the success that we've had Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.53,0:13:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with direct television\Nbroadcasting, Sirius XM. Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.62,0:14:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually not rocket science. Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.82,0:14:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's straightforward engineering away\None gene after another. Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.28,0:14:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're so lucky to be born in the time\Nthat sequencing genomes Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.63,0:14:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a routine activity, Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.28,0:14:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the brilliant folks\Nat Synthetic Genomics Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.72,0:14:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are able to zero in on the pig genome, Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.93,0:14:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find exactly the genes\Nthat are problematic, and fix them. Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.32,0:14:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But it's not just bodies that --\Nthough that is amazing. Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.36,0:14:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.68,0:14:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just long-lasting bodies\Nthat are of interest to you now. Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.98,0:14:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's long-lasting minds. Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.01,0:14:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this graph for you\Nsays something quite profound. Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.85,0:14:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does this mean? Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.03,0:14:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: What this graph means,\Nand it comes from Ray Kurzweil, Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.68,0:14:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the rate of development\Nin computer processing Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.46,0:14:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hardware, firmware and software, Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.29,0:14:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been advancing along a curve Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.29,0:14:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such that by the 2020s, as we saw\Nin earlier presentations today, Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.46,0:15:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be information technology Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.62,0:15:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that processes information\Nand the world around us Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.11,0:15:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same rate as a human mind. Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.33,0:15:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And so that being so, you're actually\Ngetting ready for this world Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.03,0:15:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by believing that we will soon\Nbe able to, what, Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.11,0:15:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually take the contents of our brains\Nand somehow preserve them forever? Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.46,0:15:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you describe that? Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.29,0:15:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Well, Chris, what we're working on\Nis creating a situation Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.73,0:15:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people can create a mind file, Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.21,0:15:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a mind file is the collection\Nof their mannerisms, personality, Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.22,0:15:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recollection, feelings, Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.10,0:15:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beliefs, attitudes and values, Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.66,0:15:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything that we've poured today\Ninto Google, into Amazon, into Facebook, Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.100,0:15:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of this information stored there\Nwill be able, in the next couple decades, Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.17,0:15:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once software is able\Nto recapitulate consciousness, Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.56,0:16:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be able to revive the consciousness\Nwhich is imminent in our mind file. Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.47,0:16:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Now you're not just\Nmessing around with this. Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.04,0:16:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're serious. I mean, who is this? Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.16,0:16:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: This is a robot version of\Nmy beloved spouse, Bina. Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.55,0:16:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we call her Bina 48. Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.01,0:16:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was programmed\Nby Hanson Robotics out of Texas. Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.61,0:16:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the centerfold\Nfrom National Geographic magazine Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.58,0:16:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one of her caregivers, Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.25,0:16:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she roams the web Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.29,0:16:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has hundreds of hours\Nof Bina's mannerisms, personalities. Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.55,0:16:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's kind of like a two-year-old kid, Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.79,0:16:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she says things\Nthat blow people away, Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.98,0:16:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,best expressed by perhaps Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.61,0:16:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a New York Times Pulitzer Prize-winning\Njournalist Amy Harmon Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.42,0:16:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who says her answers\Nare often frustrating, Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.100,0:16:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but other times as compelling as those\Nof any flesh person she's interviewed. Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.20,0:16:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And is your thinking here,\Npart of your hope here, is that Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.59,0:17:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this version of Bina can in a sense\Nlive on forever, or some future upgrade Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.04,0:17:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this version can live on forever? Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.43,0:17:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Yes. Not just Bina, but everybody. Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.84,0:17:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, it costs us virtually nothing\Nto store our mind files Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.85,0:17:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Facebook, Instagram, what-have-you. Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.78,0:17:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Social media is I think one of the most\Nextraordinary inventions of our time, Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.84,0:17:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as apps become available\Nthat will allow us Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.84,0:17:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to out-Siri Siri, better and better, Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.92,0:17:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and develop consciousness\Noperating systems, Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.57,0:17:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody in the world,\Nbillions of people, Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.47,0:17:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be able to develop\Nmind clones of themselves Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.21,0:17:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will have their own life on the web. Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.76,0:17:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So the thing is, Martine, Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.22,0:17:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in any normal conversation,\Nthis would sound stark-staring mad, Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.34,0:17:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the context of your life,\Nwhat you've done, Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.70,0:17:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the things we've heard this week, Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.79,0:17:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the constructed realities\Nthat our minds give, Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.98,0:17:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, you wouldn't bet against it. Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.78,0:17:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Well, I think it's really nothing\Ncoming from me. Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.63,0:18:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If anything, I'm perhaps a bit\Nof a communicator of activities Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.30,0:18:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are being undertaken\Nby the greatest companies Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.69,0:18:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in China, Japan, India, the U.S., Europe. Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.01,0:18:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are tens of millions of people\Nworking on writing code Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.71,0:18:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that expresses more and more aspects\Nof our human consciousness, Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.42,0:18:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you don't have to be a genius\Nto see that all these threads Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.51,0:18:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to come together\Nand ultimately create human consciousness, Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.64,0:18:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's something we'll value. Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.85,0:18:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are so many things\Nto do in this life, Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.28,0:18:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we could have a simulacrum,\Na digital doppelgänger of ourselves Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.89,0:18:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that helps us process books, do shopping, Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.78,0:18:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be our best friends, Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.74,0:18:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe our mind clones,\Nthese digital versions of ourselves, Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.78,0:18:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will ultimately be our best friends, Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.38,0:18:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for me personally and Bina personally, Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.40,0:18:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we love each other like crazy. Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.19,0:18:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each day, we are always saying, like, Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.98,0:18:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wow, I love you even more\Nthan 30 years ago. Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.52,0:18:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so for us, the prospect of mind clones Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.66,0:18:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and regenerated bodies Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.71,0:19:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that our love affair, Chris,\Ncan go on forever. Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.80,0:19:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we never get bored of each other.\NI'm sure we never will. Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.100,0:19:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I think Bina's here, right?\NMR: She is, yeah. Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.37,0:19:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Would it be too much, I don't know,\Ndo we have a handheld mic? Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.55,0:19:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bina, could we invite you to the stage?\NI just have to ask you one question. Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.25,0:19:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Besides, we need to see you. Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.89,0:19:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.44,0:19:24.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.100,0:19:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come and join Martine here. Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.69,0:19:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, look, when you got married, Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.54,0:19:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if someone had told you that,\Nin a few years time, Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.63,0:19:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the man you were marrying\Nwould become a woman, Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.93,0:19:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a few years after that,\Nyou would become a robot -- Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.83,0:19:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) -- Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.90,0:19:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how has this gone? How has it been? Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.18,0:19:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bina Rothblatt: It's been really\Nan exciting journey, Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.75,0:19:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would have never\Nthought that at the time, Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.09,0:19:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we started making goals\Nand setting those goals Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.93,0:19:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and accomplishing things, Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.20,0:19:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and before you knew it,\Nwe just keep going up and up Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.66,0:20:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're still not stopping,\Nso it's great. Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.31,0:20:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Martine told me something\Nreally beautiful, Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.38,0:20:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just actually on Skype before this, Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.14,0:20:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was that he wanted\Nto live for hundreds of years Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.97,0:20:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a mind file, Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.29,0:20:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not if it wasn't with you. Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.42,0:20:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BR: That's right,\Nwe want to do it together. Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.53,0:20:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're cryonicists as well,\Nand we want to wake up together. Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.78,0:20:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So just so as you know,\Nfrom my point of view, Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.22,0:20:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this isn't only one of the most\Nastonishing lives I have heard, Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.94,0:20:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's one of the most astonishing\Nlove stories I've ever heard. Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.94,0:20:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just a delight to have you\Nboth here at TED. Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.30,0:20:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much. Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.65,0:20:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MR: Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.97,0:20:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)