[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.02,0:00:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a boy in Lima,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.69,0:00:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my grandfather told me a legend
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.82,0:00:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Spanish conquest of Peru.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.01,0:00:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atahualpa, emperor of the Inca,\Nhad been captured and killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.57,0:00:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pizarro and his conquistadors\Nhad grown rich,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.58,0:00:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tales of their conquest\Nand glory had reached Spain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.79,0:00:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was bringing new waves of Spaniards,\Nhungry for gold and glory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.06,0:00:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would go into towns and ask the Inca,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.98,0:00:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where's another civilization\Nwe can conquer? Where's more gold?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.78,0:00:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Inca, out of vengeance, told them,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.65,0:00:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Go to the Amazon.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.77,0:00:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll find all the gold you want there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.44,0:00:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there is a city called Paititi --\NEl Dorado in Spanish --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.18,0:00:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made entirely of gold."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.30,0:00:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Spanish set off into the jungle,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.22,0:00:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the few that return\Ncome back with stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.90,0:00:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stories of powerful shamans,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.74,0:01:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of warriors with poisoned arrows,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.66,0:01:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of trees so tall they blotted out the sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.46,0:01:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spiders that ate birds,\Nsnakes that swallowed men whole
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.24,0:01:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a river that boiled.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.80,0:01:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this became a childhood memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.80,0:01:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And years passed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.99,0:01:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm working on my PhD at SMU,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.48,0:01:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to understand\NPeru's geothermal energy potential,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.41,0:01:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I remember this legend,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.48,0:01:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I began asking that question.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.32,0:01:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could the boiling river exist?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.14,0:01:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked colleagues from universities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.36,0:01:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the government,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.54,0:01:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oil, gas and mining companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.06,0:01:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the answer was a unanimous no.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.46,0:01:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this makes sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.07,0:01:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, boiling rivers\Ndo exist in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.72,0:01:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're generally\Nassociated with volcanoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.65,0:01:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need a powerful heat source
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.82,0:01:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce such a large\Ngeothermal manifestation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.21,0:01:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you can see from the red dots\Nhere, which are volcanoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.44,0:02:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have volcanoes in the Amazon,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.28,0:02:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor in most of Peru.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.12,0:02:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it follows: We should not expect\Nto see a boiling river.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.66,0:02:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telling this same story\Nat a family dinner,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.77,0:02:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my aunt tells me,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.27,0:02:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But no, Andrés, I've been there.\NI've swum in that river."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.90,0:02:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.56,0:02:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then my uncle jumps in.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.33,0:02:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No, Andrés, she's not kidding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.08,0:02:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, you can only swim in it\Nafter a very heavy rain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.09,0:02:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's protected by a powerful shaman.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.36,0:02:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your aunt, she's friends with his wife."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.26,0:02:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.09,0:02:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"¿Cómo?" ["Huh?"]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.26,0:02:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, despite all\Nmy scientific skepticism,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.50,0:02:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found myself hiking into the jungle,\Nguided by my aunt,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.96,0:02:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 700 kilometers away\Nfrom the nearest volcanic center,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.88,0:02:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and well, honestly,\Nmentally preparing myself
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.52,0:03:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to behold the legendary\N"warm stream of the Amazon."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.67,0:03:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then ...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.32,0:03:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I heard something,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.26,0:03:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a low surge
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.35,0:03:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that got louder and louder
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.79,0:03:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we came closer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.30,0:03:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounded like ocean waves\Nconstantly crashing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.25,0:03:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we got closer, I saw smoke, vapor,\Ncoming up through the trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.96,0:03:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, I saw this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.79,0:03:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I immediately grabbed for my thermometer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.28,0:03:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the average temperatures in the river
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.58,0:03:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were 86 degrees C.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.54,0:03:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not quite\Nthe 100-degree C boiling
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.83,0:03:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but definitely close enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.30,0:03:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The river flowed hot and fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.18,0:03:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I followed it upriver and was led by,\Nactually, the shaman's apprentice
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.85,0:03:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the most sacred site on the river.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.66,0:03:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what's bizarre --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.09,0:03:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It starts off as a cold stream.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.50,0:04:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, at this site,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.76,0:04:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the home of the Yacumama,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.95,0:04:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother of the waters,\Na giant serpent spirit
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.32,0:04:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who births hot and cold water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.02,0:04:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here we find a hot spring,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.45,0:04:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mixing with cold stream water\Nunderneath her protective motherly jaws
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.83,0:04:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus bringing their legends to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.28,0:04:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next morning, I woke up and --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.28,0:04:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.53,0:04:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked for tea.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.58,0:04:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was handed a mug, a tea bag
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.85,0:04:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, well, pointed towards the river.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.08,0:04:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To my surprise, the water was clean\Nand had a pleasant taste,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.61,0:04:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a little weird\Nfor geothermal systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.44,0:04:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was amazing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.01,0:04:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the locals had always\Nknown about this place,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.02,0:04:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that I was by no means\Nthe first outsider to see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.70,0:04:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just part of their everyday life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.12,0:04:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They drink its water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.83,0:05:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They take in its vapor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.41,0:05:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They cook with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.13,0:05:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clean with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.66,0:05:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even make their medicines with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.09,0:05:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I met the shaman,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.86,0:05:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he seemed like an extension\Nof the river and his jungle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.85,0:05:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He asked for my intentions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.61,0:05:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and listened carefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.26,0:05:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, to my tremendous relief --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.40,0:05:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was freaking out,\Nto be honest with you --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.97,0:05:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a smile began to snake across his face,\Nand he just laughed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.27,0:05:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.80,0:05:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had received the shaman's blessing\Nto study the river,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.42,0:05:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the condition that after I take\Nthe water samples
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.84,0:05:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and analyze them in my lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.38,0:05:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wherever I was in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.26,0:05:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I pour the waters\Nback into the ground
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.06,0:05:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that, as the shaman said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.13,0:05:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the waters could find their way back home.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.27,0:06:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been back every year\Nsince that first visit in 2011,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.88,0:06:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fieldwork has been exhilarating,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.33,0:06:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demanding and at times dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.91,0:06:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One story was even featured\Nin National Geographic Magazine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.15,0:06:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was trapped on a small rock\Nabout the size of a sheet of paper
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.26,0:06:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in sandals and board shorts,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.33,0:06:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in between an 80 degree C river
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.76,0:06:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a hot spring that, well,\Nlooked like this, close to boiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.07,0:06:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on top of that,\Nit was Amazon rain forest.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.21,0:06:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pshh, pouring rain, couldn't see a thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.74,0:06:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The temperature differential\Nmade it all white. It was a whiteout.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.96,0:06:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Intense.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.16,0:06:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, after years of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.62,0:06:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll soon be submitting my geophysical\Nand geochemical studies for publication.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.05,0:06:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd like to share, today,\Nwith all of you here, on the TED stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.05,0:06:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time,\Nsome of these discoveries.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.34,0:07:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, first off, it's not a legend.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.47,0:07:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surprise!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.67,0:07:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.02,0:07:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first started the research,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.55,0:07:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the satellite imagery was too\Nlow-resolution to be meaningful.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.56,0:07:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were just no good maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.75,0:07:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks to the support\Nof the Google Earth team,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.17,0:07:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I now have this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.25,0:07:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only that, the indigenous name\Nof the river, Shanay-timpishka,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.54,0:07:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"boiled with the heat of the sun,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.54,0:07:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicating that I'm not the first\Nto wonder why the river boils,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.94,0:07:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and showing that humanity\Nhas always sought to explain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.19,0:07:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.53,0:07:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why does the river boil?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.95,0:07:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Bubbling sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.38,0:07:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually took me three years\Nto get that footage.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.88,0:07:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fault-fed hot springs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.62,0:07:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we have hot blood running\Nthrough our veins and arteries,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.28,0:08:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, too, the earth has hot water\Nrunning through its cracks and faults.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.16,0:08:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where these arteries come to the surface,\Nthese earth arteries,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.78,0:08:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll get geothermal manifestations:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.18,0:08:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fumaroles, hot springs\Nand in our case, the boiling river.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.46,0:08:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's truly incredible, though,\Nis the scale of this place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.22,0:08:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next time you cross the road,\Nthink about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.53,0:08:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The river flows wider than a two-lane road
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.22,0:08:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along most of its path.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.67,0:08:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It flows hot for 6.24 kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.22,0:08:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Truly impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.08,0:08:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are thermal pools\Nlarger than this TED stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.10,0:08:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that waterfall that you see there
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.60,0:08:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is six meters tall --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.38,0:08:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all with near-boiling water.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.24,0:08:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We mapped the temperatures\Nalong the river,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.32,0:08:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was by far the most\Ndemanding part of the fieldwork.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.87,0:09:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the results were just awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.58,0:09:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry -- the geoscientist\Nin me coming out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.75,0:09:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it showed this amazing trend.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.20,0:09:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, the river starts off cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.44,0:09:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It then heats up, cools back down,\Nheats up, cools back down,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.46,0:09:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heats up again, and then has\Nthis beautiful decay curve
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.10,0:09:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until it smashes into this cold river.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.54,0:09:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I understand not all of you\Nare geothermal scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.36,0:09:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so to put it in more everyday terms:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.22,0:09:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone loves coffee.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.38,0:09:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes? Good.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.52,0:09:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your regular cup of coffee, 54 degrees C,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.22,0:09:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an extra-hot one, well, 60.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.90,0:09:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, put in coffee shop terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.09,0:09:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the boiling river plots like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.40,0:09:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There you have your hot coffee.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.91,0:09:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you have your extra-hot coffee,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.65,0:09:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see\Nthat there's a bit point there
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.85,0:09:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the river is still hotter\Nthan even the extra-hot coffee.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.86,0:09:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are average water temperatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.88,0:09:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took these in the dry season to ensure\Nthe purest geothermal temperatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.60,0:09:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's a magic number here\Nthat's not being shown,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.25,0:10:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that number is 47 degrees C,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.86,0:10:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's where things start to hurt,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.40,0:10:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I know this from very\Npersonal experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.19,0:10:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Above that temperature,\Nyou don't want to get in that water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.04,0:10:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to be careful.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.72,0:10:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be deadly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.70,0:10:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've seen all sorts of animals fall in,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.02,0:10:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's shocking to me,\Nis the process is pretty much the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.90,0:10:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they fall in and the first thing\Nto go are the eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.60,0:10:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eyes, apparently, cook very quickly.\NThey turn this milky-white color.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.99,0:10:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stream is carrying them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.37,0:10:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're trying to swim out,\Nbut their meat is cooking on the bone
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.46,0:10:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's so hot.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.64,0:10:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're losing power, losing power,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.51,0:10:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until finally they get to a point\Nwhere hot water goes into their mouths
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.93,0:10:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they cook from the inside out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.44,0:10:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.70,0:10:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bit sadistic, aren't we?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.84,0:10:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeez.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.36,0:10:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leave them marinating for a little longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.47,0:11:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's, again, amazing\Nare these temperatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.22,0:11:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're similar to things that I've seen\Non volcanoes all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.72,0:11:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even super-volcanoes like Yellowstone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.90,0:11:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the thing:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.17,0:11:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the data is showing\Nthat the boiling river exists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.20,0:11:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,independent of volcanism.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.49,0:11:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's neither magmatic\Nor volcanic in origin,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.72,0:11:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again, over 700 kilometers away\Nfrom the nearest volcanic center.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.54,0:11:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can a boiling river exist like this?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.79,0:11:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've asked geothermal experts\Nand volcanologists for years,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.97,0:11:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm still unable to find another\Nnon-volcanic geothermal system
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.81,0:11:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this magnitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.12,0:11:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.49,0:11:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's special on a global scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.71,0:11:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, still -- how does it work?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.46,0:12:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do we get this heat?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.19,0:12:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's still more research to be done
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.30,0:12:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to better constrain the problem\Nand better understand the system,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.52,0:12:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from what the data is telling us now,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.87,0:12:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks to be the result\Nof a large hydrothermal system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.15,0:12:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, it works like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.64,0:12:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the deeper you go\Ninto the earth, the hotter it gets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.97,0:12:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We refer to this\Nas the geothermal gradient.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.46,0:12:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The waters could be coming\Nfrom as far away as glaciers in the Andes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.41,0:12:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then seeping down deep into the earth
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.44,0:12:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coming out to form the boiling river
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.23,0:12:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after getting heated up\Nfrom the geothermal gradient,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.31,0:12:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all due to this unique geologic setting.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.59,0:12:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we found\Nthat in and around the river --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.46,0:12:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is working with colleagues
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.98,0:12:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from National Geographic,\NDr. Spencer Wells,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.09,0:12:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Dr. Jon Eisen from UC Davis --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.82,0:12:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we genetically sequenced\Nthe extremophile lifeforms
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.11,0:12:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living in and around the river,\Nand have found new lifeforms,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.73,0:12:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unique species living\Nin the boiling river.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.26,0:13:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, despite all of these studies,\Nall of these discoveries and the legends,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.50,0:13:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a question remains:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.70,0:13:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the significance\Nof the boiling river?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.60,0:13:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the significance\Nof this stationary cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.27,0:13:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that always hovers\Nover this patch of jungle?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.33,0:13:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is the significance
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.01,0:13:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a detail in a childhood legend?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.55,0:13:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the shaman and his community,\Nit's a sacred site.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.41,0:13:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, as a geoscientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.78,0:13:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a unique geothermal phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.07,0:13:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to the illegal loggers\Nand cattle farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.80,0:13:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just another resource to exploit.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.82,0:13:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to the Peruvian government,\Nit's just another stretch
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.63,0:14:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of unprotected land ready for development.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.19,0:14:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My goal is to ensure\Nthat whoever controls this land
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.81,0:14:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understands the boiling river's\Nuniqueness and significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.89,0:14:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because that's the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.85,0:14:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.57,0:14:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing there is,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.11,0:14:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we define significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.100,0:14:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's us. We have that power.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.68,0:14:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the ones who draw that line
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.43,0:14:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the sacred and the trivial.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.74,0:14:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this age,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.04,0:14:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where everything seems mapped,\Nmeasured and studied,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.29,0:14:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this age of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.90,0:14:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remind you all that discoveries\Nare not just made
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.50,0:14:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the black void of the unknown
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.15,0:14:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the white noise\Nof overwhelming data.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.86,0:15:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There remains so much to explore.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.96,0:15:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in an incredible world.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.48,0:15:06.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So go out.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.31,0:15:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Be curious.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.71,0:15:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we do live in a world
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.54,0:15:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where shamans still sing\Nto the spirits of the jungle,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.40,0:15:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where rivers do boil
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.30,0:15:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where legends do come to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.02,0:15:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.22,0:15:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)