[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.98,0:00:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a boy in Lima,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.92,0:00:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my grandfather told me a legend
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.05,0:00:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Spanish conquest of Peru.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.16,0:00:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atahualpa, Emperor of the Inca,\Nhad been captured and killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.77,0:00:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pizarro and his conquistadors\Nhad grown rich,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.66,0:00:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tales of their conquest and glory\Nhad reached Spain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.79,0:00:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was bringing new waves of Spaniards
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.94,0:00:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hungry for gold and glory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.21,0:00:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would go into towns and ask the Inca,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.17,0:00:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where's another civilization\Nwe can conquer? Where's more gold?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.99,0:00:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Inca, out of vengeance, told them,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.23,0:00:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Go to the Amazon.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.26,0:00:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll find all the gold you want there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.52,0:00:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there is a city called Paititi,\NEl Dorado in Spanish,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.18,0:00:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made entirely of gold."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.54,0:00:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Spanish set off into the jungle,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.22,0:00:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the few that returned\Ncome back with stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.81,0:00:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stories of powerful shamans,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.84,0:01:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of warriors with poisoned arrows,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.96,0:01:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of trees so tall
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.13,0:01:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they blotted out the sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.69,0:01:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spiders that ate birds,\Nsnakes that swallowed men whole,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.50,0:01:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a river that boiled.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.02,0:01:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this became a childhood memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.13,0:01:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fifteen years passed.\NI'm working on my Ph.D at SMU,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.73,0:01:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to understand\NPeru's geothermal energy potential,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.67,0:01:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I remember this legend,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.71,0:01:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I began asking that question.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.55,0:01:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could the boiling river exist?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.07,0:01:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked colleagues from universities,\Nthe government,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.29,0:01:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oil, gas, and mining companies,\Nand the answer was a unanimous no.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.71,0:01:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this makes sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.27,0:01:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, boiling rivers\Ndo exist in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.85,0:01:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're generally\Nassociated with volcanoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.93,0:01:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need a powerful heat source
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.82,0:01:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce such a large\Ngeothermal manifestation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.21,0:01:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you can see from the red dots\Nhere, which are volcanoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.92,0:02:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have volcanoes in the Amazon,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.56,0:02:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor in most of Peru.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.54,0:02:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it follows: we should not expect\Nto see a boiling river.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.95,0:02:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telling this same story\Nat a family dinner,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.99,0:02:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my aunt tells me,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.27,0:02:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But no, Andres, I've been there.\NI've swum in that river."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.90,0:02:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.12,0:02:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then my uncle jumps in.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.60,0:02:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No, Andres, she's not kidding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.38,0:02:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, you can only swim in it\Nafter a very heavy rain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.30,0:02:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's protected by a powerful shaman.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.36,0:02:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your aunt, she's friends with his wife."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.19,0:02:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.35,0:02:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Cómo?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.68,0:02:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, despite all\Nmy scientific skepticism,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.89,0:02:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found myself hiking into the jungle\Nguided by my aunt
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.22,0:02:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 700 kilometers away\Nfrom the nearest volcanic center,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.12,0:02:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and well, honestly,\Nmentally preparing myself
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.66,0:03:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to behold the legendary\N"warm stream of the Amazon."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.78,0:03:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then I heard something,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.49,0:03:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a low surge
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.65,0:03:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that got louder and louder
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.67,0:03:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we came closer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.46,0:03:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounded like ocean waves\Nconstantly crashing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.25,0:03:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we got closer, I saw smoke, vapor,\Ncoming up through the trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.09,0:03:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, I saw this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.98,0:03:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I immediately grabbed for my thermometer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.22,0:03:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the average temperatures in the river
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.40,0:03:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were 86 degrees C.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.78,0:03:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not quite\Nthe 100 degrees C boiling,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.83,0:03:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but definitely close enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.50,0:03:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The river flowed hot and fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.40,0:03:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I followed it upriver and was led
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.38,0:03:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by, actually, the shaman's apprentice\Nto the most sacred site on the river.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.62,0:03:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what's bizarre.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.18,0:03:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It starts off as a cold stream.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.72,0:04:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, at this site,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.92,0:04:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the home of the Yacumama,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.18,0:04:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother of the waters,\Na giant serpent spirit
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.55,0:04:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who births hot and cold water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.24,0:04:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here we find a hot spring
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.67,0:04:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mixing with cold stream water\Nunderneath her protective motherly jaws,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.07,0:04:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus bringing their legends to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.55,0:04:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next morning, I woke up and --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.75,0:04:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.81,0:04:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked for tea.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.82,0:04:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was handed a mug, a tea bag,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.06,0:04:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and well, pointed towards the river.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.29,0:04:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To my surprise, the water was clean
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.10,0:04:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had a pleasant taste, which is\Na little weird for geothermal systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.67,0:04:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was amazing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.20,0:04:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the locals had always\Nknown about this place,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.21,0:04:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that I was by no means\Nthe first outsider to see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.95,0:04:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just part of their everyday life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.36,0:04:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They drink its water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.83,0:05:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They take in its vapor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.50,0:05:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They cook with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.31,0:05:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clean with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.85,0:05:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even make their medicines with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.05,0:05:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I met the shaman,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.05,0:05:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he seemed like an extension\Nof the river and his jungle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.06,0:05:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He asked for my intentions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.09,0:05:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and listened carefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.44,0:05:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, to my tremendous relief --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.66,0:05:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was freaking out,\Nto be honest with you --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.88,0:05:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a smile began to snake across his face,\Nand he just laughed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.80,0:05:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had received the shaman's blessing\Nto study the river,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.64,0:05:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the condition that after\NI take the water samples
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.33,0:05:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and analyze them in my lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.85,0:05:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wherever I was in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.17,0:05:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I pour the waters\Nback into the ground
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.20,0:05:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that, as the shaman said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.23,0:05:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the waters could find their way back home.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.46,0:06:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been back every year\Nsince that first visit in 2011,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.06,0:06:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fieldwork has been exhilarating,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.51,0:06:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demanding, and at times dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.04,0:06:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One story was even featured\Nin the National Geographic Magazine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.28,0:06:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was trapped on a small rock\Nabout the size of a sheet of paper
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.14,0:06:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in sandals and board shorts,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.26,0:06:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in between an 80 degree C river
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.92,0:06:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a hot spring that, well,\Nlooked like this, close to boiling,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.29,0:06:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on top of that\Nit was Amazon rainforest.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.01,0:06:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pshh, pouring rain, couldn't see a thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.74,0:06:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The temperature differential\Nmade it all white. It was a whiteout.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.75,0:06:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Intense.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.37,0:06:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, after years of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.79,0:06:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll soon be submitting my geophysical\Nand geochemical studies for publication,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.06,0:06:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd like to share, today,\Nwith all of you hear on the TED stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.34,0:06:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time,\Nsome of these discoveries.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.66,0:07:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, first off, it's not a legend.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.72,0:07:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.05,0:07:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.36,0:07:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first started the research,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.71,0:07:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the satellite imagery was\Ntoo low-resolution to be meaningful.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.79,0:07:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were just no good maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.90,0:07:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks to the support\Nof the Google Earth team,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.32,0:07:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I now have this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.51,0:07:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only that, the indigenous name\Nof the river, Shanay-timpishka,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.40,0:07:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"boiled with the heat of the sun,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.54,0:07:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicating that I'm not the first\Nto wonder why the river boils,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.10,0:07:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and showing that humanity\Nhas always sought to explain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.35,0:07:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.79,0:07:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why does the river boil?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.61,0:07:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually took me three years\Nto get that footage.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.13,0:07:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fault-fed hot springs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.75,0:07:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we have hot blood running\Nthrough our veins and arteries,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.15,0:08:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so too the Earth has hot water\Nrunning through its cracks and faults.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.50,0:08:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where these arteries come to the surface,\Nthese Earth arteries,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.04,0:08:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll get geothermal manifestations:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.36,0:08:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fumerals, hot springs,\Nand, in our case, the boiling river.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.71,0:08:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's truly incredible, though,\Nis the scale of this place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.42,0:08:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next time you cross the road,\Nthink about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.32,0:08:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The river flows wider than a two-lane road
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.39,0:08:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along most of its path.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.67,0:08:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It flows hot for 6.24 kilometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.43,0:08:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,truly impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.08,0:08:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are thermal pools\Nlarger than this TED stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.28,0:08:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that waterfall that you see there
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.65,0:08:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is six meters tall,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.58,0:08:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all with near boiling water.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.47,0:08:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We mapped the temperatures\Nalong the river,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.23,0:08:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was by far the most\Ndemanding part of the fieldwork,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.10,0:09:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the results were just awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.90,0:09:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry. The geoscientist in me coming out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.98,0:09:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it showed this amazing trend.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.50,0:09:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, the river starts off cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.67,0:09:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It then heats up, cools back down,\Nheats up, cools back down,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.64,0:09:15.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heats up again, and then\Nhas this beautiful decay curve
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.37,0:09:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until it smashes into this cold river.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.83,0:09:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I understand not all of you\Nare geothermal scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.23,0:09:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so to put it in more everyday terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.90,0:09:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody loves coffee.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.70,0:09:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes? Good.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.61,0:09:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your regular cup of coffee,\N54 degrees C,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.43,0:09:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an extra-hot one, well, 60.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.21,0:09:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So put in coffee shop terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.25,0:09:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the boiling river plots like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.64,0:09:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There you have your hot coffee,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.10,0:09:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here you have your extra-hot coffee,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.66,0:09:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see\Nthat there's a bit point there
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.72,0:09:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the river is still hotter\Nthan even the extra-hot coffee.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.96,0:09:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are average water temperatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.48,0:09:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took these in the dry season to ensure\Nthe purest geothermal temperatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.83,0:09:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's a magic number here\Nthat's not being shown,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.97,0:10:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that number is 47 degrees C,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.79,0:10:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's where things start to hurt,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.67,0:10:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I know this from\Nvery personal experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.10,0:10:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Above that temperature,\Nyou don't want to get in that water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.11,0:10:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to be careful.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.66,0:10:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be deadly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.85,0:10:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've seen all sorts of animals fall in,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.15,0:10:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's shocking to me\Nis the process is pretty much the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.18,0:10:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they fall in and the first thing\Nto go are the eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.94,0:10:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eyes, apparently, cook very quickly.\NThey turn this milky white color.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.02,0:10:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stream is carrying them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.35,0:10:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're trying to swim out,\Nbut their meat is cooking on the bone
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.53,0:10:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's so hot,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.80,0:10:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're losing power,\Nlosing power, losing power,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.74,0:10:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until finally they get to the point\Nwhere hot water goes into their mouths
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.67,0:10:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they cook from the inside out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.64,0:10:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.92,0:10:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bit sadistic, aren't we.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.16,0:10:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeez.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.74,0:10:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leave them marinating for a little longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:11:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's again amazing\Nare these temperatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.44,0:11:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're similar to things that I've seen\Non volcanoes all over the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.32,0:11:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even supervolcanoes like Yellowstone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.10,0:11:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the thing:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.95,0:11:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the data is showing that the boiling river
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.93,0:11:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exists independent of volcanism.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.62,0:11:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's neither magmatic\Nor volcanic in origin,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.91,0:11:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again, over 700 kilometers away\Nfrom the nearest volcanic center.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.62,0:11:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can a boiling river exist like this?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.87,0:11:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've asked geothermal experts\Nand volcanologists for years,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.97,0:11:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm still unable to find another\Nnon-volcanic geothermal system
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.81,0:11:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this magnitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.33,0:11:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.67,0:11:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's special on a global scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.56,0:11:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So still, how does it work?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.64,0:12:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do we get this heat?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.46,0:12:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's still more research to be done
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.52,0:12:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to better constrain the problem\Nand better understand the system,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.61,0:12:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from what the data is telling us now,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.93,0:12:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks to be the result\Nof a large hydrothermal system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.23,0:12:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, it works like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.86,0:12:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the deeper you go into the Earth,\Nthe hotter it gets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.20,0:12:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We refer to this\Nas the geothermal gradient.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.23,0:12:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The waters could be coming\Nas far away as glaciers in the Andes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.50,0:12:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then seeping down deep into the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.54,0:12:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coming out to form the boiling river
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.55,0:12:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after getting heated up\Nfrom the geothermal gradient,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.92,0:12:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all due to this unique geologic setting.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.68,0:12:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we found that in\Nand around the river,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.70,0:12:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is working with colleagues\Nfrom National Geographic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.98,0:12:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Spencer Wells\Nand Dr. Jon Eisen from UC Davis,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.06,0:12:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we genetically sequenced\Nthe extremophile lifeforms
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.24,0:12:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living in and around the river,\Nand have found new lifeforms,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.97,0:13:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unique species living\Nin the boiling river.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.41,0:13:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, despite all of these studies,\Nall of these discoveries and the legends,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.36,0:13:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a question remains:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.65,0:13:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the significance\Nof the boiling river?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.44,0:13:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the significance\Nof this stationary cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.27,0:13:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that always hovers over\Nthis patch of jungle?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.53,0:13:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is the significance
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.71,0:13:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a detail in a childhood legend?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.76,0:13:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the shaman and his community,\Nit's a sacred site.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.58,0:13:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, as a geoscientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.95,0:13:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a unique geothermal phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.90,0:13:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to the illegal loggers\Nand cattle farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.80,0:13:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just another resource to exploit,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.75,0:13:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the Peruvian government,\Nit's just another stretch
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.63,0:14:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of unprotected land ready for development.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.16,0:14:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My goal is to ensure\Nthat whoever controls this land
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.94,0:14:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understands the boiling river's\Nuniqueness and significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.16,0:14:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because that's the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.12,0:14:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.86,0:14:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing there is,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.38,0:14:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we define significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.19,0:14:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's us. We have that power.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.78,0:14:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the ones who draw that line
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.53,0:14:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the sacred and the trivial.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.92,0:14:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this age,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.22,0:14:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where everything seems mapped,\Nmeasured, and studied,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.28,0:14:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this age of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.88,0:14:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remind you all that discoveries\Nare not just made in the black void
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.26,0:14:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the unknown
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.76,0:14:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the white noise\Nof overwhelming data.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.08,0:15:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There remains so much to explore.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.08,0:15:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in an incredible world.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.60,0:15:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So go out,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.17,0:15:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be curious,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.76,0:15:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we do live in a world
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.27,0:15:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where shamans still sing\Nto the spirits of the jungle,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.27,0:15:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where rivers do boil,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.30,0:15:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where legends do come to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.82,0:15:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.14,0:15:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)