[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.46,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the late 17th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a medical student named Johannes Hofer\Nnoticed a strange illness
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.76,0:00:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affecting Swiss mercenaries \Nserving abroad.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.59,0:00:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.62,0:00:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including fatigue,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.53,0:00:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insomnia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.57,0:00:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,irregular heartbeat,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.90,0:00:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indigestion,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.22,0:00:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fever were so strong,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.33,0:00:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the soldiers often had to be discharged.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.51,0:00:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Hofer discovered, the cause was not\Nsome physical disturbance,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.44,0:00:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but an intense yearning for their\Nmountain homeland.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.12,0:00:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He dubbed the condition nostalgia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.48,0:00:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Greek "nostos" for homecoming
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.63,0:00:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "algos" for pain or longing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.69,0:00:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, nostalgia was considered\Na particularly Swiss affliction.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.84,0:00:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some doctors proposed that\Nthe constant sound of cowbells in the Alps
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.18,0:00:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused trauma to the ear drums and brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.24,0:00:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Commanders even forbade their soldiers\Nfrom singing traditional Swiss songs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.76,0:01:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for fear that they'd lead to desertion\Nor suicide.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.03,0:01:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as migration increased worldwide,\Nnostalgia was observed in various groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.81,0:01:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turned out that anyone separated\Nfrom their native place for a long time
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.26,0:01:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was vulnerable to nostalgia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.82,0:01:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the early 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.50,0:01:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,professionals no longer viewed it\Nas a neurological disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.32,0:01:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as a mental condition \Nsimilar to depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.62,0:01:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychologists of the time speculated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.56,0:01:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it represented difficulties\Nletting go of childhood,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.37,0:01:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even a longing to return to one's\Nfetal state.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.12,0:01:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But over the next few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.72,0:01:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the understanding of nostalgia changed\Nin two important ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.80,0:01:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its meaning expanded from indicating\Nhomesickness
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.20,0:01:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a general longing for the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.34,0:01:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And rather than an awful disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.30,0:01:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it began to be seen as a poignant\Nand pleasant experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.58,0:01:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps the most famous example of this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.58,0:01:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was captured by French author \NMarcel Proust.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.44,0:02:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He described how tasting a madeleine cake\Nhe had not eaten since childhood
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.45,0:02:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,triggered a cascade of warm\Nand powerful sensory associations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.17,0:02:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what caused such a major\Nreversal in our view of nostalgia?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.23,0:02:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part of it has to do with science.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.44,0:02:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychology shifted away from pure theory
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.76,0:02:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and towards more careful and systematic\Nempirical observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.52,0:02:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So professionals realized that many\Nof the negative symptoms
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.91,0:02:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have been simply correlated\Nwith nostalgia
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.68,0:02:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than caused by it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.75,0:02:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in fact, despite being a complex\Nemotional state
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.68,0:02:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can include feelings of loss\Nand sadness,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.86,0:02:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nostalgia doesn't generally put people\Nin a negative mood.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.32,0:02:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, by allowing individuals \Nto remember personally meaningful
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.21,0:02:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rewarding experiences\Nthey shared with others,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.70,0:02:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nostalgia can boost \Npsychological well-being.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.04,0:02:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Studies have shown \Nthat inducing nostalgia in people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.13,0:03:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can help increase their feelings\Nof self-esteem and social belonging,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.65,0:03:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encourage psychological growth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.70,0:03:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even make them act\Nmore charitably.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.84,0:03:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So rather than being a cause\Nof mental distress,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.03,0:03:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nostalgia can be a restorative way\Nof coping with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.62,0:03:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, when people experience\Nnegative emotional states,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.14,0:03:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they tend to naturally use nostalgia\Nto reduce distress
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.06,0:03:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and restore well-being.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.66,0:03:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, it seems that nostalgia \Nis everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.93,0:03:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partially because advertisers \Nhave discovered how powerful it is
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.58,0:03:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a marketing technique.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.94,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's tempting to think of this as a sign\Nof us being stuck in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not really how nostalgia works.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.20,0:03:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, nostalgia helps us remember\Nthat our lives can have meaning and value,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.35,0:03:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping us find the confidence\Nand motivation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.63,0:03:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to face the challenges of the future.