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Fifty years ago, when I began exploring the ocean,

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no one -- not Jacques Perrin, not Jacques Cousteau or Rachel Carson --

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imagined that we could do anything to harm the ocean

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by what we put into it or by what we took out of it.

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It seemed, at that time, to be a sea of Eden,

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but now we know, and now we are facing paradise lost.

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I want to share with you

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my personal view of changes in the sea that affect all of us,

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and to consider why it matters that in 50 years, we've lost --

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actually, we've taken, we've eaten --

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more than 90 percent of the big fish in the sea;

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why you should care that nearly half of the coral reefs have disappeared;

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why a mysterious depletion of oxygen in large areas of the Pacific

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should concern not only the creatures that are dying,

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but it really should concern you.

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It does concern you, as well.

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I'm haunted by the thought of what Ray Anderson calls "tomorrow's child,"

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asking why we didn't do something on our watch

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to save sharks and bluefin tuna and squids and coral reefs and the living ocean

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while there still was time.

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Well, now is that time.

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I hope for your help

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to explore and protect the wild ocean

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in ways that will restore the health and,

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in so doing, secure hope for humankind.

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Health to the ocean means health for us.

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And I hope Jill Tarter's wish to engage Earthlings includes dolphins and whales

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and other sea creatures

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in this quest to find intelligent life elsewhere in the universe.

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And I hope, Jill, that someday

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we will find evidence that there is intelligent life among humans on this planet.

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(Laughter)

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Did I say that? I guess I did.

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For me, as a scientist,

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it all began in 1953

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when I first tried scuba.

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It's when I first got to know fish swimming

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in something other than lemon slices and butter.

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I actually love diving at night;

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you see a lot of fish then that you don't see in the daytime.

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Diving day and night was really easy for me in 1970,

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when I led a team of aquanauts living underwater for weeks at a time --

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at the same time that astronauts were putting their footprints on the moon.

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In 1979 I had a chance to put my footprints on the ocean floor

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while using this personal submersible called Jim.

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It was six miles offshore and 1,250 feet down.

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It's one of my favorite bathing suits.

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Since then, I've used about 30 kinds of submarines

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and I've started three companies and a nonprofit foundation called Deep Search

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to design and build systems

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to access the deep sea.

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I led a five-year National Geographic expedition,

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the Sustainable Seas expeditions,

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using these little subs.

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They're so simple to drive that even a scientist can do it.

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And I'm living proof.

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Astronauts and aquanauts alike

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really appreciate the importance of air, food, water, temperature --

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all the things you need to stay alive in space or under the sea.

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I heard astronaut Joe Allen explain

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how he had to learn everything he could about his life support system

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and then do everything he could

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to take care of his life support system;

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and then he pointed to this and he said, "Life support system."

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We need to learn everything we can about it

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and do everything we can to take care of it.

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The poet Auden said, "Thousands have lived without love;

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none without water."

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Ninety-seven percent of Earth's water is ocean.

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No blue, no green.

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If you think the ocean isn't important,

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imagine Earth without it.

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Mars comes to mind.

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No ocean, no life support system.

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I gave a talk not so long ago at the World Bank

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and I showed this amazing image of Earth

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and I said, "There it is! The World Bank!"

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That's where all the assets are!

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And we've been trawling them down

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much faster than the natural systems can replenish them.

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Tim Worth says the economy is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the environment.

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With every drop of water you drink,

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every breath you take,

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you're connected to the sea.

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No matter where on Earth you live.

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Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere is generated by the sea.

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Over time, most of the planet's organic carbon

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has been absorbed and stored there,

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mostly by microbes.

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The ocean drives climate and weather,

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stabilizes temperature, shapes Earth's chemistry.

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Water from the sea forms clouds

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that return to the land and the seas

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as rain, sleet and snow,

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and provides home for about 97 percent of life in the world,

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maybe in the universe.

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No water, no life;

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no blue, no green.

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Yet we have this idea, we humans,

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that the Earth -- all of it: the oceans, the skies --

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are so vast and so resilient

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it doesn't matter what we do to it.

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That may have been true 10,000 years ago,

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and maybe even 1,000 years ago

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but in the last 100, especially in the last 50,

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we've drawn down the assets,

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the air, the water, the wildlife

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that make our lives possible.

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New technologies are helping us to understand

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the nature of nature;

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the nature of what's happening,

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showing us our impact on the Earth.

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I mean, first you have to know that you've got a problem.

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And fortunately, in our time,

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we've learned more about the problems than in all preceding history.

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And with knowing comes caring.

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And with caring, there's hope

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that we can find an enduring place for ourselves

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within the natural systems that support us.

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But first we have to know.

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Three years ago, I met John Hanke,

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who's the head of Google Earth,

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and I told him how much I loved being able to hold the world in my hands

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and go exploring vicariously.

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But I asked him: "When are you going to finish it?

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You did a great job with the land, the dirt.

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What about the water?"

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Since then, I've had the great pleasure of working with the Googlers,

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with DOER Marine, with National Geographic,

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with dozens of the best institutions and scientists around the world,

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ones that we could enlist,

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to put the ocean in Google Earth.

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And as of just this week, last Monday,

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Google Earth is now whole.

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Consider this: Starting right here at the convention center,

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we can find the nearby aquarium,

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we can look at where we're sitting,

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and then we can cruise up the coast to the big aquarium, the ocean,

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and California's four national marine sanctuaries,

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and the new network of state marine reserves

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that are beginning to protect and restore some of the assets

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We can flit over to Hawaii

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and see the real Hawaiian Islands:

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not just the little bit that pokes through the surface,

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but also what's below.

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To see -- wait a minute, we can go kshhplash! --

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right there, ha --

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under the ocean, see what the whales see.

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We can go explore the other side of the Hawaiian Islands.

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We can go actually and swim around on Google Earth

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and visit with humpback whales.

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These are the gentle giants that I've had the pleasure of meeting face to face

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many times underwater.

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There's nothing quite like being personally inspected by a whale.

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We can pick up and fly to the deepest place:

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seven miles down, the Mariana Trench,

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where only two people have ever been.

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Imagine that. It's only seven miles,

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but only two people have been there, 49 years ago.

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One-way trips are easy.

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We need new deep-diving submarines.

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How about some X Prizes for ocean exploration?

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We need to see deep trenches, the undersea mountains,

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and understand life in the deep sea.

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We can now go to the Arctic.

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Just ten years ago I stood on the ice at the North Pole.

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An ice-free Arctic Ocean may happen in this century.

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That's bad news for the polar bears.

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That's bad news for us too.

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Excess carbon dioxide is not only driving global warming,

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it's also changing ocean chemistry,

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making the sea more acidic.

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That's bad news for coral reefs and oxygen-producing plankton.

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Also it's bad news for us.

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We're putting hundreds of millions of tons of plastic

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and other trash into the sea.

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Millions of tons of discarded fishing nets,

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gear that continues to kill.

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We're clogging the ocean, poisoning the planet's circulatory system,

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and we're taking out hundreds of millions of tons of wildlife,

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all carbon-based units.

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Barbarically, we're killing sharks for shark fin soup,

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undermining food chains that shape planetary chemistry

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and drive the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle,

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the oxygen cycle, the water cycle --

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our life support system.

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We're still killing bluefin tuna; truly endangered

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and much more valuable alive than dead.

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All of these parts are part of our life support system.

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We kill using long lines, with baited hooks every few feet

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that may stretch for 50 miles or more.

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Industrial trawlers and draggers are scraping the sea floor

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like bulldozers, taking everything in their path.

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Using Google Earth you can witness trawlers --

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in China, the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico --

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shaking the foundation of our life support system,

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leaving plumes of death in their path.

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The next time you dine on sushi -- or sashimi,

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or swordfish steak, or shrimp cocktail,

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whatever wildlife you happen to enjoy from the ocean --

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think of the real cost.

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For every pound that goes to market,

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more than 10 pounds, even 100 pounds,

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may be thrown away as bycatch.

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This is the consequence of not knowing

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that there are limits to what we can take out of the sea.

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This chart shows the decline in ocean wildlife

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from 1900 to 2000.

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The highest concentrations are in red.

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In my lifetime, imagine,

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90 percent of the big fish have been killed.

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Most of the turtles, sharks, tunas and whales

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are way down in numbers.

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But, there is good news.

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Ten percent of the big fish still remain.

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There are still some blue whales.

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There are still some krill in Antarctica.

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There are a few oysters in Chesapeake Bay.

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Half the coral reefs are still in pretty good shape,

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a jeweled belt around the middle of the planet.

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There's still time, but not a lot,

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to turn things around.

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But business as usual means that in 50 years,

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there may be no coral reefs --

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and no commercial fishing, because the fish will simply be gone.

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Imagine the ocean without fish.

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Imagine what that means to our life support system.

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Natural systems on the land are in big trouble too,

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but the problems are more obvious,

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and some actions are being taken to protect trees, watersheds and wildlife.

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And in 1872, with Yellowstone National Park,

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the United States began establishing a system of parks

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that some say was the best idea America ever had.

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About 12 percent of the land around the world is now protected:

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safeguarding biodiversity, providing a carbon sink,

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generating oxygen, protecting watersheds.

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And, in 1972, this nation began to establish a counterpart in the sea,

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National Marine Sanctuaries.

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That's another great idea.

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The good news is

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that there are now more than 4,000 places in the sea, around the world,

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that have some kind of protection.

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And you can find them on Google Earth.

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The bad news is

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that you have to look hard to find them.

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In the last three years, for example,

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the U.S. protected 340,000 square miles of ocean as national monuments.

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But it only increased from 0.6 of one percent

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to 0.8 of one percent of the ocean protected, globally.

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Protected areas do rebound,

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but it takes a long time to restore

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50-year-old rockfish or monkfish, sharks or sea bass,

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or 200-year-old orange roughy.

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We don't consume 200-year-old cows or chickens.

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Protected areas provide hope

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that the creatures of Ed Wilson's dream

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of an encyclopedia of life, or the census of marine life,

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will live not just as a list,

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a photograph, or a paragraph.

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With scientists around the world, I've been looking at the 99 percent of the ocean

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that is open to fishing -- and mining, and drilling, and dumping, and whatever --

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to search out hope spots,

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and try to find ways to give them and us a secure future.

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Such as the Arctic --

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we have one chance, right now, to get it right.

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Or the Antarctic, where the continent is protected,

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but the surrounding ocean is being stripped of its krill, whales and fish.

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Sargasso Sea's three million square miles of floating forest

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is being gathered up to feed cows.

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97 percent of the land in the Galapagos Islands is protected,

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but the adjacent sea is being ravaged by fishing.

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It's true too in Argentina

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on the Patagonian shelf, which is now in serious trouble.

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The high seas, where whales, tuna and dolphins travel --

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the largest, least protected, ecosystem on Earth,

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filled with luminous creatures,

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living in dark waters that average two miles deep.

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They flash, and sparkle, and glow

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with their own living light.

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There are still places in the sea as pristine as I knew as a child.

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The next 10 years may be the most important,

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and the next 10,000 years the best chance our species will have

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to protect what remains of the natural systems that give us life.

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To cope with climate change, we need new ways to generate power.

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We need new ways, better ways, to cope with poverty, wars and disease.

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We need many things to keep and maintain the world as a better place.

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But, nothing else will matter

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if we fail to protect the ocean.

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Our fate and the ocean's are one.

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We need to do for the ocean what Al Gore did for the skies above.

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A global plan of action

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with a world conservation union, the IUCN,

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is underway to protect biodiversity,

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to mitigate and recover from the impacts of climate change,

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on the high seas and in coastal areas,

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wherever we can identify critical places.

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New technologies are needed to map, photograph and explore

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the 95 percent of the ocean that we have yet to see.

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The goal is to protect biodiversity,

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to provide stability and resilience.

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We need deep-diving subs,

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new technologies to explore the ocean.

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We need, maybe, an expedition --

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a TED at sea --

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that could help figure out the next steps.

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And so, I suppose you want to know what my wish is.

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I wish you would use all means at your disposal --

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films, expeditions, the web, new submarines --

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and campaign to ignite public support

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for a global network of marine protected areas --

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hope spots large enough to save and restore the ocean,

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the blue heart of the planet.

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How much?

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Some say 10 percent, some say 30 percent.

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You decide: how much of your heart do you want to protect?

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Whatever it is,

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a fraction of one percent is not enough.

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My wish is a big wish,

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but if we can make it happen, it can truly change the world,

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and help ensure the survival

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of what actually -- as it turns out -- is my favorite species;

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that would be us.

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For the children of today,

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for tomorrow's child:

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as never again, now is the time.

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Thank you.

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(Applause)