[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.41,0:00:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This T-shirt represents everything I'm going to say today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.69,0:00:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you see the shirt?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.80,0:00:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even at the back?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.54,0:00:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually, it's a match, which is here on fire,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.82,0:00:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there it's completely burned up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.77,0:00:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this represents language learning for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.81,0:00:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when I study languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.20,0:00:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm enthusiastic and energetic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.92,0:00:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I feel like I'm on fire and burning and dying,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.09,0:00:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I end up frazzled and at the end I have to lie down.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.24,0:00:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas Richard, I heard him say that it's the opposite way around for him.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.95,0:00:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He comes home after a hard day's work
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.41,0:00:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, I feel on fire! I'm completely alive!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.34,0:00:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the end of hard session, he's reinvigorated.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.21,0:00:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I want my language learning\Nto stop being like {\i1}that{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.76,0:00:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to be more like {\i1}that{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.04,0:00:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've always been fascinated
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.49,0:00:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this difference,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.29,0:01:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why some people frazzle at the end
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.79,0:01:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some people get energised.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.89,0:01:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. So my presentation touches a bit on that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.80,0:01:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to be ambidextrous
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.04,0:01:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'm not.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.54,0:01:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the number 262 is important
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.68,0:01:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's how many slides I've got.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.61,0:01:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.61,0:01:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.34,0:01:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oops! Sorry. It's not doing anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.85,0:01:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Audience member] - Try again!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.43,0:01:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.03,0:01:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, all my slides say 262.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.20,0:01:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.77,0:01:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, is it up here?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.33,0:01:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where does it point?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.37,0:01:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, I was pressing the wrong button. OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.44,0:02:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not good at technical stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.05,0:02:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. And that's about how many minutes\NI've got to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.76,0:02:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you're good at numbers. That's a lot of slides.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.83,0:02:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll be talking quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.42,0:02:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anthony Lauder.\NThat's me.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.96,0:02:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who?? Never heard of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.63,0:02:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm the only person here that I've never heard of.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.74,0:02:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a {\i1}polyglot{\i0} conference.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.65,0:02:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polyglots? What? Why am {\i1}I{\i0} here?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.40,0:02:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.31,0:02:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a "poly{\b1}Not{\b0}".
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.04,0:02:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am useless at languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.26,0:02:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My {\i1}cats{\i0} are better polyglots than me.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.45,0:02:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I say "food", they come running.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.02,0:02:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I say "tickle", they roll on their backs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.61,0:02:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they say "Miaow", \NI've got no idea what they're saying at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.36,0:02:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.84,0:02:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm good at mathematics. OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.24,0:02:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you shouldn't invite me\Nto a conference to talk about languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.39,0:03:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, I'm going to talk about \Nthe Peano Axioms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.10,0:03:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were formulated by Giuseppe Peano\Nin 1889.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.56,0:03:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Peano Axioms, as you probably know,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.23,0:03:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.91,0:03:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the product of meta-mathematical research
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.53,0:03:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into fundamental questions of consistency and completeness in number theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.81,0:03:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And specifically they state that all natural numbers are closed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.88,0:03:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under an injective and non-zero successor function. Yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.16,0:03:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a reflexive, symmetric, transitive equality func...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.47,0:03:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zzzzzzz [snoring]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.60,0:03:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.24,0:03:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.75,0:03:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.07,0:03:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Audience Member] It was interesting!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.34,0:03:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.56,0:03:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think... This is what it's saying in real English.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.01,0:03:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of a number.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.94,0:04:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,41
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.73,0:04:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Add one to it \Nand what do you get?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.95,0:04:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,42
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.47,0:04:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brilliant. So, you're good at mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.31,0:04:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can apply Peano's axioms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.44,0:04:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because that's all they say.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.50,0:04:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get another number.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.05,0:04:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can keep going.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.38,0:04:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,41 plus 1 is 42 and if you add one again
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.39,0:04:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't get 42, you get... 43.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.46,0:04:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.30,0:04:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can keep going and going...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.30,0:04:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this "Add 1" is all you need.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.09,0:04:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can count to all the numbers in the universe, and beyond.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.61,0:04:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's the lesson from this?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.26,0:04:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're good at adding one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.31,0:04:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,numbers become really easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.88,0:04:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.73,0:04:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're bad at adding 1,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.17,0:04:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,numbers are very hard.\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.89,0:05:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how does this relate to polyglottery?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.05,0:05:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it actually does.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.72,0:05:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to take my sandals off,\Nbecause they're slipping around a bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.76,0:05:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you can smell anything bad,\Nit's Richard, it's not me.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.41,0:05:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm using Peano Axioms to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.26,0:05:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the easiest way to be able to speak {\i1}{\b1}10 foreign languages{\b0}{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.65,0:05:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see on the forums,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.81,0:05:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people always want to know what's the {\i1}easiest{\i0} way,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.42,0:05:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's the {\i1}quickest{\i0} way, what's the best method.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.61,0:05:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to tell you now
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.43,0:05:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my strong mathematical background
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.01,0:05:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I have a PhD in Theoretical Computer Science.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.01,0:05:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm really good at this kinda stuff. -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.39,0:05:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm gonna tell you how, using that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.99,0:05:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be good at speaking 10 foreign languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.77,0:05:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you ready?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.16,0:05:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step 1...\N[Audience laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.27,0:05:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.45,0:06:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really easy. It's a 2 step plan.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.68,0:06:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who could ask for more?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.75,0:06:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, which is the hardest of those two steps?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.75,0:06:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's probably step 1 is the hardest, yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.77,0:06:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once you've done that,\Nit's much easier to add one more.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.02,0:06:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. And how do you do {\i1}that?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.52,0:06:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way to be able to speak 9 languages is,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.14,0:06:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that was the hard bit, is\Nspeak 8 and add 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.14,0:06:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can keep going.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.27,0:06:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the hardest step is always step 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.11,0:06:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then adding one is easy...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.50,0:06:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you get here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.50,0:06:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now step 2 is the hard one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.06,0:06:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Audience laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.00,0:06:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.67,0:06:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is important!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.34,0:06:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because for mega-polyglots, adding 1 is really easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.91,0:06:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for people like me, "polyNots",
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.16,0:07:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adding 1 is really hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.25,0:07:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my speech is going to be about {\i1}why{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.24,0:07:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, this is the big question.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.21,0:07:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Literally. It's a big question.\N[Audience laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.57,0:07:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.04,0:07:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I don't know the answer!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.38,0:07:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know anything about languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.11,0:07:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I decided to do some research.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.94,0:07:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I looked into Applied Linguistics,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.74,0:07:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I found out that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.89,0:07:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Applied Linguistics is the branch of linguistics
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.40,0:07:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's actually useful to people who aren't linguists.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.40,0:07:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter & applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.28,0:07:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the other advantage of this is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.89,0:07:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything I say here might be nonsense
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.59,0:07:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but all I have to do is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.01,0:07:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- like English newspapers when they are about to say
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.40,0:07:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That guy is a lying idiot" -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.96,0:07:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just put the word "allegedly"\Nat the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.49,0:07:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't have to worry about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.47,0:07:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So {\i1}allegedly{\i0}, this is how to be good at adding one.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.07,0:08:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, applied linguistics isn't about theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.15,0:08:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not some people just thinking up\Nsomething that "sounds good".
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.08,0:08:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead they do experiments in real life,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.44,0:08:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find results, and publish the results.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.29,0:08:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's based on lots of evidence over decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.79,0:08:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've read {\i1}mountains{\i0} of papers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.90,0:08:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one great book.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.57,0:08:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This great book.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.07,0:08:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's big and it's fat
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.29,0:08:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's boring as hell.\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.53,0:08:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's really good, if you don't mind being bored.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.53,0:08:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it teaches a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.22,0:08:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually surveys in great detail\N600 research studies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.96,0:08:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it finds,\Nif you wade through all that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.96,0:08:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the main difference between\NPolyglots and PolyNots - like me -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.33,0:08:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- so people like him, and people like me -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.87,0:09:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is... polyglots are good at...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.87,0:09:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[crowd makes inaudible suggestions]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.87,0:09:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guessing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.71,0:09:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Crowd laughs]\NWho got that then? Ha!
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.01,0:09:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bet Richard did!\NOkay...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.96,0:09:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out,\Nthe reason they're good at guessing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.96,0:09:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Now don't say nonsense yet, just bear with me -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.25,0:09:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because they have better memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.25,0:09:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you'll say\N"No, my memory is no better than anybody else's."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.25,0:09:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it might be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.86,0:09:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because polyglots do {\i1}not{\i0} have
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.16,0:09:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better long term memory\Nthan mere mortals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.99,0:09:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughing]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.99,0:09:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they {\i1}do{\i0} have better {\i1}short{\i0}-term memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.89,0:09:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's some geeky words here, for linguists only,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.16,0:09:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I hope you can't read them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.51,0:09:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's qualifying it\Nin case there are any linguists here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.51,0:10:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Short-term memories is good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.95,0:10:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polyglots can remember things for a few seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.95,0:10:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and PolyNots forget them immediately.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.10,0:10:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did I say this yet?\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.12,0:10:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's "in one ear and out the other",\Nliterally.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.12,0:10:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why is short term memory important?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.62,0:10:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does it matter?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.68,0:10:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we learn all these things about
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.10,0:10:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to remember words years down the line,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.66,0:10:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but why is it important
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.66,0:10:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to remember something\Nfor 5 seconds or 10 seconds?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.64,0:10:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it turns out that\Nshort-term memory is essential to,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.64,0:10:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it supports,\N3 {\i1}very{\i0} important language skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.64,0:10:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those are
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.20,0:10:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}noticing{\b0} things,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.64,0:10:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}processing{\b0} things, and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.64,0:10:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}guessing{\b0} things.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.02,0:10:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm gonna get into these in great detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.02,0:10:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, without those three skills,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.22,0:11:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't use the methods that polyglots use.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.74,0:11:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And polyNots struggle with language learning because
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.10,0:11:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they lack the three skills of...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.94,0:11:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What were they?\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.58,0:11:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,noticing, processing and guessing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.20,0:11:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's great news for polyglots\Nand bad news for polyNots.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.20,0:11:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore,\Nthe road from polyNottery to polyglottery
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.28,0:11:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a process of\Ndeveloping a better short term memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.13,0:11:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And {\i1}then{\i0} you can train in the skills of\Nnoticing, processing and guessing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.24,0:11:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from {\i1}that{\i0}, you can apply the methods\Nthat polyglots use.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.24,0:11:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you try to apply them\N{\i1}without{\i0} having those skills,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.88,0:11:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're gonna burn up.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.47,0:11:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. Now, interestingly, this process\Nis iterative and bidirectional.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.91,0:11:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oooh, whatever that means.\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.13,0:11:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What it actually means is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.23,0:11:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more you improve your memory,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.29,0:12:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the better your skills in processing,\Nand so on, and guessing become.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.66,0:12:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you can start to use the methods.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.59,0:12:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, once you're using the methods,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.80,0:12:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they actually build the skills,\Nwhich builds the memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.24,0:12:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it sort of snowballs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.39,0:12:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.25,0:12:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you actually only need a few {\i1}weeks{\i0} of training\Nto build these skills,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.11,0:12:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you can be pretty independent.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.99,0:12:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's relate this to language learn--
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.88,0:12:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... to learning vocabulary.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.37,0:12:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now one reason that it's about vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.21,0:12:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is because the big fat book I read\Nis about vocabulary.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.17,0:12:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that book was about something else,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.87,0:12:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this speech would be about something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.85,0:12:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's because
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.85,0:12:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loads and loads and loads of real research
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.24,0:12:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from applied linguistics and not from theorists
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.50,0:12:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has shown that in order to comprehend spoken stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.50,0:12:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and written stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.14,0:12:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vocabulary is actually far more important
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.97,0:12:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than subject knowledge ...\Nknowledge about the subject matter
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.45,0:13:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and far more important than grammatical knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.77,0:13:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how many words do you need?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.30,0:13:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess you people\Nknow all these kind of numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.39,0:13:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that talk about things like
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.64,0:13:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Native speakers have\N20,000-word vocabulary."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.41,0:13:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ooh! That's a big number!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.67,0:13:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually turns out that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.39,0:13:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people learn around a thousand words a year
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.40,0:13:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty consistently up until around university age.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.02,0:13:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when a child goes to school for the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.66,0:13:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll know 5,000 words.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.03,0:13:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mostly learned orally
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.15,0:13:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from their parents,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.40,0:13:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and add a thousand words a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.30,0:13:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I haven't got 20 years\Nto learn some foreign language!"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.06,0:13:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Jesus Christ! I am an old man!\NI'll be dead by then." [Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.94,0:13:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you need a very high vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.47,0:13:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to have "pleasant free reading",
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.80,0:13:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for it not to be a frazzling experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.40,0:13:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for it to be a pleasurable experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.50,0:13:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have 95% coverage of the vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.50,0:13:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a newspaper\Nlike the Guardian or something,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.20,0:13:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.12,0:13:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.34,0:14:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it's 90%,\Nunderstanding of the vocabulary in the Guardian,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.18,0:14:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you really know you're studying.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.42,0:14:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,85% - it's for Richard Simcott and Luca only,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.42,0:14:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even {\i1}those{\i0} guys are defeated when it's 80%.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.36,0:14:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oooh, that's pretty spooky.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.30,0:14:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what's the polyNot approach to vocabulary?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.86,0:14:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I didn't have to look very far to know that!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.63,0:14:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yikes! 20,000 words!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.72,0:14:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a lot of flashcards!\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.00,0:14:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PolyNots tend to believe in the existence,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.85,0:14:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's one magic strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.96,0:14:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's going to be the best one.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.18,0:14:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see them asking this on forums.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.00,0:14:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, interestingly,\Npeople have spoken to polyNots
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.00,0:14:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and found that\Nthey don't really believe it
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.38,0:14:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they kid themselves into believing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.05,0:14:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They feel guilty they are not using\Na wider range of strategies,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.05,0:14:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're more comforted by believing\Nthey are using the best one.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.96,0:15:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they seek confirmation\Nfrom people like Richard,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.02,0:15:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say, "Yeah, that's a really good one."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.09,0:15:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then they feel they're doing\Nwhat the masters do.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.06,0:15:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they tend to stick with it then
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.73,0:15:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite all the evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.57,0:15:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know that definition of insanity is
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.58,0:15:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing the same thing over and over and over again
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.57,0:15:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite all the evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.28,0:15:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and expecting a different result.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.86,0:15:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we do ... us polyNots.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.86,0:15:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they spend a mass amount of time
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.70,0:15:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on learning single, unrelated words,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.88,0:15:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you end up with things like "Anki addiction".
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.60,0:15:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've seen on Anki forums guys saying...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.39,0:15:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I've spent 2 hours putting new words into Anki today...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.08,0:15:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 15 minutes reviewing them."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.30,0:15:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're just... addicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.67,0:15:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they do these lengthy cramming sessions
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.76,0:15:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they want to be heroic.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.25,0:15:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ooh. I'll get as much energy as I can
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.25,0:15:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do a cramming session tonight."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.83,0:15:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they want to pin down\Nthe one true meaning of a word
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.83,0:16:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get that one simple definition\Non their flashcard.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.83,0:16:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They see dictionaries as authoritative,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.55,0:16:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that, if they think they know\Nwhat a word means,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.55,0:16:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they see a different definition\Nof the word in the dictionary
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.92,0:16:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll {\i1}abandon{\i0} their own understanding of the word\Nas completely wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.92,0:16:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh no! I'm an idiot."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.37,0:16:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I've got it wrong."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.07,0:16:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It means something else\Nbecause the dictionary tells me so."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.59,0:16:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they beat themselves up\Nwhen they forget a word.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.43,0:16:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can imagine,\NI'm beating myself up a {\i1}lot{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.30,0:16:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea then is that\Nyou either know a word or you don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.96,0:16:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's black or white.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.20,0:16:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you stop reviewing a word\Nonce you know it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.28,0:16:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, I know that word now,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.39,0:16:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time for me to move on to another one."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.28,0:16:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where do they decide\Nwhat words they're gonna work on?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.48,0:16:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those that are given to them\Nin homework
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.37,0:16:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in the textbook\Nare the most important by far,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.77,0:16:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when they know\Nthey're not interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.93,0:16:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things that are in thematic groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.79,0:16:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember when I was studying French,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.31,0:17:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we were given a list of all the\Ndifferent words for different fishes.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.31,0:17:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it had their English translations,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.53,0:17:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd never heard of half of\Nthe {\i1}English{\i0} names for the fishes,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.72,0:17:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but was still learning the French ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.14,0:17:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What?!
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.13,0:17:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is interesting:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.95,0:17:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ones that "sound nice".
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.30,0:17:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pampeliška.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.29,0:17:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows what pampeliška means?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.83,0:17:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a nice sounding word...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.21,0:17:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should go and look up what it means.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.21,0:17:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vulgar or unusual words.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.96,0:17:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Eeeee! Let's get the slang book."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.52,0:17:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I can learn the swear words!"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.80,0:17:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Won't that be good?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.52,0:17:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And none of this is about whether the words are {\i1}useful{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.84,0:17:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they shun output quite a lot\Nas {\i1}too painful{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.81,0:17:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh no, that's going to remind me\Nof what I don't know!"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.89,0:17:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm going to look like an idiot!"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.62,0:17:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm not going to do any output."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.28,0:17:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day I'll know 20,000 words
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.71,0:17:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I'll be fluent.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.38,0:17:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll be easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.42,0:17:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't need to go through all that output.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.00,0:17:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll just be easy all of a sudden.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.37,0:17:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, like one of my friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.16,0:17:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can say 'octopus'...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.84,0:17:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can say 'hovercraft'...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.65,0:18:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can't say\N"Can you help me, please?"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.69,0:18:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.34,0:18:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If only they'd learned\Nthe word for 'helicopter',
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.57,0:18:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would have been it!
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.22,0:18:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the polyglot approach to vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.41,0:18:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to that book
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.48,0:18:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.18,0:18:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vocabulary learning is not an end goal\Nfor polyglots.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.18,0:18:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not about\N"I've got 20,000 words in Anki!"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.60,0:18:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it's about\Neffective control over vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.03,0:18:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for confident and fluent use
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.86,0:18:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in listening, speaking,\Nreading, and writing,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.98,0:18:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just for getting high scores on Anki.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.57,0:18:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, knowing a word\Nis not an all or nothing affair.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.28,0:18:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Words sink in over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.51,0:18:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get {\i1}repeated{\i0} viewings,\Nlike on an Anki card,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.35,0:18:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you also get a broader,\Nmore diverse viewing of a word
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.35,0:18:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from different contexts
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.66,0:19:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to teach you the wide meanings
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.05,0:19:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the broad meanings of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.23,0:19:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular, polyglots see knowing a word\Nas multidimensional:
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.09,0:19:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,form, meaning, and use.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.91,0:19:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.86,0:19:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the spelling of the word,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.10,0:19:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the parts the word is made up of,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.48,0:19:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... the word ...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.64,0:19:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the pronunciation of the word,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.19,0:19:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the tone is,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.23,0:19:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the emphasis is,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.36,0:19:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these kind of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.12,0:19:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the {\i1}meaning{\i0}...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.55,0:19:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe there's a central concept to the word,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.67,0:19:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there can be\N{\i1}very{\i0} diverse meanings as well
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.55,0:19:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have learn all of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.58,0:19:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't reject all of them\Napart from the "one true one".
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.41,0:19:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And words have lots of associations
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.72,0:19:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- We saw this\Nin one of the speeches yesterday -
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.50,0:19:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you use the wrong word\Nin the wrong context,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.28,0:19:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it'll cause all sorts of\Nstrange associations to people
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.86,0:19:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were unexpected to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.29,0:19:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And {\i1}use{\i0}...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.78,0:19:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, is this a high frequency word?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.86,0:19:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in what context is it high frequency?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.20,0:19:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How's it hangin'?"\Nisn't very high frequency in written form
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.100,0:19:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.70,0:20:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How formal is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.25,0:20:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey man, give me five"\Nisn't very good at a job interview.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.47,0:20:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.61,0:20:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, {\i1}medium{\i0}, yes...
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.00,0:20:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it spoken form or written form?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.04,0:20:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And {\i1}collocations{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.41,0:20:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I don't even know if I'm saying that correctly -
Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.94,0:20:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I've always said it /kɑləˈkeɪʃənz/ -
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.82,0:20:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a thing that polyNots tend to ignore
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.96,0:20:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but polyglots, even without realising it
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.53,0:20:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- we'll see - place a lot of emphasis on these.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.53,0:20:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, polyglots cover {\i1}all those{\i0} by
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.26,0:20:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,balancing {\i1}{\b1}four{\b0}{\i0} strands of study:
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.19,0:20:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}Intensive vocabulary study{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.50,0:20:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the stuff that polyNots like me\Nover-focus on
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.98,0:20:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}Extensive listening and reading{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.70,0:20:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}Speaking and writing{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.56,0:20:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and {\b1}Fluency development{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.61,0:20:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll come to these in detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:46.64,0:20:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strand 1: {\b1}Intensive vocabulary study{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.35,0:20:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Choose words based on frequency.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.79,0:20:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frequency really means usefulness.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.89,0:21:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need 20,000 words to get 98% coverage.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.11,0:21:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ha! No! I've got to learn all of them!"
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.49,0:21:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No. Because even just knowing 10 words,\Nyou can get 24% coverage.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.78,0:21:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, learn those 10 words {\i1}first{\i0}.\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.87,0:21:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.39,0:21:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's been shown in research
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.94,0:21:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you should study quite intensively the first
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.94,0:21:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highest frequency 2,000 to 4,000 words
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.41,0:21:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's {\i1}worth{\i0} putting time in.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.08,0:21:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's worth sticking into Anki.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.77,0:21:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's very interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.61,0:21:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,polyglots, perhaps from their vast experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.71,0:21:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a general sense\Nfor what's high frequency,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.89,0:21:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for what's worth knowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:40.65,0:21:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PolyNots don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.54,0:21:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They see every word\Nas equally worth knowing
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.05,0:21:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they just take other people's lists.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.18,0:21:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they should probably use frequency dictionaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.49,0:21:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are some brilliant ones
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.47,0:21:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the most 4,000 ...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.56,0:21:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4,000 most important words\Nin Spanish, or French, or German, ...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.56,0:21:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just go with those.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.88,0:21:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Make that your order\Nrather than randomness.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.04,0:22:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, rather than learning the {\i1}next{\i0} 2,000\Nhigh-frequency general words,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.17,0:22:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's far more useful to you to focus on
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.39,0:22:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 2,000 most frequent words
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.71,0:22:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your specialist field\Nof personal interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.71,0:22:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.21,0:22:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's something called the "Academic Word List"
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.49,0:22:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has got about 350 words.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.97,0:22:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you learn those
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.77,0:22:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- There are books on this actually,\Nthings like
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.68,0:22:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}French for Reading{\i0},\Nor {\i1}German for Reading{\i0} -
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.83,0:22:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they train you to be very good
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.86,0:22:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the academic vocabulary\Nfor reading scientific papers.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.23,0:22:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll learn a few hundred words
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.12,0:22:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that'll be {\i1}really{\i0} useful in that field.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.18,0:22:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conversational vocab
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.79,0:22:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what ...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.19,0:22:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I don't know if anybody knows
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.06,0:22:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what my "conversational connectors" are -
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.33,0:22:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is focusing on stuff that
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.42,0:22:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you say a lot in conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.06,0:22:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you {\i1}never{\i0} see in written form.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:46.73,0:22:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, a lot of people just read textbooks
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.08,0:22:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or study literature or something,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.57,0:22:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can't hold a conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.18,0:22:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they've never been exposed to
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.42,0:22:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conversational vocabulary.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.12,0:22:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Journalism - It turns out there are\Njust a few hundred words
Dialogue: 0,0:22:58.59,0:23:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that appear {\i1}constantly{\i0} across journalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.41,0:23:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you need to know them\Nto work in that area.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.94,0:23:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fiction.\NFiction has its own vocabulary.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.55,0:23:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shoe selling
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.79,0:23:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's worth knowing the word "shoelace"
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.78,0:23:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're doing shoe selling,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.34,0:23:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not if you're reading Tolstoy.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.75,0:23:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a personal stab\Nat a specific person there
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.59,0:23:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't say who.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.74,0:23:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.31,0:23:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, some researchers\Nlooked at this whole field
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.31,0:23:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they found, for example,\Nthere's a very important textbook
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.02,0:23:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 300,000 words.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.43,0:23:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- It's a big, fat\Ntelephone directory kind of book
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.93,0:23:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for macroeconomics -
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.45,0:23:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they found that\Njust 34 specialist words
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.57,0:23:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covered 10% of that textbook
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.57,0:23:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learn those
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.21,0:23:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you are interested in macroeconomics.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.99,0:23:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Has it stopped? OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.93,0:23:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, beyond those 6000 words,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.21,0:24:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ankimania" is probably not worth it.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.48,0:24:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The words are going to come up too rarely
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.68,0:24:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make that intensive study worth it.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.16,0:24:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just let yourself get exposed to them\Nnaturally,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.69,0:24:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through [Strand 2] {\b1}Extensive listening and reading{\b0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.93,0:24:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, according to the book, not according to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.23,0:24:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, extensive listening and reading\Ndoes three things.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.50,0:24:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It helps you encounter\Nlow frequency words.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.16,0:24:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It helps you enrich and deepen\N- This is so vital! -
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.32,0:24:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enrich and deepen\Nyour knowledge of high frequency words.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.36,0:24:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not, "I know that now.\NIt's a waste of time me seeing it again."
Dialogue: 0,0:24:33.24,0:24:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It needs to be enriched and deepened.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.89,0:24:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it helps you to master collocations.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.47,0:24:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to come back to those.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.00,0:24:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, unfortunately\Nto learn words from context,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.34,0:24:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from reading and listening,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.97,0:24:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need about 95 to 98% coverage.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.15,0:24:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Supergeniuses...\Nof which there are many in this room
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.20,0:24:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but none standing up here on the platform
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.28,0:24:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can manage with 90%.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.28,0:25:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So does that mean you've got to have
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.54,0:25:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20,000-word vocabulary before you start?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:03.30,0:25:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No. It turns out that polyglots
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.85,0:25:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have this fantastic ability
Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.91,0:25:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at sniffing out manageable material:
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.05,0:25:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things they can handle.\NThings that don't intimidate them.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.01,0:25:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say,\Nand many other people have said actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.28,0:25:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one of the best things a teacher can do,\Nis not lecture you on grammar,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.26,0:25:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but point out to you
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.94,0:25:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appropriate material\Nfor you to be working with.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.06,0:25:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You're ready for this now."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.52,0:25:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Go and look at that, now."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.05,0:25:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You won't be overwhelmed and\Nyou won't be underwhelmed."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.58,0:25:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An example: graded readers.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.02,0:25:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great, if you are learning English, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.97,0:25:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bad if you're learning\NDzongkha from Bhutan.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.67,0:25:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately there aren't any.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.44,0:25:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Oxford Bookworm series\Nhas 6 levels
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.44,0:25:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each introducing 400 words only.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.34,0:25:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Level 1 requires a vocabulary\Nof only 400 words.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.73,0:25:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the end of the 6 levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.50,0:25:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 10 books in each level,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.35,0:26:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've learned 2,500 high frequency words.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.83,0:26:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are not baby books.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.50,0:26:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not "Spot the Dog" or\N"Here is Peter and Jane".
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.50,0:26:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's things like "Mutiny on the Bounty"\Nand "The Phantom of the Opera"
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.67,0:26:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stuff like that, stuff that adults...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.42,0:26:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stuff that's not going to\Nbore the pants off you.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.43,0:26:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the aim here is not to make it easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.85,0:26:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The aim here is to help you\Ndevelop vocabulary control
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.85,0:26:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by eliminating the deleterious superfluity\Nof very low frequency vocabulary,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.69,0:26:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as "deleterious superfluity".
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.04,0:26:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.98,0:26:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.61,0:26:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea here is that you hit words
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.60,0:26:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from many, many, many different angles.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.93,0:26:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you deepen and broaden\Nyour knowledge of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.19,0:26:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.82,0:26:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then after those graded readers,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.82,0:26:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you are ready for authentic materials
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.08,0:26:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your specialist area.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.79,0:26:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can dive in.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.58,0:26:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've prepared you.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.82,0:26:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, unfortunately, it takes a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.82,0:27:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To learn 1,000 low-frequency words a year
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.82,0:27:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needs {\i1}massive{\i0} amounts of exposure.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.34,0:27:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need - Oh My God! -\None million words
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.34,0:27:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reading or listening, or a combination
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.100,0:27:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give you sufficient repetition
Dialogue: 0,0:27:15.89,0:27:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to absorb 1,000 words a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.29,0:27:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I think that's a realistic goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.100,0:27:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People want to become masters in days.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.30,0:27:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Be realistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.66,0:27:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, that means you have got to read
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.25,0:27:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one or two books a month,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.68,0:27:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or read a magazine like {\i1}Newsweek{\i0}\Nevery week,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.50,0:27:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to steadily increase your vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.30,0:27:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than just maintain your current level.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.53,0:27:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so how do you deal with\Nunknown vocabulary?
Dialogue: 0,0:27:43.20,0:27:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, polyNots - like me - rely on a gloss
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.50,0:27:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's some kind of cheat-sheet
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.18,0:27:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the words in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.44,0:27:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is good for textbooks,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.78,0:27:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bad when you're reading Harry Potter.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.52,0:27:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There isn't a cheat-sheet.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.82,0:27:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then you jump to the dictionary
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.49,0:27:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look every word up
Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.35,0:27:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's bloody slow.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.38,0:28:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't half make the book far less interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.90,0:28:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But polyglots, though...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.08,0:28:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guess!
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.62,0:28:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the central thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.62,0:28:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Guessing{\i0} is what it's about.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:11.90,0:28:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guessing, it has been shown
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.06,0:28:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- with probes in the brain, apparently -
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.06,0:28:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]\N- I've had probes in many places, but not yet in my brain. -
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.06,0:28:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- But that's enough bedroom talk. -\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:28:26.06,0:28:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, guessing, it turns out,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.22,0:28:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives longer-lasting and\Ndeeper meaning over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.30,0:28:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You remember things for longer
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.76,0:28:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your understanding of them gets much deeper,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.76,0:28:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you've... thought it through.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:38.76,0:28:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, yeah, there you go
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.84,0:28:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and repeated encounters with the words
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.80,0:28:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in different contexts
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.98,0:28:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean you think my guess was probably wrong before
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.74,0:28:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now the word means something else
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.60,0:28:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this context.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.32,0:28:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh! That doesn't mean you\Nreject the old meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.28,0:28:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means enhance it, enrich it,\Nelaborate it, and broaden it.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.02,0:28:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now good guessing, how does it happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.84,0:29:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not... random guessing.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.32,0:29:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's based on good clues.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:03.02,0:29:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now knowing similar languages can help.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.02,0:29:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ah! It's easier for him.\NHe already speaks... whatever."
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.24,0:29:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, you know, it's easy
Dialogue: 0,0:29:09.58,0:29:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause that language has got cognates in it
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.64,0:29:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- words that are similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.79,0:29:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it can also hinder
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.47,0:29:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to interference between languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.13,0:29:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And polyglots, though, are aware of this
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.86,0:29:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have mechanisms for managing it
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.56,0:29:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that awareness comes from
Dialogue: 0,0:29:23.72,0:29:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guessing lots of times
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.77,0:29:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and learning when to be careful.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.61,0:29:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They rely {\i1}far{\i0} more
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.32,0:29:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a wide variety of contextual clues
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.92,0:29:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make their guesses sensible,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.15,0:29:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than just on their backgrounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.76,0:29:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they evaluate these clues\Nagainst each another.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.43,0:29:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There've been loads of studies
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.77,0:29:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at eye movements
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.53,0:29:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all these kinda things
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.87,0:29:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing people broadening out
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.49,0:29:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and narrowing in
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.79,0:29:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look for new guesses...
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.73,0:29:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- And it's an automatic process. -
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.30,0:29:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- You don't even know you're doing it,\Nonce you're doing it. -
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.97,0:29:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... until they feel that their guess
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.54,0:30:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sufficiently well founded,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.12,0:30:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least as well founded
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.34,0:30:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they can make it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.06,0:30:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they don't guess randomly.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.77,0:30:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're actually {\i1}inferring{\i0} things
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.36,0:30:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the context.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.26,0:30:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's informed guessing,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.07,0:30:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which increases the chance\Nthat the guessing is sensible.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.71,0:30:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, importantly,\Nthey're happy not to know {\i1}everything{\i0}!
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.51,0:30:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They will leave things for another time.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.08,0:30:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Happy with partial understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.94,0:30:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PolyNots {\i1}hate{\i0} that.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.25,0:30:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the research, though, shows
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.64,0:30:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that to notice clues,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.52,0:30:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to evaluate them against one another,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.70,0:30:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then to make good guesses,\Nyou need...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.34,0:30:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very strong short term memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.02,0:30:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without it,\Nyou don't notice the clues.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.08,0:30:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't remember them.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.69,0:30:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You forget them\Nas soon as you've seen them.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:40.56,0:30:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you can't evaluate them\Nagainst each other
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.41,0:30:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so your guesses\Nare absolutely useless!
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.86,0:30:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like my guesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.44,0:30:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thankfully, short term memory\Ncan be trained.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.44,0:30:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The downside, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.35,0:30:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it gets a lot harder\Nas you get older.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.75,0:30:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's been research by neurologists
Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.27,0:30:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shows that old guys like me
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.76,0:31:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have an ever-decreasing\Nshort term memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.52,0:31:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just hoping to hold on to\Nthe bits I've got left!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.49,0:31:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're young like half the pe---
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.74,0:31:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,90 percent of the people here,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:11.39,0:31:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to me, are very young.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.26,0:31:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Train your memory now, if you need to.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.73,0:31:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the idea though,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.38,0:31:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to gradually increase\Nyour reading span, {\i1}with recall{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.42,0:31:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just start on a couple of words,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.48,0:31:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look away
Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.72,0:31:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recall what you've just read.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.100,0:31:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't have to be word-for-word,\Nbut close.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.60,0:31:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then broaden it, broaden it,\Nand broaden it.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.70,0:31:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it has been found that just doing this
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.15,0:31:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 10 minutes a day for 6 weeks
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.93,0:31:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will make you into a good guesser.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.72,0:31:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess.\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:43.71,0:31:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.40,0:31:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, once you've got the\Nnoticing and recall bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.40,0:31:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can start to apply guessing.\NYeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.21,0:31:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can now recall the clues
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.00,0:31:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you can guess based on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.99,0:31:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, go back to going small,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.70,0:32:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expand it out again
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.46,0:32:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the guessing becomes {\i1}automatic{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.54,0:32:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what's important:
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.48,0:32:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}automaticity{\i0},\Ndoing things without thinking anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.02,0:32:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, this is where\Nyou cannot compress experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.02,0:32:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can go through the motions,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.04,0:32:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can't compress experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.49,0:32:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's automaticity of guessing\Nthat you really need.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.68,0:32:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strand 3: {\b1}Speaking and Writing{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.63,0:32:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Activation is {\i1}really hard!{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.67,0:32:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learning thousands of words does not mean\Nyou'll be able to {\i1}speak{\i0} them.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.62,0:32:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't happen magically.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.85,0:32:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And polyglots are very good at feeling the fear and doing it anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.46,0:32:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a Benny type of thing here:\N["Benny" = Benny Lewis, a well-known polyglot]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:37.83,0:32:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speak early; speak often!
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.05,0:32:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 words is enough to have a good conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.32,0:32:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thankfully for me!\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.92,0:32:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2,000 words is considered a mature adult vocabulary\Nfor colloquial conversations.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.48,0:32:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't need 20,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.20,0:33:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might for reading literature, but {\i1}not{\i0} for talking.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:01.45,0:33:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do you activate?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:03.52,0:33:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You saw my big fat book there\Non vocabulary,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.04,0:33:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is dull and boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:07.83,0:33:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's my favourite book on activating.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.83,0:33:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}"How to Improve Your Foreign Language Immediately"{\i0}\Nby Boris Shekhtman
Dialogue: 0,0:33:18.41,0:33:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can search on my name and\NI've got a video about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.83,0:33:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that book so thin?!
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.48,0:33:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want a fat book that... tells me how to activate!
Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.96,0:33:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's very little research on this
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.26,0:33:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one reason is thought to be
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.62,0:33:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that historically,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.51,0:33:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,language teaching is about\Nkeeping the student quiet,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.01,0:33:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they can focus on\Nwhat they're being taught.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:41.82,0:33:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a load of research\Nin teaching vocabulary,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.40,0:33:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very little in the student\Nactually becoming {\i1}active{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.79,0:33:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.66,0:33:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.85,0:34:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rehearsing at home helps!
Dialogue: 0,0:34:00.82,0:34:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just talk to yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.55,0:34:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a fool of yourself,\Nlaugh at yourself in the mirror.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.63,0:34:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, talking to yourself\Nin front of the mirror
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.14,0:34:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the best ways\Nto get over the fear of talking in public,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.70,0:34:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.63,0:34:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seeing another face.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.69,0:34:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking yourself in the eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.78,0:34:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.96,0:34:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Self-talk
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.58,0:34:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just repeating everything you see in your daily life
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.92,0:34:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are things\Nthat polyNots {\i1}do not do{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.94,0:34:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poly{\i1}glots{\i0}, it turns out,\Noften do these things
Dialogue: 0,0:34:30.31,0:34:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without even realising\Nthey're doing them.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.07,0:34:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they are studying vocabulary,\Nvery often,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.52,0:34:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,automatically in the back of their head
Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.05,0:34:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll be thinking of\Nhow to apply the vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.18,0:34:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just using it automatically
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.46,0:34:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than thinking,\N"I've just learned it."
Dialogue: 0,0:34:42.36,0:34:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is\N- perhaps the number one thing -
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.02,0:34:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to {\i1}summarize{\i0} things.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.71,0:34:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen you can use 400 words
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.45,0:34:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write {\i1}Moby Dick{\i0}\Nand these kinds of books.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.04,0:34:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can use 400 words to summarize\Npretty much anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.49,0:34:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simplify, simplify, simplify!
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.92,0:35:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please practice,\Nto all the PolyNots out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.65,0:35:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just... do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.42,0:35:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is another one, {\b1}"Islands"{\b0} mean...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.66,0:35:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- this is from here -\Nsomething very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.100,0:35:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not going to tell you\Nwhat it means.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.93,0:35:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to buy the book.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.93,0:35:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That author deserves it.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:15.96,0:35:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ok, there you go.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.94,0:35:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For {\i1}writing{\i0}, again, you only need 400 words\Nto write some pretty good stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.94,0:35:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can write {\i1}Phantom of the Opera{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.05,0:35:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you keep elaborating\Nwhat you've written
Dialogue: 0,0:35:28.02,0:35:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as your vocabulary grows.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.71,0:35:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could write {\i1}Phantom of the Opera{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.38,0:35:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a 400-word vocabulary,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.79,0:35:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then come back to it
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.96,0:35:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and write a better version.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.43,0:35:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what "islands" are about.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:38.36,0:35:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Write loads of things;\Nkeep elaborating them.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:42.34,0:35:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strand 4: {\b1}Fluency Development{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.66,0:35:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, what's "fluency"?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.46,0:35:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to go with a {\i1}really{\i0} simple definition.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.38,0:35:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fluency is not a magical process
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.48,0:35:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of sounding like a native. No.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.14,0:35:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fluency is not about a big vocabulary.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.100,0:36:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fluency is about being {\i1}quick{\i0},\Nand {\i1}smooth{\i0}, and {\i1}in control{\i0}...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.22,0:36:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what you already have.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:04.68,0:36:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can be fluent with your 10-word\Nvocabulary in conversations.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.74,0:36:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's training for automaticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.77,0:36:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have asked me in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.17,0:36:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How do you think in a foreign language?"
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.32,0:36:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my answer is always:
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.81,0:36:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The aim is to learn {\i1}not to think at all{\i0},
Dialogue: 0,0:36:20.81,0:36:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the words just to\Ncome out automatically.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.31,0:36:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, it's shown that thinking is\Ntoo slow for real life. [Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.33,0:36:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 4 practices have been shown as\N{\i1}essential{\i0} to gaining fluency
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.54,0:36:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without needing to {\i1}think{\i0}\Nwhen you're having conversations.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.68,0:36:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first one: {\b1}Overlearning{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.58,0:36:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learn and learn and learn and learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.46,0:36:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just because you know a word,\Nyou don't {\i1}know{\i0} it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.91,0:36:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keep hitting the word from different angles.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.74,0:36:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll get deeper inside you.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:49.52,0:36:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do things at a higher speed\Nthan you're comfortable with.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.97,0:36:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PolyNots will listen to the radio\Nand think,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.01,0:36:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I can't understand it.\NIt's too quick."
Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.04,0:36:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put it aside, and go back to something\Nreally slow in the textbook.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.01,0:37:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They never expose themselves\Nto the {\i1}hard{\i0} stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.58,0:37:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You {\i1}need{\i0} to.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.19,0:37:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do "time-boxed" reading and writing:
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.03,0:37:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm going to read as much as I can\Nin five minutes".
Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.61,0:37:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're going for speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.20,0:37:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speak. Speak quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.77,0:37:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And {\i1}try{\i0} not to make stupid errors,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.61,0:37:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but {\i1}mostly{\i0} go for speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.05,0:37:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And writing...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.84,0:37:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Write an essay as long as you can\Nin five minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.81,0:37:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these prepare you for real life,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.94,0:37:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though you're going to make mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:25.22,0:37:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then - another Benny thing -
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.39,0:37:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get out there in {\i1}real life{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.38,0:37:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have lots of real-life encounters.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.27,0:37:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because {\i1}that{\i0} is where all your theory\Ncomes into practice
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.68,0:37:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you realise you're tongue-tied.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:38.72,0:37:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the only way to {\i1}not{\i0} be tongue-tied
Dialogue: 0,0:37:41.15,0:37:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to get out there and do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.08,0:37:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, even gaining\Nautomaticity with {\i1}words{\i0},
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.40,0:37:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're still not fast enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.18,0:37:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thinking's too slow.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.26,0:37:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Automaticity with {\i1}words{\i0} is too slow.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.26,0:37:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need automaticity\Nwith {\i1}clusters of words{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.02,0:37:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's been shown ...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.96,0:38:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, these are collocations
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.61,0:38:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to use this word\N"collocations" to mean
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.97,0:38:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mean "clusters of words\Nthat tend to go together in real life".
Dialogue: 0,0:38:08.31,0:38:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because research has shown
Dialogue: 0,0:38:10.35,0:38:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in {\i1}real-life{\i0} speech
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.74,0:38:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- they've recorded native speakers, and so on -
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.64,0:38:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in authentic speech ...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.92,0:38:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and found that they are speaking at rates
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.92,0:38:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,faster than the ...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:21.21,0:38:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[video skipped; see slide: "...brain could possibly recreate..."]\Njust building it on grammar and individual words.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.78,0:38:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you need to be able to say things like,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.96,0:38:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You need to be able to say things like".\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.78,0:38:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But collocations are about far more
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.18,0:38:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than just speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.56,0:38:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just speed training.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.51,0:38:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They deepen our understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.34,0:38:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the rich meanings of individual words.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.73,0:38:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, learning {\i1}chunks{\i0}\Nalso teaches about individual words.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.89,0:38:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, the word "cause".
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.81,0:38:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just a pretty\Nneutral-sounding word.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:53.95,0:38:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does "cause" sound positive,\Nor negative, or neutral?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.36,0:38:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd say neutral.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:57.37,0:39:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, actually, it turns out it collocates
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.40,0:39:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with {\i1}undesirable{\i0} situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.39,0:39:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You very rarely say,\N"That causes happiness."
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.97,0:39:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you would say, things like
Dialogue: 0,0:39:06.33,0:39:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ooh, that causes concern."
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.13,0:39:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He's causing trouble."
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.04,0:39:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, that's are real cause\Nfor embarrassment."
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.85,0:39:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Cause" tends to collocate\Nwith negative stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:15.34,0:39:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So {\i1}don't{\i0} use it talking about\Npositive stuff so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.34,0:39:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Signal" - This is a good word.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.23,0:39:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows what "signal" means?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.30,0:39:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, nobody?\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:39:27.30,0:39:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Thank you for the signal."
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.40,0:39:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does it mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:30.46,0:39:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[muffled answer from the audience]
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.51,0:39:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"She sent the king a signal."
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.92,0:39:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A message! It's a {\i1}noun{\i0}, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:43.33,0:39:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Then saw him signal back."
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.97,0:39:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, it's a {\i1}verb!{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.89,0:39:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, I was wrong!
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.49,0:39:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a very good one
Dialogue: 0,0:39:53.20,0:39:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you probably don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:39:53.99,0:39:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless you're a native speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.46,0:39:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It was a signal honour."
Dialogue: 0,0:39:57.73,0:39:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an {\i1}adjective!{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.20,0:40:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means "significant or important".
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.100,0:40:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And only by hitting the word
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.04,0:40:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through {\i1}massive{\i0} exposure in many contexts
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.11,0:40:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understanding\Nthe various meanings of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.33,0:40:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, "signal honour" is a collocation
Dialogue: 0,0:40:13.18,0:40:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see all the time
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.57,0:40:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you... read books about signal honours.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:18.57,0:40:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:23.67,0:40:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And collocations are necessary\Nto sound {\i1}authentic{\i0},
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.30,0:40:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a great many things
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.41,0:40:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are {\i1}grammatically{\i0} correct,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.11,0:40:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if you know\Nall the grammar and the vocabulary,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.87,0:40:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, we just don't say it that way!
Dialogue: 0,0:40:37.62,0:40:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I want some speedy food."
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.72,0:40:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I've not got time,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:40.85,0:40:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm gonna get some quick food for lunch."
Dialogue: 0,0:40:43.37,0:40:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do they only say "fast food"?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.25,0:40:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they {\i1}do!{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.98,0:40:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many collocations are grammatically {\i1}incorrect{\i0},
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.34,0:40:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you might not even realise it.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:56.100,0:40:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Go to bed."
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.42,0:41:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's grammatically incorrect.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.13,0:41:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't say, "Go to kitchen."
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.76,0:41:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's "Go to {\i1}{\b1}the{\b0}{\i0} kitchen".
Dialogue: 0,0:41:08.78,0:41:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why isn't it "Go to {\i1}the{\i0} bed"?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.15,0:41:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it isn't!\N[Laughter and clapping]
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.49,0:41:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are just weird...
Dialogue: 0,0:41:17.35,0:41:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"hell for leather"
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.75,0:41:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows what that even means?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.44,0:41:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means "go fast".
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.30,0:41:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He's running hell for leather."
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.95,0:41:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite a rare one,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.41,0:41:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you'll sound bloody authentic\Nif you use it!
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.73,0:41:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plenty of them are fossilised...
Dialogue: 0,0:41:33.58,0:41:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"by and large"
Dialogue: 0,0:41:34.74,0:41:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't say "by and big".\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.90,0:41:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Law and order"
Dialogue: 0,0:41:38.78,0:41:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Bird's eye view"
Dialogue: 0,0:41:39.89,0:41:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you say "Ooh, let's take\Na {\i1}bird's eye {\b1}look{\b0}{\i0} at this,"
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.34,0:41:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it won't quite sound the same will it?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:44.63,0:41:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"raise an eyebrow" [Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.50,0:41:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you say "lift an eyebrow"
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.82,0:41:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means the same thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.98,0:41:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but people will think you're a weirdo.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:53.76,0:41:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was a very good\Neyebrow raising there.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.82,0:41:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience member) Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.63,0:42:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's got really good eyebrows.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.08,0:42:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as well as understanding fossilisation,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.21,0:42:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these ones are the hardest ones\Nto deal with:
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.72,0:42:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Flexible{\i0} collocations
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.67,0:42:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the real mark of authenticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.09,0:42:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can "{\i1}entertain{\i0} an idea".
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.09,0:42:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also "entertain a belief",
Dialogue: 0,0:42:15.60,0:42:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit less frequently.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.56,0:42:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Entertain a {\i1}thought{\i0},
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.43,0:42:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit less frequent.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:21.26,0:42:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can say it.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.60,0:42:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these are all collations you'd see.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.87,0:42:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why are you saying {\i1}"entertain"{\i0}\Nrelated to these words??
Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.38,0:42:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're not doing a song or dance,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:30.28,0:42:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's what people say.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.56,0:42:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, polyglots, then, actually focus
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.39,0:42:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and favour, often without realising it
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.05,0:42:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high-frequency collocations
Dialogue: 0,0:42:40.12,0:42:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over low-frequency words.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.15,0:42:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't bother learning\Nthe rare names of fish
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.02,0:42:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you can learn things like
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.15,0:42:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"raise an eyebrow".
Dialogue: 0,0:42:48.73,0:42:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is important,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.56,0:42:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because research has shown {\i1}repeatedly{\i0},
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.37,0:42:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over about thirty years of research,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.97,0:42:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greatest increases\Nin fluency and authenticity
Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.97,0:43:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come when learners switch their focus
Dialogue: 0,0:43:00.39,0:43:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from yet more low-frequency words
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.35,0:43:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to automaticity of\Nhigh-frequency collocations.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.26,0:43:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, polyglots seems to know this
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.49,0:43:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do it automatically.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.77,0:43:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PolyNots don't.\NThey add more words to Anki.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:12.54,0:43:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In short, more than 30 years of research
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.33,0:43:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells us that native speakers know
Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.87,0:43:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 20,000 individual words
Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.83,0:43:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but several {\i1}hundred thousand{\i0} collocations.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.57,0:43:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you believe it?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.63,0:43:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what they're doing\Nall the rest of the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.14,0:43:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what their\N24-hours-a-day exposure
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.88,0:43:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their whole adult life\Nis teaching them.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.81,0:43:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not more vocabulary, but richer, deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:43:32.70,0:43:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning in collocations.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.78,0:43:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, to be highly functional in a language,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:37.52,0:43:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever that means,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:38.80,0:43:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a learner needs to have
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.18,0:43:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gained automaticity with {\i1}about{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:43:42.96,0:43:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4.000 general high-frequency words,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:45.89,0:43:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2,000 specialist words\Nin whatever their area is,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.89,0:43:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and {\i1}tens of thousands{\i0}\Nof high-frequency collocations.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.67,0:43:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And {\i1}this{\i0} is what reading\Nall that literature is doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:56.37,0:43:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening to all those materials is doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.37,0:44:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then {\i1}continually{\i0} enriching\Nthrough exposure
Dialogue: 0,0:44:02.28,0:44:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the breadth and depth of their knowledge\Nof all that stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.05,0:44:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There you go, through life-long exposure.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.30,0:44:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the key to achieving all this
Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.73,0:44:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be able to ...
Dialogue: 0,0:44:17.27,0:44:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guess!
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.99,0:44:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's it!
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.80,0:44:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(applause from the audience)
Dialogue: 0,0:44:27.60,0:44:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(cheers from the audience)
Dialogue: 0,0:44:33.75,0:44:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm afraid there's no time for questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:36.75,0:44:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(applause and cheers from the audience)
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.91,0:44:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(continuing applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:44:54.99,0:45:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More!\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.77,0:45:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't hear my wife clapping!\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.40,0:45:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Richard) I don't think there's going to be any questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.98,0:45:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think that was a very popular speech, to be honest.\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.28,0:45:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Richard) Fantastic! I've just realised that I'm a poly{\i1}not{\i0}.\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.13,0:45:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd never have guessed!
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.12,0:45:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Richard) And proud!
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.68,0:45:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, no, thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.23,0:45:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got to say, just in preface to this,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:29.76,0:45:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're friends on Facebook
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.95,0:45:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Anthony) Oh no! Don't tell them about my Facebook posts, please!
Dialogue: 0,0:45:35.95,0:45:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm keeping everything secret.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.37,0:45:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I did see one post saying
Dialogue: 0,0:45:40.11,0:45:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I've got three hundred and twenty slides"
Dialogue: 0,0:45:43.84,0:45:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Anthony) "[unclear] ... and I'm only half way through!"
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.77,0:45:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I just thought...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:47.35,0:45:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh my God. What the hell is he going to talk about?"
Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.22,0:45:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Anthony) So I trimmed it right back down to
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.73,0:45:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bare minimum of 262.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.75,0:45:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, um, yeah, imagine my relief
Dialogue: 0,0:45:58.41,0:46:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I saw it was just 262.\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:46:03.63,0:46:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I didn't see {\i1}any{\i0} of this before
Dialogue: 0,0:46:05.33,0:46:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you saw it today.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.53,0:46:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all new to me too.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.86,0:46:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm looking forward to questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.63,0:46:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll start at the front.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.00,0:46:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Less for me to walk.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.01,0:46:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Q1) First of all, Anthony, that was fabulous.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.35,0:46:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- That was absolutely fabulous. \N- Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:19.19,0:46:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second of all, I just wanted to add maybe,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:22.29,0:46:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a comment more than a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:23.88,0:46:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just... Mezzofanti and Emil Krebs both
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.94,0:46:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did a lot of this stuff through parallel texts.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:32.31,0:46:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Emil Krebs died,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.75,0:46:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they found a gazillion different copies\Nof the New Testament in his chambers.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.46,0:46:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is said that Mezzofanti also learned different languages
Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.46,0:46:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through these chunks, these collocations as you're talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.07,0:46:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would perform the last rites and hear confessions
Dialogue: 0,0:46:50.28,0:46:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from soldiers from all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:53.13,0:46:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Anyway, it sounds like it was good research. \N- Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.63,0:47:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Q2) Hello, Anthony.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:01.69,0:47:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, I want to say thank you for your presentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:03.78,0:47:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You were one of the first people that I encountered on YouTube, when I
Dialogue: 0,0:47:07.26,0:47:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- you know - first started to learn languages, and you provided me with some inspiration.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:12.39,0:47:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, I'm interested in... I can relate to your experience
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.26,0:47:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I believe that when I,... my first encounter with langauge learning
Dialogue: 0,0:47:18.37,0:47:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was when I was at school trying to learn German
Dialogue: 0,0:47:20.30,0:47:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I believed I had absolutely no talent whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.81,0:47:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, I've made significant progress with my Spanish.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.57,0:47:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now I'm living in Madrid.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:32.28,0:47:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to hear about your experience
Dialogue: 0,0:47:34.91,0:47:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going from or being a "polynot", as you describe it,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:39.39,0:47:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and - you know - how your process of learning languages has changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:41.67,0:47:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do you feel that you have grown as a language learner
Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.53,0:47:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that - you know - there's potential for you to become a poly{\i1}glot{\i0} one day?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.36,0:47:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, ok.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:52.36,0:47:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm an old man.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.58,0:47:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you are supposed to say "Noooo..."
Dialogue: 0,0:47:58.34,0:48:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.14,0:48:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Huh! Thanks!
Dialogue: 0,0:48:04.82,0:48:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:06.66,0:48:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a twin brother.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:09.27,0:48:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he saw a very beautiful woman around 18 years old working in a pub.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.68,0:48:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was speaking to this young woman and flirting a bit and she was flirting back.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:17.68,0:48:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it hit him. She could be my {\i1}granddaughter{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.32,0:48:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "Do I seem like a dirty old man to you?"
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.32,0:48:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said, "Yes, but you're a customer so I've got to be nice."
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.32,0:48:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:48:32.68,0:48:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. And, um...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.94,0:48:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel a little bit like that with language learning in a way. That...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.82,0:48:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sort of the dirty pervert, the peeping tom, \Nlooking at all you people
Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.98,0:48:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enjoying it vicariously. There's a good word.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:46.92,0:48:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think I'm getting a little bit better in language learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.32,0:48:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly through learning to be patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:55.13,0:48:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think I'm too old to ever be fantastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:58.47,0:49:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I recently saw some videos by a man who,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:01.90,0:49:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't name him, but you may know who he is because of what I'm about to say.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:07.13,0:49:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he had a list of something like {\i1}{\b1}80{\b0}{\i0} languages he wants to learn in the next 10 or 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:11.56,0:49:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "I realise that's unrealistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:14.42,0:49:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've trimmed it down to 72." [Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:49:21.63,0:49:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's great to be ambitious.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:23.53,0:49:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don't have {\i1}time{\i0} to be ambitious.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:26.55,0:49:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I am {\i1}reasonably{\i0} good in Czech now
Dialogue: 0,0:49:29.62,0:49:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that I'm not studying it anymore\Nand I can just live the language.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.54,0:49:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I {\i1}do{\i0} study a several other languages
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.37,0:49:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if I can get {\i1}anywhere{\i0} with them before I die, I'll be happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:39.03,0:49:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now I'm enjoying the journey, not just focusing on the destination.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:45.13,0:49:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, that's it.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:46.18,0:49:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Q3) Hello.\N- Who's that?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:48.08,0:49:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Unlear) Iversen and I'm
Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.73,0:49:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm so probably your best example of [... unclear ...] gone mad.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.65,0:50:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because you may know that I have made word lists
Dialogue: 0,0:50:01.53,0:50:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've made about... I've counted how many Russian words I've printed on word lists
Dialogue: 0,0:50:07.03,0:50:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since I started my holiday, 14 days ago, that's about 1500.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:11.58,0:50:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, I have the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.95,0:50:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that I know what I am now. I'm not a polyglot.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:18.08,0:50:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a polynot, but in 12 different languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:21.07,0:50:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Yeah.\N- Because everything I see hear and read, I forget.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:27.40,0:50:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I note it down.\NAnd once I've written it down, I remember it.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:31.52,0:50:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why I write all my words down,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:33.90,0:50:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because then I can start guessing.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:36.18,0:50:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can't start guessing just because
Dialogue: 0,0:50:38.80,0:50:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really learned one thing from all your, what was it, 200
Dialogue: 0,0:50:42.64,0:50:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slides, and that was the word polynot.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:46.64,0:50:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[...unclear...] but that's enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:50.64,0:50:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you thought about different ways
Dialogue: 0,0:50:53.47,0:50:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of getting to the guessing stage...
Dialogue: 0,0:50:56.37,0:51:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apart from being a born polyglot or somebody who works through paper like me.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.96,0:51:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for instance, people who live in places where they have to guess
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.85,0:51:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they never know what the next person is going to say to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:11.57,0:51:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,India, places like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:12.100,0:51:16.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do they do in a situation where they cannot read,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:16.100,0:51:20.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they cannot write everything down, and they are not polyglots?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:20.100,0:51:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. So, I have... sometimes people say,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:26.29,0:51:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on these forums they say, "What language should I learn next?"
Dialogue: 0,0:51:31.37,0:51:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do I know?!
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.49,0:51:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The two reasons to learn a language are
Dialogue: 0,0:51:36.05,0:51:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you {\i1}have{\i0} to,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:37.59,0:51:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which provides masses of {\i1}external{\i0} force on you to do it,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:42.42,0:51:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or because you {\i1}want{\i0} to,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.39,0:51:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which provides lots of {\i1}internal{\i0} force on you to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:48.60,0:51:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think with those pressures, internal and external,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:52.60,0:51:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll find a way.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:54.40,0:51:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you're at school,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:56.87,0:51:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody's telling you,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:58.28,0:52:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Now you're learning German."
Dialogue: 0,0:52:00.04,0:52:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no actual {\i1}need{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.04,0:52:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I don't think the automatic - all the antennas are up
Dialogue: 0,0:52:07.35,0:52:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your guessing abilities will become automatic - will be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:11.35,0:52:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.56,0:52:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am no expert in all this... in this guessing game.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:16.51,0:52:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you asked what are the different ways of being good at guessing. And I can't guess.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:20.69,0:52:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know. I got most of what I talked about,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:24.56,0:52:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the jokes, from this boring textbook.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:29.54,0:52:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now that I know that guessing is important
Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.95,0:52:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and I think it's a pretty convincing argument -
Dialogue: 0,0:52:34.80,0:52:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next stage for me is, how can I transform myself into a good guesser.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:39.42,0:52:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:40.55,0:52:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I come to another conference, hopefully I will.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:42.51,0:52:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe I'll be able to give a presentation
Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.73,0:52:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how a useless guesser became a good guesser in a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:50.52,0:52:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.55,0:52:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Q4) Hi. Um...
Dialogue: 0,0:52:59.41,0:53:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suspect many people may know the answer to this question in the room,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:03.36,0:53:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm curious about how do you quantify how many words you're fluent in.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:08.76,0:53:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You speak about 2000, 4000...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:10.39,0:53:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have no idea what my vocabulary is even in my native language.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:14.74,0:53:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One very interesting thing is,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:16.07,0:53:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were a lot of studies
Dialogue: 0,0:53:17.97,0:53:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 80s and before that
Dialogue: 0,0:53:20.97,0:53:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about people's vocabulary knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:24.19,0:53:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because, as I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:25.95,0:53:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main aim of languages then
Dialogue: 0,0:53:29.25,0:53:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was about language {\i1}teaching{\i0}\Nand language {\i1}testing{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:53:31.86,0:53:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than language {\i1}using{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:33.80,0:53:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they constantly invented tests
Dialogue: 0,0:53:36.74,0:53:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for judging people's vocabulary.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:39.86,0:53:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, I think it was as late as 1980,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:42.44,0:53:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was estimated that native speakers at an adult level
Dialogue: 0,0:53:46.44,0:53:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have a rich vocabulary of around 90,000 words.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:50.44,0:53:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now that's realised that's a massive overestimate.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:54.44,0:53:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the tests of vocabulary have become much much much better.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:59.33,0:54:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that now they estimate it's 20,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:01.49,0:54:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way they have tested it,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:05.08,0:54:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by applying lots and lots and lots and lots\Nof different tests
Dialogue: 0,0:54:08.79,0:54:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find tests that give consistent results.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:12.55,0:54:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Know what I mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:54:13.61,0:54:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, and then that tells them what the good tests are
Dialogue: 0,0:54:17.01,0:54:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gives them confidence that their measures are correct.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:19.21,0:54:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so there are actually papers that test things,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:22.34,0:54:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they show you a shape and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:25.44,0:54:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If this one is smaller than this, then the other one is ...."
Dialogue: 0,0:54:30.81,0:54:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...bigger. Or something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:33.92,0:54:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would put "shoe lace". I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:37.61,0:54:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, but, there were many many tests, and
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.78,0:54:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the back of that book
Dialogue: 0,0:54:41.09,0:54:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it actually has a couple of sample tests
Dialogue: 0,0:54:43.48,0:54:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and refers to loads and loads and loads of others.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:46.63,0:54:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there were people whose {\i1}whole career{\i0} is working out good tests, yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:53.62,0:54:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Q5) Um, I was wondering what is the \N- Who is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:54:57.64,0:55:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I was wondering what's the title of that thin book that you recommend
Dialogue: 0,0:55:00.74,0:55:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I didn't get it when you were talking about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:03.33,0:55:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. It's called "How to Improve..."
Dialogue: 0,0:55:07.33,0:55:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the polyglots will remember this title
Dialogue: 0,0:55:09.98,0:55:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the polynots will have forgotten the first word already,\N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:55:15.96,0:55:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How to Improve Your Foreign Language Immediately"
Dialogue: 0,0:55:20.70,0:55:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Boris Shekhtman. It costs around $10.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:24.96,0:55:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The guy, actually, um...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:28.96,0:55:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is Russian by birth. And he was
Dialogue: 0,0:55:32.65,0:55:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,employed by the Foreign Service Institute
Dialogue: 0,0:55:35.17,0:55:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to teach Russian.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:37.40,0:55:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was the head of teaching Russian
Dialogue: 0,0:55:40.24,0:55:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for diplomats in the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:43.39,0:55:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he taught there for many many many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:45.61,0:55:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he realised that certain practices
Dialogue: 0,0:55:49.61,0:55:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were common to the students that were doing the best.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:52.94,0:55:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, when he left the FSI,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:55.28,0:55:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he made his own company
Dialogue: 0,0:55:56.91,0:55:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teaching some of these practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:58.29,0:56:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the main part of it is {\i1}activating{\i0} vocabulary:
Dialogue: 0,0:56:01.69,0:56:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to get passive knowledge into active knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:04.08,0:56:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this book,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:05.19,0:56:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's actually a second edition,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:07.22,0:56:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which apparently has a few more wisdoms in it
Dialogue: 0,0:56:10.07,0:56:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I don't have that - um...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:13.13,0:56:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this captures
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.46,0:56:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practices that you can do
Dialogue: 0,0:56:16.25,0:56:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on your own or with a friend or with a teacher
Dialogue: 0,0:56:18.37,0:56:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to activate vocabulary.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:19.98,0:56:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, "How to Improve Your Foreign Language Immediately".
Dialogue: 0,0:56:22.60,0:56:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please buy it and support him.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:26.60,0:56:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I learned of him, by the way, from...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:30.60,0:56:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's his name? Harold...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:34.60,0:56:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who did the Chinese
Dialogue: 0,0:56:36.67,0:56:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- course. \N- for Michel Thomas.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:38.22,0:56:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michel Thomas Chinese course.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:39.10,0:56:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Goodman. Harold Goodman.\N- Harold Goodman. Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:41.16,0:56:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he liked some of my videos
Dialogue: 0,0:56:42.87,0:56:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "Oh, I like your videos."\NBlah, blah, blah...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:44.79,0:56:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And started... so I had some email exchanges with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.92,0:56:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, he was taught languages first by Michel Thomas,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.05,0:56:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said "Michel Thomas died, so I needed a new teacher."
Dialogue: 0,0:56:57.05,0:56:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he searched high and low and he found Boris Shekhtman,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:59.86,0:57:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he said, "This guy is phenomenal."
Dialogue: 0,0:57:03.59,0:57:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That got me into buying that book.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:05.18,0:57:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I agree.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:07.23,0:57:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Yeah. \N- (Q6) Hi. So, going back to 'seppe Peano,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:12.02,0:57:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my question is
Dialogue: 0,0:57:13.22,0:57:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the influence\Nof the Axiomatic Theory of 'seppe Peano
Dialogue: 0,0:57:18.80,0:57:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Axiomatic...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:21.48,0:57:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, just joking.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:24.78,0:57:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- That's a very interesting question {\i1}because{\i0}...\N- 'seppe Peano invented... No, I'm not finished.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:30.62,0:57:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'seppe Peano invented a language you know....