[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.65,0:00:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing stuck to Mafia boss John Gotti
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.42,0:00:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who evaded justice for years by bribing\Nand threatening jurors and witnesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.21,0:00:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That earned him the name\Nthe Teflon Don
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.19,0:00:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after one of the slipperiest \Nmaterials on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.58,0:00:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teflon was in the spacesuits the Apollo\Ncrew wore for the moon landing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.81,0:00:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in pipes and valves used \Nin the Manhattan Project,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.67,0:00:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe in your kitchen as the nonstick\Ncoating on frying pans and cookie sheets.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.23,0:00:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is this slippery solid,\Nand why doesn't anything stick to it?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.78,0:00:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teflon is a brand name for\Npolytetrafluoroethylene,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.16,0:00:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or PTFE.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.54,0:00:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was stumbled upon accidentally in 1938\Nby a 27-year-old American chemist
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.02,0:00:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Roy Plunkett
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.87,0:00:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while he was trying to develop \Na non-toxic refrigerant fluid for DuPont,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.16,0:00:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a chemicals company.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.08,0:01:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The strange, white substance that formed\Ninside his lab canister
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.36,0:01:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was chemically inert,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.09,0:01:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning it wouldn't react \Nwith other substances.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.17,0:01:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also had an extremely \Nlow coefficient of friction,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.39,0:01:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making other materials slide right off it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.62,0:01:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teflon's properties make it perfect\Nwhen you need something slippery,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.61,0:01:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chemical resistant,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.77,0:01:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or waterproof,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.25,0:01:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means it has a lot of applications.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.77,0:01:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be found all over the place,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.80,0:01:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a coating on raincoats,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.62,0:01:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,industrial ball bearings,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.27,0:01:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,artificial joints,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.48,0:01:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circuit boards,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.58,0:01:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even the Rocky Mountains-themed roof\Nof the Denver International Airport.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.15,0:01:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The incredible properties of PTFE\Ncome from its molecular structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.10,0:01:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a polymer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.35,0:01:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning it's made of long chains of\Nrepeating units of atoms strung together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.92,0:01:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A PTFE chain has a backbone \Nof carbon atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.76,0:01:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of which is attached \Nto two fluorines.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.56,0:01:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fluorine atoms surround the carbon\Nlike armor,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.54,0:01:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spiraling around the chain,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.28,0:02:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the bond between carbon and fluorine\Nis incredibly tight.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.62,0:02:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like a couple that ignores everyone\Nexcept each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.61,0:02:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon and fluorine interact so strongly
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.28,0:02:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the normal, intermolecular forces\Nthat help substances stick to each other
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.94,0:02:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't stand a chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.81,0:02:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the famously adhesive feet of geckos\Nusually can't get a grip.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.89,0:02:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But wait!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.02,0:02:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If PTFE doesn't stick to anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.54,0:02:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how can it be so firmly attached\Nto something like a pan?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.41,0:02:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One method involves sandblasting the pan
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.28,0:02:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or etching it with chemicals \Nto make it rough.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.70,0:02:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, a special primer is applied,\Nwhich acts like glue.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.50,0:02:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its exact composition is a trade secret\Nguarded by each manufacturer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.30,0:02:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pan is sprayed with liquid PTFE
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.02,0:02:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and heated to around \N800 degrees Fahrenheit.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.54,0:02:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The layers then solidify into\Na smooth, slick coating.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.49,0:02:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you later cook eggs\Nin this PTFE-coated pan,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.66,0:02:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the extra tight carbon-fluorine bonds
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.11,0:02:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just ignore the water and fat and protein\Nmolecules in the eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.95,0:03:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without those interactions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.59,0:03:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the food just slides around \Nwithout sticking.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.80,0:03:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might wonder if it's safe to cook\Nin a PTFE-coated pan.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.60,0:03:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is yes, if you're careful.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.45,0:03:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PTFE is stable at moderate temperatures,\Nlike you'd use to cook eggs or fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.21,0:03:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but above 500 degrees Fahrenheit,\Nit starts to degrade,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.87,0:03:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and heating it further releases fumes\Nthat can make you feel sick.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.85,0:03:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An empty pan can reach 500 degrees fast\Nover high heat,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.50,0:03:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most kitchens are ventilated \Nwell enough to dissipate the fumes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.75,0:03:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People used to also think \Nthat accidentally consuming PTFE
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.21,0:03:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that flaked off a scratched pan\Nwas bad for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.78,0:03:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the current consensus \Nis that it's harmless.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.85,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because PTFE doesn't interact with other\Nchemicals very well,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it isn't thought to break down\Ninside your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.16,0:03:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's safe to manufacture Teflon\Nis another story.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.61,0:03:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DuPont and its spin-off company Chemours
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.14,0:03:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now face lawsuits \Nworth millions of dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.28,0:04:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've been accused of polluting\Nthe environment for decades
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.07,0:04:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exposing employees \Nand local communities
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.47,0:04:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to health risks associated \Nwith a toxic chemical called PFOA.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.93,0:04:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That chemical was involved\Nin manufacturing Teflon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.55,0:04:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As for John Gotti,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.89,0:04:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1992, the Mob boss was finally \Nconvicted of five counts of murder,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.58,0:04:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among other charges.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.29,0:04:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That prompted the head of the FBI office\Nin New York City to announce,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.76,0:04:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Teflon is gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.98,0:04:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The don is covered in Velcro,\Nand all the charges stuck."