[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.38,0:00:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me tell you, it has been a fantastic month for deception.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.09,0:00:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not even talking about the American presidential race. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.35,0:00:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a high-profile journalist caught for plagiarism,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.68,0:00:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a young superstar writer whose book involves
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.61,0:00:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so many made up quotes that they've pulled it from the shelves;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.92,0:00:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a New York Times exposé on fake book reviews.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.52,0:00:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been fantastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.93,0:00:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course, not all deception hits the news.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.78,0:00:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of the deception is everyday. In fact, a lot of research
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.46,0:00:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows that we all lie once or twice a day, as Dave suggested.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.79,0:00:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's about 6:30 now, suggests that most of us should have lied.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.72,0:00:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look at Winnipeg. How many of you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.62,0:00:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last 24 hours -- think back -- have told a little fib,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.55,0:00:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a big one? How many have told a little lie out there?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.10,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, good. These are all the liars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Make sure you pay attention to them. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.30,0:00:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, that looked good, it was about two thirds of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.44,0:00:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other third didn't lie, or perhaps forgot,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.29,0:00:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you're lying to me about your lying, which is very,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.95,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very devious. (Laughter) This fits with a lot of the research,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which suggests that lying is very pervasive.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.36,0:01:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's this pervasiveness, combined with the centrality
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.32,0:01:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what it means to be a human, the fact that we can
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.76,0:01:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell the truth or make something up,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.64,0:01:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has fascinated people throughout history.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.49,0:01:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we have Diogenes with his lantern.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.12,0:01:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does anybody know what he was looking for?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.80,0:01:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single honest man, and he died without finding one
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.58,0:01:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back in Greece. And we have Confucius in the East
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.60,0:01:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was really concerned with sincerity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.98,0:01:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only that you walked the walk or talked the talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.06,0:01:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that you believed in what you were doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.21,0:01:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You believed in your principles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.22,0:01:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now my first professional encounter with deception
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.15,0:01:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a little bit later than these guys, a couple thousand years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.61,0:01:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a customs officer for Canada back in the mid-'90s.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.41,0:01:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. I was defending Canada's borders.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.24,0:01:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may think that's a weapon right there. In fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.02,0:02:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a stamp. I used a stamp to defend Canada's borders. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.05,0:02:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very Canadian of me. I learned a lot about deception
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.59,0:02:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while doing my duty here in customs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.64,0:02:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of which was that most of what I thought I knew about deception was wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.53,0:02:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll tell you about some of that tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.28,0:02:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even since just 1995, '96, the way we communicate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.35,0:02:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been completely transformed. We email, we text,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.65,0:02:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we skype, we Facebook. It's insane.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.26,0:02:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost every aspect of human communication's been changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.52,0:02:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course that's had an impact on deception.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.08,0:02:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me tell you a little bit about a couple of new deceptions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.67,0:02:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been tracking and documenting.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.04,0:02:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're called the Butler, the Sock Puppet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.29,0:02:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Chinese Water Army.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.37,0:02:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds a little bit like a weird book,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.26,0:02:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually they're all new types of lies.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.40,0:02:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with the Butlers. Here's an example of one:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.44,0:02:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"On my way." Anybody ever written, "On my way?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.56,0:02:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you've also lied. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.32,0:02:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're never on our way. We're thinking about going on our way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.52,0:03:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another one: "Sorry I didn't respond to you earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.28,0:03:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My battery was dead." Your battery wasn't dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.24,0:03:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You weren't in a dead zone.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.12,0:03:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just didn't want to respond to that person that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.07,0:03:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the last one: You're talking to somebody,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.87,0:03:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you say, "Sorry, got work, gotta go."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.36,0:03:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But really, you're just bored. You want to talk to somebody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.16,0:03:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each of these is about a relationship,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.57,0:03:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a 24/7 connected world. Once you get my cell phone number,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.98,0:03:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can literally be in touch with me 24 hours a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.94,0:03:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so these lies are being used by people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.31,0:03:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create a buffer, like the butler used to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.14,0:03:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between us and the connections to everybody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.54,0:03:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're very special. They use ambiguity
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.25,0:03:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes from using technology. You don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.31,0:03:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I am or what I'm doing or who I'm with.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.26,0:03:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're aimed at protecting the relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.75,0:03:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These aren't just people being jerks. These are people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.33,0:03:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are saying, look, I don't want to talk to you now,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.71,0:03:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or I didn't want to talk to you then, but I still care about you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.13,0:03:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our relationship is still important.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.53,0:03:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the Sock Puppet, on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.05,0:03:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a totally different animal. The sock puppet isn't
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.39,0:03:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about ambiguity, per se. It's about identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.46,0:04:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you a very recent example,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.46,0:04:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in, like, last week.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.97,0:04:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's R.J. Ellory, best-seller author in Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.24,0:04:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one of his bestselling books.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.26,0:04:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a reviewer online, on Amazon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.67,0:04:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My favorite, by Nicodemus Jones, is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.33,0:04:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Whatever else it might do, it will touch your soul."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.14,0:04:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, you might suspect
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.54,0:04:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Nicodemus Jones is R.J. Ellory.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.17,0:04:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wrote very, very positive reviews about himself. Surprise, surprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.85,0:04:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this Sock Puppet stuff isn't actually that new.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.11,0:04:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Walt Whitman also did this back in the day,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.28,0:04:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before there was Internet technology. Sock Puppet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.34,0:04:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes interesting when we get to scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.10,0:04:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the domain of the Chinese Water Army.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.62,0:04:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chinese Water Army refers to thousands of people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.06,0:04:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in China that are paid small amounts of money
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.11,0:04:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce content. It could be reviews. It could be
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.14,0:04:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,propaganda. The government hires these people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.70,0:04:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,companies hire them, all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.33,0:04:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In North America, we call this Astroturfing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.94,0:05:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Astroturfing is very common now. There's a lot of concerns about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.38,0:05:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see this especially with product reviews, book reviews,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.61,0:05:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything from hotels to whether that toaster is a good toaster or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.40,0:05:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, looking at these three reviews, or these three types of deception,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.32,0:05:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might think, wow, the Internet is really making us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.06,0:05:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a deceptive species, especially when you think about
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.27,0:05:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Astroturfing, where we can see deception brought up to scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.87,0:05:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually, what I've been finding is very different from that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.61,0:05:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's put aside the online anonymous sex chatrooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.86,0:05:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'm sure none of you have been in.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.76,0:05:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can assure you there's deception there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.08,0:05:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's put aside the Nigerian prince who's emailed you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.79,0:05:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about getting the 43 million out of the country. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.02,0:05:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's forget about that guy, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.70,0:05:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's focus on the conversations between our friends
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.65,0:05:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our family and our coworkers and our loved ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.79,0:05:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the conversations that really matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.20,0:05:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does technology do to deception with those folks?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.44,0:05:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a couple of studies. One of the studies we do
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.52,0:06:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are called diary studies, in which we ask people to record
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.89,0:06:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of their conversations and all of their lies for seven days,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.45,0:06:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we can do then is calculate how many lies took place
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.56,0:06:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,per conversation within a medium, and the finding
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.51,0:06:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we get that surprises people the most is that email
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.03,0:06:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the most honest of those three media.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.31,0:06:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it really throws people for a loop because we think,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.71,0:06:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, there's no nonverbal cues, so why don't you lie more?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.45,0:06:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The phone, in contrast, the most lies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.75,0:06:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again and again and again we see the phone is the device
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.70,0:06:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people lie on the most, and perhaps because of the Butler Lie ambiguities I was telling you about.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.41,0:06:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This tends to be very different from what people expect.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.39,0:06:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about résumés? We did a study in which we had
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.61,0:06:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people apply for a job, and they could apply for a job
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.16,0:06:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either with a traditional paper résumé, or on LinkedIn,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.67,0:06:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a social networking site like Facebook,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.49,0:06:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for professionals -- involves the same information as a résumé.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.06,0:06:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we found, to many people's surprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.67,0:07:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that those LinkedIn résumés were more honest
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.47,0:07:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the things that mattered to employers, like your
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.29,0:07:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responsibilities or your skills at your previous job.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.44,0:07:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How about Facebook itself?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.74,0:07:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we always think that hey, there are these
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.62,0:07:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,idealized versions, people are just showing the best things
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.75,0:07:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happened in their lives. I've thought that many times.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.41,0:07:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My friends, no way they can be that cool and have good of a life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.48,0:07:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, one study tested this by examining people's personalities.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.30,0:07:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had four good friends of a person judge their personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.51,0:07:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then they had strangers, many strangers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.47,0:07:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,judge the person's personality just from Facebook,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.100,0:07:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they found was those judgments of the personality
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.43,0:07:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were pretty much identical, highly correlated,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.94,0:07:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that Facebook profiles really do reflect our actual personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.31,0:07:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, well, what about online dating?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.88,0:07:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, that's a pretty deceptive space.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.38,0:07:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure you all have "friends" that have used online dating. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.92,0:07:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they would tell you about that guy that had no hair
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.97,0:07:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he came, or the woman that didn't look at all like her photo.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.00,0:07:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we were really interested in it, and so what we did
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.14,0:07:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we brought people, online daters, into the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.25,0:08:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we measured them. We got their height
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.73,0:08:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up against the wall, we put them on a scale, got their weight --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.61,0:08:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ladies loved that -- and then we actually got their driver's license to get their age.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.50,0:08:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we found was very, very interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.81,0:08:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an example of the men and the height.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.74,0:08:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Along the bottom is how tall they said they were in their profile.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.21,0:08:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Along the y-axis, the vertical axis, is how tall they actually were.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.08,0:08:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That diagonal line is the truth line. If their dot's on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.15,0:08:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were telling exactly the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.70,0:08:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as you see, most of the little dots are below the line.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.82,0:08:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What it means is all the guys were lying about their height.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.68,0:08:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, they lied about their height about nine tenths of an inch,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.63,0:08:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we say in the lab as "strong rounding up." (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.90,0:08:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get to 5'8" and one tenth, and boom! 5'9".
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.40,0:08:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's really important here is, look at all those dots.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.40,0:08:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are clustering pretty close to the truth. What we found
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.97,0:08:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was 80 percent of our participants did indeed lie
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.38,0:08:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on one of those dimensions, but they always lied by a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.97,0:09:01.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the reasons is pretty simple. If you go to a date,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.100,0:09:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a coffee date, and you're completely different than what you said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.60,0:09:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,game over. Right? So people lied frequently, but they lied
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.22,0:09:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subtly, not too much. They were constrained.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.68,0:09:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what explains all these studies? What explains the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.57,0:09:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that despite our intuitions, mine included,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.21,0:09:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of online communication, technologically-mediated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.74,0:09:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communication, is more honest than face to face?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.76,0:09:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That really is strange. How do we explain this?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.25,0:09:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, to do that, one thing is we can look at the deception-detection literature.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.63,0:09:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very old literature by now, it's coming up on 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.98,0:09:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been reviewed many times. There's been thousands of trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.64,0:09:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundreds of studies, and there's some really compelling findings.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.62,0:09:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is, we're really bad at detecting deception,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.86,0:09:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really bad. Fifty-four percent accuracy on average when you have to tell
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.97,0:09:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if somebody that just said a statement is lying or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.36,0:09:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really bad. Why is it so bad?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.55,0:10:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it has to do with Pinocchio's nose.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.08,0:10:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I were to ask you guys, what do you rely on
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.44,0:10:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're looking at somebody and you want to find out
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.68,0:10:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they're lying? What cue do you pay attention to?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.61,0:10:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of you would say that one of the cues you look at
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.04,0:10:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the eyes. The eyes are the window to the soul.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.77,0:10:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're not alone. Around the world, almost every culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.17,0:10:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the top cues is eyes. But the research
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.04,0:10:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the last 50 years says there's actually no reliable cue
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.86,0:10:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deception, which blew me away, and it's one of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.86,0:10:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hard lessons that I learned when I was customs officer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.21,0:10:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The eyes do not tell us whether somebody's lying or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.64,0:10:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some situations, yes -- high stakes, maybe their pupils dilate,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.66,0:10:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their pitch goes up, their body movements change a little bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.16,0:10:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not all the time, not for everybody, it's not reliable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.100,0:10:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strange. The other thing is that just because you can't see me
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.37,0:10:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean I'm going to lie. It's common sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.79,0:10:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one important finding is that we lie for a reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.70,0:10:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We lie to protect ourselves or for our own gain
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.07,0:10:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or for somebody else's gain.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.89,0:10:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are some pathological liars, but they make up
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.82,0:11:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tiny portion of the population. We lie for a reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.34,0:11:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just because people can't see us doesn't mean
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.97,0:11:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to necessarily lie.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.24,0:11:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think there's actually something much more
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.79,0:11:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting and fundamental going on here. The next big
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.07,0:11:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing for me, the next big idea, we can find by going
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.86,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way back in history to the origins of language.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most linguists agree that we started speaking somewhere
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.89,0:11:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. That's a long time ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.06,0:11:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of humans have lived since then.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.67,0:11:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been talking, I guess, about fires and caves
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.10,0:11:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saber-toothed tigers. I don't know what they talked about,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.20,0:11:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were doing a lot of talking, and like I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.72,0:11:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a lot of humans evolving speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.27,0:11:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 100 billion people in fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.07,0:11:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's important though is that writing only emerged
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.85,0:11:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 5,000 years ago. So what that means is that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.44,0:11:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the people before there was any writing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.83,0:11:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every word that they ever said, every utterance
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.42,0:11:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disappeared. No trace. Evanescent. Gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.17,0:12:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've been evolving to talk in a way in which
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.24,0:12:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is no record. In fact, even the next big change
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.15,0:12:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to writing was only 500 years ago now,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.62,0:12:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the printing press, which is very recent in our past,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.00,0:12:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and literacy rates remained incredibly low right up until World War II,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.24,0:12:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so even the people of the last two millennia,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.63,0:12:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the words they ever said -- poof! -- disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.66,0:12:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's turn to now, the networked age.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.25,0:12:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have recorded something today?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.96,0:12:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anybody do any writing today? Did anybody write a word?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.14,0:12:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like almost every single person here recorded something.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.36,0:12:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this room, right now, we've probably recorded more
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.41,0:12:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than almost all of human pre-ancient history.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.95,0:12:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is crazy. We're entering this amazing period
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.18,0:12:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of flux in human evolution where we've evolved to speak
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.20,0:12:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way in which our words disappear, but we're in
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.90,0:13:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an environment where we're recording everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.80,0:13:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I think in the very near future, it's not just
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.14,0:13:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we write that will be recorded, everything we do
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.49,0:13:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be recorded.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.82,0:13:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean? What's the next big idea from that?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.28,0:13:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, as a social scientist, this is the most amazing thing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.53,0:13:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have ever even dreamed of. Now, I can look at
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.08,0:13:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all those words that used to, for millennia, disappear.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.69,0:13:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can look at lies that before were said and then gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.93,0:13:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You remember those Astroturfing reviews that we were
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.45,0:13:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about before? Well, when they write a fake review,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.96,0:13:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have to post it somewhere, and it's left behind for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.66,0:13:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that we did, and I'll give you an example of
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.10,0:13:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at the language, is we paid people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.59,0:13:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write some fake reviews. One of these reviews is fake.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.13,0:13:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The person never was at the James Hotel.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.07,0:13:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other review is real. The person stayed there.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.99,0:13:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, your task now is to decide
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.52,0:14:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which review is fake?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.59,0:14:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give you a moment to read through them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.78,0:14:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want everybody to raise their hand at some point.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.06,0:14:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, I study deception. I can tell if you don't raise your hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.30,0:14:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, how many of you believe that A is the fake?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.89,0:14:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right. Very good. About half.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.04,0:14:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how many of you think that B is?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.65,0:14:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right. Slightly more for B.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.18,0:14:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Excellent. Here's the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.77,0:14:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,B is a fake. Well done second group. You dominated the first group. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.35,0:14:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're actually a little bit unusual. Every time we demonstrate this,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.20,0:14:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's usually about a 50-50 split, which fits
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.94,0:14:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the research, 54 percent. Maybe people here
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.59,0:14:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Winnipeg are more suspicious and better at figuring it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.36,0:14:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those cold, hard winters, I love it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.05,0:14:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, so why do I care about this?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.10,0:14:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what I can do now with my colleagues in computer science
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.37,0:14:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we can create computer algorithms that can analyze
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.60,0:15:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the linguistic traces of deception.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.50,0:15:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me highlight a couple of things here
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.34,0:15:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the fake review. The first is that liars tend to think
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.78,0:15:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about narrative. They make up a story:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.37,0:15:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who? And what happened? And that's what happened here.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.55,0:15:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our fake reviewers talked about who they were with
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.84,0:15:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they were doing. They also used the first person singular, I,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.61,0:15:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way more than the people that actually stayed there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.08,0:15:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were inserting themselves into the hotel review,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.77,0:15:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of trying to convince you they were there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.47,0:15:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In contrast, the people that wrote the reviews that were actually there,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.48,0:15:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their bodies actually entered the physical space,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.92,0:15:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they talked a lot more about spatial information.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.81,0:15:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said how big the bathroom was, or they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.33,0:15:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, here's how far shopping is from the hotel.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.85,0:15:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you guys did pretty well. Most people perform at chance at this task.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.01,0:15:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our computer algorithm is very accurate, much more accurate
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.77,0:15:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than humans can be, and it's not going to be accurate all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.06,0:15:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't a deception-detection machine to tell
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.09,0:15:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if your girlfriend's lying to you on text messaging.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.59,0:16:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We believe that every lie now, every type of lie --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.16,0:16:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fake hotel reviews, fake shoe reviews,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.94,0:16:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your girlfriend cheating on you with text messaging --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.86,0:16:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are all different lies. They're going to have
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.36,0:16:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different patterns of language. But because everything's
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.22,0:16:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recorded now, we can look at all of those kinds of lies.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.91,0:16:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as I said, as a social scientist, this is wonderful.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.90,0:16:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's transformational. We're going to be able to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.99,0:16:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much more about human thought and expression,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.79,0:16:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about everything from love to attitudes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.19,0:16:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because everything is being recorded now, but
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.15,0:16:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what does it mean for the average citizen?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.55,0:16:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does it mean for us in our lives?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.36,0:16:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's forget deception for a bit. One of the big ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.03,0:16:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe, is that we're leaving these huge traces behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.72,0:16:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My outbox for email is massive,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.93,0:16:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I never look at it. I write all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.27,0:16:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I never look at my record, at my trace.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.71,0:16:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think we're going to see a lot more of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.28,0:17:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we can reflect on who we are by looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.44,0:17:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we wrote, what we said, what we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.05,0:17:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if we bring it back to deception, there's a couple
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.33,0:17:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of take-away things here.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.30,0:17:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, lying online can be very dangerous, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.79,0:17:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only are you leaving a record for yourself on your machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.50,0:17:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you're leaving a record on the person that you were lying to,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.77,0:17:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're also leaving them around for me to analyze
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.53,0:17:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some computer algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.99,0:17:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by all means, go ahead and do that, that's good.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.16,0:17:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when it comes to lying and what we want to do
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.31,0:17:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our lives, I think we can go back to
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.87,0:17:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Diogenes and Confucius. And they were less concerned
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.62,0:17:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about whether to lie or not to lie, and more concerned about
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.45,0:17:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being true to the self, and I think this is really important.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.73,0:17:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when you are about to say or do something,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.92,0:17:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can think, do I want this to be part of my legacy,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.48,0:17:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of my personal record?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.19,0:17:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in the digital age we live in now,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.84,0:18:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the networked age, we are all leaving a record.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.31,0:18:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much for your time,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.00,0:18:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and good luck with your record. (Applause)