0:00:00.381,0:00:04.094 Let me tell you, it has been a fantastic month for deception. 0:00:04.094,0:00:08.347 And I'm not even talking about the American presidential race. (Laughter) 0:00:08.347,0:00:12.682 We have a high-profile journalist caught for plagiarism, 0:00:12.682,0:00:15.614 a young superstar writer whose book involves 0:00:15.614,0:00:18.919 so many made up quotes that they've pulled it from the shelves; 0:00:18.919,0:00:21.517 a New York Times exposé on fake book reviews. 0:00:21.517,0:00:22.926 It's been fantastic. 0:00:22.926,0:00:26.777 Now, of course, not all deception hits the news. 0:00:26.777,0:00:30.456 Much of the deception is everyday. In fact, a lot of research 0:00:30.456,0:00:34.787 shows that we all lie once or twice a day, as Dave suggested. 0:00:34.787,0:00:37.720 So it's about 6:30 now, suggests that most of us should have lied. 0:00:37.720,0:00:39.620 Let's take a look at Winnipeg. How many of you, 0:00:39.620,0:00:42.547 in the last 24 hours -- think back -- have told a little fib, 0:00:42.547,0:00:46.098 or a big one? How many have told a little lie out there? 0:00:46.098,0:00:48.002 All right, good. These are all the liars. 0:00:48.002,0:00:51.295 Make sure you pay attention to them. (Laughter) 0:00:51.295,0:00:53.441 No, that looked good, it was about two thirds of you. 0:00:53.441,0:00:56.293 The other third didn't lie, or perhaps forgot, 0:00:56.293,0:00:58.953 or you're lying to me about your lying, which is very, 0:00:58.953,0:01:03.003 very devious. (Laughter) This fits with a lot of the research, 0:01:03.003,0:01:06.357 which suggests that lying is very pervasive. 0:01:06.357,0:01:10.318 It's this pervasiveness, combined with the centrality 0:01:10.318,0:01:12.758 to what it means to be a human, the fact that we can 0:01:12.758,0:01:14.638 tell the truth or make something up, 0:01:14.638,0:01:17.489 that has fascinated people throughout history. 0:01:17.489,0:01:20.118 Here we have Diogenes with his lantern. 0:01:20.118,0:01:22.798 Does anybody know what he was looking for? 0:01:22.798,0:01:26.582 A single honest man, and he died without finding one 0:01:26.582,0:01:29.599 back in Greece. And we have Confucius in the East 0:01:29.599,0:01:31.976 who was really concerned with sincerity, 0:01:31.976,0:01:35.060 not only that you walked the walk or talked the talk, 0:01:35.060,0:01:38.214 but that you believed in what you were doing. 0:01:38.214,0:01:40.220 You believed in your principles. 0:01:40.220,0:01:43.151 Now my first professional encounter with deception 0:01:43.151,0:01:46.614 is a little bit later than these guys, a couple thousand years. 0:01:46.614,0:01:50.413 I was a customs officer for Canada back in the mid-'90s. 0:01:50.413,0:01:53.239 Yeah. I was defending Canada's borders. 0:01:53.239,0:01:57.021 You may think that's a weapon right there. In fact, 0:01:57.021,0:02:02.051 that's a stamp. I used a stamp to defend Canada's borders. (Laughter) 0:02:02.051,0:02:05.588 Very Canadian of me. I learned a lot about deception 0:02:05.588,0:02:08.643 while doing my duty here in customs, 0:02:08.643,0:02:11.527 one of which was that most of what I thought I knew about deception was wrong, 0:02:11.527,0:02:13.279 and I'll tell you about some of that tonight. 0:02:13.279,0:02:17.353 But even since just 1995, '96, the way we communicate 0:02:17.353,0:02:20.650 has been completely transformed. We email, we text, 0:02:20.650,0:02:23.263 we skype, we Facebook. It's insane. 0:02:23.263,0:02:26.524 Almost every aspect of human communication's been changed, 0:02:26.524,0:02:29.084 and of course that's had an impact on deception. 0:02:29.084,0:02:31.667 Let me tell you a little bit about a couple of new deceptions 0:02:31.667,0:02:34.043 we've been tracking and documenting. 0:02:34.043,0:02:38.287 They're called the Butler, the Sock Puppet 0:02:38.287,0:02:40.368 and the Chinese Water Army. 0:02:40.368,0:02:42.265 It sounds a little bit like a weird book, 0:02:42.265,0:02:44.398 but actually they're all new types of lies. 0:02:44.398,0:02:47.443 Let's start with the Butlers. Here's an example of one: 0:02:47.443,0:02:50.556 "On my way." Anybody ever written, "On my way?" 0:02:50.556,0:02:54.319 Then you've also lied. (Laughter) 0:02:54.319,0:02:58.516 We're never on our way. We're thinking about going on our way. 0:02:58.516,0:03:01.279 Here's another one: "Sorry I didn't respond to you earlier. 0:03:01.279,0:03:03.244 My battery was dead." Your battery wasn't dead. 0:03:03.244,0:03:05.120 You weren't in a dead zone. 0:03:05.120,0:03:07.073 You just didn't want to respond to that person that time. 0:03:07.073,0:03:08.870 Here's the last one: You're talking to somebody, 0:03:08.870,0:03:11.360 and you say, "Sorry, got work, gotta go." 0:03:11.360,0:03:15.157 But really, you're just bored. You want to talk to somebody else. 0:03:15.157,0:03:17.573 Each of these is about a relationship, 0:03:17.573,0:03:21.978 and this is a 24/7 connected world. Once you get my cell phone number, 0:03:21.978,0:03:24.943 you can literally be in touch with me 24 hours a day. 0:03:24.943,0:03:27.312 And so these lies are being used by people 0:03:27.312,0:03:30.138 to create a buffer, like the butler used to do, 0:03:30.138,0:03:33.545 between us and the connections to everybody else. 0:03:33.545,0:03:35.252 But they're very special. They use ambiguity 0:03:35.252,0:03:37.313 that comes from using technology. You don't know 0:03:37.313,0:03:40.261 where I am or what I'm doing or who I'm with. 0:03:40.261,0:03:42.752 And they're aimed at protecting the relationships. 0:03:42.752,0:03:45.333 These aren't just people being jerks. These are people 0:03:45.333,0:03:47.709 that are saying, look, I don't want to talk to you now, 0:03:47.709,0:03:50.133 or I didn't want to talk to you then, but I still care about you. 0:03:50.133,0:03:52.533 Our relationship is still important. 0:03:52.533,0:03:54.047 Now, the Sock Puppet, on the other hand, 0:03:54.047,0:03:56.390 is a totally different animal. The sock puppet isn't 0:03:56.390,0:03:59.455 about ambiguity, per se. It's about identity. 0:03:59.455,0:04:01.457 Let me give you a very recent example, 0:04:01.457,0:04:02.971 as in, like, last week. 0:04:02.971,0:04:06.239 Here's R.J. Ellory, best-seller author in Britain. 0:04:06.239,0:04:08.259 Here's one of his bestselling books. 0:04:08.259,0:04:11.672 Here's a reviewer online, on Amazon. 0:04:11.672,0:04:14.329 My favorite, by Nicodemus Jones, is, 0:04:14.329,0:04:18.137 "Whatever else it might do, it will touch your soul." 0:04:18.137,0:04:19.540 And of course, you might suspect 0:04:19.540,0:04:22.167 that Nicodemus Jones is R.J. Ellory. 0:04:22.167,0:04:26.854 He wrote very, very positive reviews about himself. Surprise, surprise. 0:04:26.854,0:04:30.114 Now this Sock Puppet stuff isn't actually that new. 0:04:30.114,0:04:33.281 Walt Whitman also did this back in the day, 0:04:33.281,0:04:36.336 before there was Internet technology. Sock Puppet 0:04:36.336,0:04:39.104 becomes interesting when we get to scale, 0:04:39.104,0:04:41.622 which is the domain of the Chinese Water Army. 0:04:41.622,0:04:44.058 Chinese Water Army refers to thousands of people 0:04:44.058,0:04:47.106 in China that are paid small amounts of money 0:04:47.106,0:04:50.140 to produce content. It could be reviews. It could be 0:04:50.140,0:04:52.699 propaganda. The government hires these people, 0:04:52.699,0:04:55.327 companies hire them, all over the place. 0:04:55.327,0:04:58.944 In North America, we call this Astroturfing, 0:04:58.944,0:05:02.382 and Astroturfing is very common now. There's a lot of concerns about it. 0:05:02.382,0:05:05.609 We see this especially with product reviews, book reviews, 0:05:05.609,0:05:10.404 everything from hotels to whether that toaster is a good toaster or not. 0:05:10.404,0:05:14.322 Now, looking at these three reviews, or these three types of deception, 0:05:14.322,0:05:17.059 you might think, wow, the Internet is really making us 0:05:17.059,0:05:20.268 a deceptive species, especially when you think about 0:05:20.268,0:05:24.870 the Astroturfing, where we can see deception brought up to scale. 0:05:24.870,0:05:29.608 But actually, what I've been finding is very different from that. 0:05:29.608,0:05:32.857 Now, let's put aside the online anonymous sex chatrooms, 0:05:32.857,0:05:34.756 which I'm sure none of you have been in. 0:05:34.756,0:05:37.085 I can assure you there's deception there. 0:05:37.085,0:05:39.794 And let's put aside the Nigerian prince who's emailed you 0:05:39.794,0:05:43.022 about getting the 43 million out of the country. (Laughter) 0:05:43.022,0:05:44.702 Let's forget about that guy, too. 0:05:44.702,0:05:47.646 Let's focus on the conversations between our friends 0:05:47.646,0:05:49.793 and our family and our coworkers and our loved ones. 0:05:49.793,0:05:52.201 Those are the conversations that really matter. 0:05:52.201,0:05:56.441 What does technology do to deception with those folks? 0:05:56.441,0:05:59.516 Here's a couple of studies. One of the studies we do 0:05:59.516,0:06:02.887 are called diary studies, in which we ask people to record 0:06:02.887,0:06:06.453 all of their conversations and all of their lies for seven days, 0:06:06.453,0:06:09.558 and what we can do then is calculate how many lies took place 0:06:09.558,0:06:12.506 per conversation within a medium, and the finding 0:06:12.506,0:06:15.030 that we get that surprises people the most is that email 0:06:15.030,0:06:18.309 is the most honest of those three media. 0:06:18.309,0:06:20.710 And it really throws people for a loop because we think, 0:06:20.710,0:06:24.446 well, there's no nonverbal cues, so why don't you lie more? 0:06:24.446,0:06:28.750 The phone, in contrast, the most lies. 0:06:28.750,0:06:30.696 Again and again and again we see the phone is the device 0:06:30.696,0:06:35.414 that people lie on the most, and perhaps because of the Butler Lie ambiguities I was telling you about. 0:06:35.414,0:06:39.389 This tends to be very different from what people expect. 0:06:39.389,0:06:42.613 What about résumés? We did a study in which we had 0:06:42.613,0:06:45.157 people apply for a job, and they could apply for a job 0:06:45.157,0:06:48.671 either with a traditional paper résumé, or on LinkedIn, 0:06:48.671,0:06:51.493 which is a social networking site like Facebook, 0:06:51.493,0:06:55.060 but for professionals -- involves the same information as a résumé. 0:06:55.060,0:06:57.674 And what we found, to many people's surprise, 0:06:57.674,0:07:00.469 was that those LinkedIn résumés were more honest 0:07:00.469,0:07:02.293 on the things that mattered to employers, like your 0:07:02.293,0:07:06.444 responsibilities or your skills at your previous job. 0:07:06.444,0:07:08.740 How about Facebook itself? 0:07:08.740,0:07:10.622 You know, we always think that hey, there are these 0:07:10.622,0:07:12.751 idealized versions, people are just showing the best things 0:07:12.751,0:07:15.407 that happened in their lives. I've thought that many times. 0:07:15.407,0:07:18.475 My friends, no way they can be that cool and have good of a life. 0:07:18.475,0:07:22.296 Well, one study tested this by examining people's personalities. 0:07:22.296,0:07:26.514 They had four good friends of a person judge their personality. 0:07:26.514,0:07:28.470 Then they had strangers, many strangers, 0:07:28.470,0:07:30.998 judge the person's personality just from Facebook, 0:07:30.998,0:07:33.427 and what they found was those judgments of the personality 0:07:33.427,0:07:35.936 were pretty much identical, highly correlated, 0:07:35.936,0:07:40.309 meaning that Facebook profiles really do reflect our actual personality. 0:07:40.309,0:07:42.881 All right, well, what about online dating? 0:07:42.881,0:07:44.381 I mean, that's a pretty deceptive space. 0:07:44.381,0:07:47.916 I'm sure you all have "friends" that have used online dating. (Laughter) 0:07:47.916,0:07:49.974 And they would tell you about that guy that had no hair 0:07:49.974,0:07:53.004 when he came, or the woman that didn't look at all like her photo. 0:07:53.004,0:07:56.140 Well, we were really interested in it, and so what we did 0:07:56.140,0:07:59.247 is we brought people, online daters, into the lab, 0:07:59.247,0:08:00.727 and then we measured them. We got their height 0:08:00.727,0:08:04.608 up against the wall, we put them on a scale, got their weight -- 0:08:04.608,0:08:08.503 ladies loved that -- and then we actually got their driver's license to get their age. 0:08:08.503,0:08:12.814 And what we found was very, very interesting. 0:08:12.814,0:08:16.743 Here's an example of the men and the height. 0:08:16.743,0:08:19.213 Along the bottom is how tall they said they were in their profile. 0:08:19.213,0:08:24.075 Along the y-axis, the vertical axis, is how tall they actually were. 0:08:24.075,0:08:27.151 That diagonal line is the truth line. If their dot's on it, 0:08:27.151,0:08:28.705 they were telling exactly the truth. 0:08:28.705,0:08:31.818 Now, as you see, most of the little dots are below the line. 0:08:31.818,0:08:34.685 What it means is all the guys were lying about their height. 0:08:34.685,0:08:37.626 In fact, they lied about their height about nine tenths of an inch, 0:08:37.626,0:08:43.902 what we say in the lab as "strong rounding up." (Laughter) 0:08:43.902,0:08:48.405 You get to 5'8" and one tenth, and boom! 5'9". 0:08:48.405,0:08:50.403 But what's really important here is, look at all those dots. 0:08:50.403,0:08:52.969 They are clustering pretty close to the truth. What we found 0:08:52.969,0:08:55.377 was 80 percent of our participants did indeed lie 0:08:55.377,0:08:58.972 on one of those dimensions, but they always lied by a little bit. 0:08:58.972,0:09:01.996 One of the reasons is pretty simple. If you go to a date, 0:09:01.996,0:09:05.597 a coffee date, and you're completely different than what you said, 0:09:05.597,0:09:09.216 game over. Right? So people lied frequently, but they lied 0:09:09.216,0:09:12.685 subtly, not too much. They were constrained. 0:09:12.685,0:09:15.572 Well, what explains all these studies? What explains the fact 0:09:15.572,0:09:20.207 that despite our intuitions, mine included, 0:09:20.207,0:09:23.736 a lot of online communication, technologically-mediated 0:09:23.736,0:09:27.764 communication, is more honest than face to face? 0:09:27.764,0:09:30.253 That really is strange. How do we explain this? 0:09:30.253,0:09:33.632 Well, to do that, one thing is we can look at the deception-detection literature. 0:09:33.632,0:09:37.977 It's a very old literature by now, it's coming up on 50 years. 0:09:37.977,0:09:40.639 It's been reviewed many times. There's been thousands of trials, 0:09:40.639,0:09:44.620 hundreds of studies, and there's some really compelling findings. 0:09:44.620,0:09:47.856 The first is, we're really bad at detecting deception, 0:09:47.856,0:09:51.972 really bad. Fifty-four percent accuracy on average when you have to tell 0:09:51.972,0:09:55.356 if somebody that just said a statement is lying or not. 0:09:55.356,0:09:58.548 That's really bad. Why is it so bad? 0:09:58.548,0:10:01.078 Well it has to do with Pinocchio's nose. 0:10:01.078,0:10:03.437 If I were to ask you guys, what do you rely on 0:10:03.437,0:10:05.682 when you're looking at somebody and you want to find out 0:10:05.682,0:10:08.612 if they're lying? What cue do you pay attention to? 0:10:08.612,0:10:11.042 Most of you would say that one of the cues you look at 0:10:11.042,0:10:13.770 is the eyes. The eyes are the window to the soul. 0:10:13.770,0:10:16.173 And you're not alone. Around the world, almost every culture, 0:10:16.173,0:10:19.036 one of the top cues is eyes. But the research 0:10:19.036,0:10:22.860 over the last 50 years says there's actually no reliable cue 0:10:22.860,0:10:25.857 to deception, which blew me away, and it's one of 0:10:25.857,0:10:28.212 the hard lessons that I learned when I was customs officer. 0:10:28.212,0:10:30.642 The eyes do not tell us whether somebody's lying or not. 0:10:30.642,0:10:33.660 Some situations, yes -- high stakes, maybe their pupils dilate, 0:10:33.660,0:10:37.164 their pitch goes up, their body movements change a little bit, 0:10:37.164,0:10:41.996 but not all the time, not for everybody, it's not reliable. 0:10:41.996,0:10:45.374 Strange. The other thing is that just because you can't see me 0:10:45.374,0:10:47.793 doesn't mean I'm going to lie. It's common sense, 0:10:47.793,0:10:50.700 but one important finding is that we lie for a reason. 0:10:50.700,0:10:53.067 We lie to protect ourselves or for our own gain 0:10:53.067,0:10:55.894 or for somebody else's gain. 0:10:55.894,0:10:57.824 So there are some pathological liars, but they make up 0:10:57.824,0:11:01.337 a tiny portion of the population. We lie for a reason. 0:11:01.337,0:11:02.968 Just because people can't see us doesn't mean 0:11:02.968,0:11:05.239 we're going to necessarily lie. 0:11:05.239,0:11:06.792 But I think there's actually something much more 0:11:06.792,0:11:10.066 interesting and fundamental going on here. The next big 0:11:10.066,0:11:13.863 thing for me, the next big idea, we can find by going 0:11:13.863,0:11:17.002 way back in history to the origins of language. 0:11:17.002,0:11:20.889 Most linguists agree that we started speaking somewhere 0:11:20.889,0:11:24.057 between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. That's a long time ago. 0:11:24.057,0:11:26.673 A lot of humans have lived since then. 0:11:26.673,0:11:29.096 We've been talking, I guess, about fires and caves 0:11:29.096,0:11:32.203 and saber-toothed tigers. I don't know what they talked about, 0:11:32.203,0:11:34.721 but they were doing a lot of talking, and like I said, 0:11:34.721,0:11:37.266 there's a lot of humans evolving speaking, 0:11:37.266,0:11:40.072 about 100 billion people in fact. 0:11:40.072,0:11:42.854 What's important though is that writing only emerged 0:11:42.854,0:11:46.441 about 5,000 years ago. So what that means is that 0:11:46.441,0:11:48.833 all the people before there was any writing, 0:11:48.833,0:11:54.419 every word that they ever said, every utterance 0:11:54.419,0:11:59.171 disappeared. No trace. Evanescent. Gone. 0:11:59.171,0:12:03.236 So we've been evolving to talk in a way in which 0:12:03.236,0:12:09.153 there is no record. In fact, even the next big change 0:12:09.153,0:12:11.621 to writing was only 500 years ago now, 0:12:11.621,0:12:14.000 with the printing press, which is very recent in our past, 0:12:14.000,0:12:18.242 and literacy rates remained incredibly low right up until World War II, 0:12:18.242,0:12:21.626 so even the people of the last two millennia, 0:12:21.626,0:12:26.658 most of the words they ever said -- poof! -- disappeared. 0:12:26.658,0:12:30.249 Let's turn to now, the networked age. 0:12:30.249,0:12:34.961 How many of you have recorded something today? 0:12:34.961,0:12:38.138 Anybody do any writing today? Did anybody write a word? 0:12:38.138,0:12:42.364 It looks like almost every single person here recorded something. 0:12:42.364,0:12:45.412 In this room, right now, we've probably recorded more 0:12:45.412,0:12:49.954 than almost all of human pre-ancient history. 0:12:49.954,0:12:53.184 That is crazy. We're entering this amazing period 0:12:53.184,0:12:57.199 of flux in human evolution where we've evolved to speak 0:12:57.199,0:12:59.900 in a way in which our words disappear, but we're in 0:12:59.900,0:13:02.803 an environment where we're recording everything. 0:13:02.803,0:13:05.140 In fact, I think in the very near future, it's not just 0:13:05.140,0:13:07.489 what we write that will be recorded, everything we do 0:13:07.489,0:13:09.822 will be recorded. 0:13:09.822,0:13:14.278 What does that mean? What's the next big idea from that? 0:13:14.278,0:13:18.528 Well, as a social scientist, this is the most amazing thing 0:13:18.528,0:13:22.075 I have ever even dreamed of. Now, I can look at 0:13:22.075,0:13:25.686 all those words that used to, for millennia, disappear. 0:13:25.686,0:13:29.934 I can look at lies that before were said and then gone. 0:13:29.934,0:13:33.454 You remember those Astroturfing reviews that we were 0:13:33.454,0:13:36.957 talking about before? Well, when they write a fake review, 0:13:36.957,0:13:39.661 they have to post it somewhere, and it's left behind for us. 0:13:39.661,0:13:42.096 So one thing that we did, and I'll give you an example of 0:13:42.096,0:13:44.591 looking at the language, is we paid people 0:13:44.591,0:13:48.126 to write some fake reviews. One of these reviews is fake. 0:13:48.126,0:13:50.069 The person never was at the James Hotel. 0:13:50.069,0:13:52.991 The other review is real. The person stayed there. 0:13:52.991,0:13:56.518 Now, your task now is to decide 0:13:56.518,0:14:00.591 which review is fake? 0:14:00.591,0:14:04.777 I'll give you a moment to read through them. 0:14:04.777,0:14:07.064 But I want everybody to raise their hand at some point. 0:14:07.064,0:14:11.295 Remember, I study deception. I can tell if you don't raise your hand. 0:14:11.295,0:14:15.865 All right, how many of you believe that A is the fake? 0:14:17.894,0:14:20.036 All right. Very good. About half. 0:14:20.036,0:14:23.651 And how many of you think that B is? 0:14:23.651,0:14:26.180 All right. Slightly more for B. 0:14:26.180,0:14:28.772 Excellent. Here's the answer. 0:14:28.772,0:14:35.353 B is a fake. Well done second group. You dominated the first group. (Laughter) 0:14:35.353,0:14:38.199 You're actually a little bit unusual. Every time we demonstrate this, 0:14:38.199,0:14:40.945 it's usually about a 50-50 split, which fits 0:14:40.945,0:14:43.591 with the research, 54 percent. Maybe people here 0:14:43.591,0:14:47.361 in Winnipeg are more suspicious and better at figuring it out. 0:14:47.361,0:14:50.049 Those cold, hard winters, I love it. 0:14:50.049,0:14:53.103 All right, so why do I care about this? 0:14:53.103,0:14:56.371 Well, what I can do now with my colleagues in computer science 0:14:56.371,0:14:59.603 is we can create computer algorithms that can analyze 0:14:59.603,0:15:02.503 the linguistic traces of deception. 0:15:02.503,0:15:04.336 Let me highlight a couple of things here 0:15:04.336,0:15:07.779 in the fake review. The first is that liars tend to think 0:15:07.779,0:15:09.367 about narrative. They make up a story: 0:15:09.367,0:15:12.553 Who? And what happened? And that's what happened here. 0:15:12.553,0:15:14.842 Our fake reviewers talked about who they were with 0:15:14.842,0:15:19.607 and what they were doing. They also used the first person singular, I, 0:15:19.607,0:15:22.076 way more than the people that actually stayed there. 0:15:22.076,0:15:26.772 They were inserting themselves into the hotel review, 0:15:26.772,0:15:28.468 kind of trying to convince you they were there. 0:15:28.468,0:15:32.483 In contrast, the people that wrote the reviews that were actually there, 0:15:32.483,0:15:34.915 their bodies actually entered the physical space, 0:15:34.915,0:15:37.814 they talked a lot more about spatial information. 0:15:37.814,0:15:40.331 They said how big the bathroom was, or they said, 0:15:40.331,0:15:44.851 you know, here's how far shopping is from the hotel. 0:15:44.851,0:15:49.012 Now, you guys did pretty well. Most people perform at chance at this task. 0:15:49.012,0:15:51.770 Our computer algorithm is very accurate, much more accurate 0:15:51.770,0:15:55.061 than humans can be, and it's not going to be accurate all the time. 0:15:55.061,0:15:57.091 This isn't a deception-detection machine to tell 0:15:57.091,0:15:59.592 if your girlfriend's lying to you on text messaging. 0:15:59.592,0:16:03.156 We believe that every lie now, every type of lie -- 0:16:03.156,0:16:06.943 fake hotel reviews, fake shoe reviews, 0:16:06.943,0:16:09.857 your girlfriend cheating on you with text messaging -- 0:16:09.857,0:16:11.362 those are all different lies. They're going to have 0:16:11.362,0:16:14.221 different patterns of language. But because everything's 0:16:14.221,0:16:18.910 recorded now, we can look at all of those kinds of lies. 0:16:18.910,0:16:22.903 Now, as I said, as a social scientist, this is wonderful. 0:16:22.903,0:16:24.990 It's transformational. We're going to be able to learn 0:16:24.990,0:16:28.792 so much more about human thought and expression, 0:16:28.792,0:16:33.190 about everything from love to attitudes, 0:16:33.190,0:16:35.150 because everything is being recorded now, but 0:16:35.150,0:16:37.554 what does it mean for the average citizen? 0:16:37.554,0:16:40.356 What does it mean for us in our lives? 0:16:40.356,0:16:44.029 Well, let's forget deception for a bit. One of the big ideas, 0:16:44.029,0:16:47.717 I believe, is that we're leaving these huge traces behind. 0:16:47.717,0:16:50.933 My outbox for email is massive, 0:16:50.933,0:16:54.270 and I never look at it. I write all the time, 0:16:54.270,0:16:57.708 but I never look at my record, at my trace. 0:16:57.708,0:16:59.275 And I think we're going to see a lot more of that, 0:16:59.275,0:17:02.436 where we can reflect on who we are by looking at 0:17:02.436,0:17:06.054 what we wrote, what we said, what we did. 0:17:06.054,0:17:08.326 Now, if we bring it back to deception, there's a couple 0:17:08.326,0:17:10.303 of take-away things here. 0:17:10.303,0:17:14.791 First, lying online can be very dangerous, right? 0:17:14.791,0:17:17.497 Not only are you leaving a record for yourself on your machine, 0:17:17.497,0:17:21.772 but you're leaving a record on the person that you were lying to, 0:17:21.772,0:17:23.532 and you're also leaving them around for me to analyze 0:17:23.532,0:17:24.986 with some computer algorithms. 0:17:24.986,0:17:28.159 So by all means, go ahead and do that, that's good. 0:17:28.159,0:17:32.313 But when it comes to lying and what we want to do 0:17:32.313,0:17:34.866 with our lives, I think we can go back to 0:17:34.866,0:17:38.615 Diogenes and Confucius. And they were less concerned 0:17:38.615,0:17:41.447 about whether to lie or not to lie, and more concerned about 0:17:41.447,0:17:44.732 being true to the self, and I think this is really important. 0:17:44.732,0:17:48.915 Now, when you are about to say or do something, 0:17:48.915,0:17:53.475 we can think, do I want this to be part of my legacy, 0:17:53.475,0:17:56.188 part of my personal record? 0:17:56.188,0:17:58.845 Because in the digital age we live in now, 0:17:58.845,0:18:03.309 in the networked age, we are all leaving a record. 0:18:03.309,0:18:05.004 Thank you so much for your time, 0:18:05.004,0:18:09.451 and good luck with your record. (Applause)