[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.49,0:00:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most massive
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.06,0:00:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tsunami perfect storm
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.99,0:00:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is bearing down upon us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.87,0:00:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This perfect storm
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.12,0:00:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is mounting a grim reality, increasingly grim reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.28,0:00:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are facing that reality
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.24,0:00:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the full belief
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.62,0:00:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can solve our problems with technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.17,0:00:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's very understandable.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.47,0:00:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this perfect storm that we are facing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.68,0:00:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the result of our rising population,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.18,0:00:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rising towards 10 billion people,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.99,0:00:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,land that is turning to desert,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.63,0:00:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course, climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.74,0:00:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there's no question about it at all:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.40,0:00:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will only solve the problem
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.21,0:00:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of replacing fossil fuels with technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:01:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But fossil fuels, carbon -- coal and gas --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.85,0:01:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are by no means the only thing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.97,0:01:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is causing climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.09,0:01:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Desertification
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.98,0:01:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a fancy word for land that is turning to desert,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.30,0:01:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this happens only when
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.60,0:01:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we create too much bare ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.61,0:01:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no other cause.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.62,0:01:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I intend to focus
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.64,0:01:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on most of the world's land that is turning to desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.54,0:01:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I have for you a very simple message
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.83,0:01:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that offers more hope than you can imagine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.03,0:01:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have environments
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.10,0:01:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where humidity is guaranteed throughout the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.34,0:01:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On those, it is almost impossible
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.85,0:01:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create vast areas of bare ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.64,0:01:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter what you do, nature covers it up so quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.26,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have environments
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have months of humidity
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.70,0:01:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,followed by months of dryness,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.48,0:02:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is where desertification is occurring.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.95,0:02:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, with space technology now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.01,0:02:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can look at it from space,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.69,0:02:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we do, you can see the proportions fairly well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.95,0:02:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generally, what you see in green
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.57,0:02:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not desertifying,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.43,0:02:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you see in brown is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.73,0:02:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are by far the greatest areas of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.11,0:02:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About two thirds, I would guess, of the world is desertifying.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.89,0:02:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took this picture in the Tihamah Desert
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.82,0:02:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while 25 millimeters -- that's an inch of rain -- was falling.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.52,0:02:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of it in terms of drums of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.23,0:02:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each containing 200 liters.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.90,0:02:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over 1,000 drums of water fell on every hectare
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.50,0:02:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that land that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.38,0:02:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next day, the land looked like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.76,0:02:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where had that water gone?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.58,0:02:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of it ran off as flooding,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.98,0:02:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most of the water that soaked into the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.93,0:02:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply evaporated out again,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.21,0:02:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly as it does in your garden
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.58,0:03:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you leave the soil uncovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.59,0:03:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, because the fate of water and carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.06,0:03:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are tied to soil organic matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.62,0:03:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we damage soils, you give off carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.54,0:03:15.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon goes back to the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.37,0:03:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you're told over and over, repeatedly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.48,0:03:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that desertification is only occurring
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.48,0:03:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in arid and semi-arid areas of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.12,0:03:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that tall grasslands like this one
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.10,0:03:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in high rainfall are of no consequence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.73,0:03:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you do not look at grasslands but look down into them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.31,0:03:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you find that most of the soil in that grassland
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.02,0:03:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you've just seen is bare and covered with a crust of algae,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.31,0:03:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to increased runoff and evaporation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.43,0:03:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the cancer of desertification
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.41,0:03:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we do not recognize till its terminal form.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.95,0:04:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we know that desertification is caused by livestock,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.26,0:04:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mostly cattle, sheep and goats,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.05,0:04:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overgrazing the plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.86,0:04:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving the soil bare and giving off methane.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.98,0:04:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost everybody knows this,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.22,0:04:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from nobel laureates to golf caddies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.06,0:04:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or was taught it, as I was.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.69,0:04:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the environments like you see here,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.16,0:04:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dusty environments in Africa where I grew up,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.02,0:04:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I loved wildlife,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.94,0:04:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so I grew up hating livestock
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.33,0:04:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the damage they were doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.36,0:04:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then my university education as an ecologist
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.65,0:04:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reinforced my beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.73,0:04:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I have news for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.01,0:04:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were once just as certain
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.29,0:04:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the world was flat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.57,0:04:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were wrong then, and we are wrong again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.52,0:04:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to invite you now
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.69,0:05:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come along on my journey of reeducation and discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.95,0:05:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a young man,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.52,0:05:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a young biologist in Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.41,0:05:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was involved in setting aside marvelous areas
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.83,0:05:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as future national parks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.35,0:05:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now no sooner — this was in the 1950s —
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.78,0:05:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no sooner did we remove the hunting,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.94,0:05:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drum-beating people to protect the animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.43,0:05:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the land began to deteriorate,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.32,0:05:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you see in this park that we formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.56,0:05:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, no livestock were involved,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.89,0:05:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but suspecting that we had too many elephants now,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.52,0:05:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did the research and I proved we had too many,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.78,0:05:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I recommended that we would have to reduce their numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.37,0:05:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bring them down to a level that the land could sustain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.42,0:05:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that was a terrible decision for me to have to make,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.20,0:05:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was political dynamite, frankly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.06,0:06:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our government formed a team of experts
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.19,0:06:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to evaluate my research.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.83,0:06:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They did. They agreed with me,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.24,0:06:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and over the following years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.15,0:06:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we shot 40,000 elephants to try to stop the damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.04,0:06:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it got worse, not better.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.78,0:06:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Loving elephants as I do,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.28,0:06:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was the saddest and greatest blunder of my life,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.88,0:06:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will carry that to my grave.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.61,0:06:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One good thing did come out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.08,0:06:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It made me absolutely determined
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.46,0:06:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to devote my life to finding solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.94,0:06:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I came to the United States, I got a shock,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.02,0:06:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find national parks like this one
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.49,0:06:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desertifying as badly as anything in Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.72,0:06:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there'd been no livestock on this land
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.73,0:06:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for over 70 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.45,0:06:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I found that American scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.38,0:06:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had no explanation for this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.29,0:07:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except that it is arid and natural.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.25,0:07:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I then began looking
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.61,0:07:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at all the research plots I could
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.86,0:07:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the whole of the Western United States
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.57,0:07:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where cattle had been removed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.77,0:07:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prove that it would stop desertification,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.64,0:07:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I found the opposite,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.47,0:07:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we see on this research station,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.29,0:07:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where this grassland that was green in 1961,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.02,0:07:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by 2002 had changed to that situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.03,0:07:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the authors of the position paper on climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.75,0:07:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which I obtained these pictures
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.30,0:07:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attribute this change to "unknown processes."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.12,0:07:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly, we have never understood
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.12,0:07:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is causing desertification,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.80,0:07:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has destroyed many civilizations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.85,0:07:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now threatens us globally.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.54,0:07:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have never understood it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.99,0:07:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take one square meter of soil
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.11,0:08:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make it bare like this is down here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.82,0:08:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I promise you, you will find it much colder at dawn
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.99,0:08:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and much hotter at midday
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.80,0:08:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than that same piece of ground if it's just covered with litter,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.47,0:08:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plant litter.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.08,0:08:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have changed the microclimate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.12,0:08:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, by the time you are doing that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.22,0:08:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increasing greatly the percentage of bare ground
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.81,0:08:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on more than half the world's land,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.83,0:08:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are changing macroclimate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.06,0:08:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have just simply not understood
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.65,0:08:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why was it beginning to happen 10,000 years ago?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.64,0:08:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why has it accelerated lately?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.29,0:08:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had no understanding of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.25,0:08:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we had failed to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.68,0:08:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that these seasonal humidity environments of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.50,0:08:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the soil and the vegetation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.40,0:08:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developed with very large numbers of grazing animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.19,0:08:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that these grazing animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.81,0:09:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developed with ferocious pack-hunting predators.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.20,0:09:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the main defense against pack-hunting predators
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.10,0:09:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to get into herds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.44,0:09:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the larger the herd, the safer the individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.43,0:09:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, large herds dung and urinate all over their own food,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.26,0:09:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have to keep moving,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.26,0:09:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was that movement
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.18,0:09:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prevented the overgrazing of plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.98,0:09:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the periodic trampling
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.38,0:09:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ensured good cover of the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.90,0:09:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we see where a herd has passed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.01,0:09:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This picture is a typical seasonal grassland.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.24,0:09:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has just come through four months of rain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.03,0:09:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's now going into eight months of dry season.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.72,0:09:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And watch the change as it goes into this long dry season.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.18,0:09:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, all of that grass you see aboveground
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.26,0:09:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to decay biologically
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.01,0:10:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the next growing season, and if it doesn't,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.53,0:10:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the grassland and the soil begin to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.72,0:10:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if it does not decay biologically,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.92,0:10:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it shifts to oxidation, which is a very slow process,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.06,0:10:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this smothers and kills grasses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.01,0:10:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to a shift to woody vegetation
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.12,0:10:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bare soil, releasing carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.54,0:10:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To prevent that, we have traditionally used fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.65,0:10:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But fire also leaves the soil bare, releasing carbon,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.50,0:10:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and worse than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.89,0:10:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,burning one hectare of grassland
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.57,0:10:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives off more, and more damaging, pollutants
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.73,0:10:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than 6,000 cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.64,0:10:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are burning in Africa, every single year,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.03,0:10:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than one billion hectares of grasslands,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.67,0:10:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and almost nobody is talking about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.30,0:11:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We justify the burning, as scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.64,0:11:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it does remove the dead material
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.55,0:11:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it allows the plants to grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.85,0:11:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, looking at this grassland of ours that has gone dry,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.95,0:11:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what could we do to keep that healthy?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.64,0:11:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And bear in mind, I'm talking of most of the world's land now.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.67,0:11:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay? We cannot reduce animal numbers to rest it more
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.36,0:11:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without causing desertification and climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.97,0:11:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cannot burn it without causing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.11,0:11:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desertification and climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.38,0:11:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we going to do?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.42,0:11:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is only one option,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.81,0:11:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll repeat to you, only one option
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.67,0:11:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,left to climatologists and scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.39,0:11:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is to do the unthinkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.32,0:11:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to use livestock,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.05,0:11:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bunched and moving,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.01,0:11:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a proxy for former herds and predators,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.40,0:12:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mimic nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.14,0:12:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no other alternative left to mankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.65,0:12:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.09,0:12:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So on this bit of grassland, we'll do it, but just in the foreground.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.46,0:12:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll impact it very heavily with cattle to mimic nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.70,0:12:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've done so, and look at that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.53,0:12:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of that grass is now covering the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.89,0:12:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as dung, urine and litter or mulch,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.86,0:12:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as every one of the gardeners amongst you would understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.14,0:12:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that soil is ready to absorb and hold the rain,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.50,0:12:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to store carbon, and to break down methane.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.50,0:12:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did that,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.73,0:12:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without using fire to damage the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.50,0:12:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the plants are free to grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.64,0:12:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first realized
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.90,0:12:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we had no option as scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.39,0:12:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to use much-vilified livestock
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.15,0:12:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to address climate change and desertification,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.39,0:12:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was faced with a real dilemma.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.63,0:13:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How were we to do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.35,0:13:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd had 10,000 years of extremely knowledgeable pastoralists
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.92,0:13:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bunching and moving their animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.86,0:13:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they had created the great manmade deserts of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.53,0:13:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we'd had 100 years of modern rain science,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.41,0:13:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that had accelerated desertification,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.67,0:13:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we first discovered in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.84,0:13:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then confirmed in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.51,0:13:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you see in this picture
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.63,0:13:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of land managed by the federal government.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.99,0:13:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly more was needed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.89,0:13:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than bunching and moving the animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.98,0:13:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and humans, over thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.55,0:13:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had never been able to deal with nature's complexity.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.93,0:13:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we biologists and ecologists
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.32,0:13:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had never tackled anything as complex as this.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.29,0:13:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So rather than reinvent the wheel,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.92,0:13:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began studying other professions to see if anybody had.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.06,0:13:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I found there were planning techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.53,0:13:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I could take and adapt to our biological need,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.30,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from those I developed what we call
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holistic management and planned grazing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.31,0:14:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a planning process,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.11,0:14:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that does address all of nature's complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.81,0:14:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our social, environmental, economic complexity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.06,0:14:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we have young women like this one
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.72,0:14:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teaching villages in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.09,0:14:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to put their animals together into larger herds,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.02,0:14:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plan their grazing to mimic nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.73,0:14:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where we have them hold their animals overnight --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.77,0:14:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we run them in a predator-friendly manner,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.03,0:14:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have a lot of lands, and so on --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.35,0:14:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where they do this and hold them overnight
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.54,0:14:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prepare the crop fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.35,0:14:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are getting very great increases in crop yield as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.33,0:14:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at some results.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.95,0:14:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is land close to land that we manage in Zimbabwe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.17,0:14:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has just come through four months of very good rains
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.72,0:14:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it got that year, and it's going into the long dry season.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.23,0:14:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as you can see, all of that rain, almost of all it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.26,0:15:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has evaporated from the soil surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.37,0:15:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their river is dry despite the rain just having ended,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.17,0:15:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have 150,000 people
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.69,0:15:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on almost permanent food aid.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.44,0:15:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's go to our land nearby on the same day,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.94,0:15:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the same rainfall, and look at that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.78,0:15:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our river is flowing and healthy and clean.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.48,0:15:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.97,0:15:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The production of grass, shrubs, trees, wildlife,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.29,0:15:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything is now more productive,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.14,0:15:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have virtually no fear of dry years.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.25,0:15:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did that by increasing the cattle and goats
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.74,0:15:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,400 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.67,0:15:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,planning the grazing to mimic nature
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.80,0:15:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and integrate them with all the elephants, buffalo,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.22,0:15:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giraffe and other animals that we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.81,0:16:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before we began, our land looked like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.53,0:16:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This site was bare and eroding for over 30 years
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.94,0:16:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of what rain we got.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.71,0:16:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay? Watch the marked tree and see the change
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.33,0:16:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we use livestock to mimic nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.98,0:16:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was another site
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.45,0:16:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it had been bare and eroding,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.82,0:16:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the base of the marked small tree,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.53,0:16:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had lost over 30 centimeters of soil. Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.82,0:16:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, watch the change
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.43,0:16:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just using livestock to mimic nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.28,0:16:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are fallen trees in there now,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.41,0:16:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the better land is now attracting elephants, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.36,0:16:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This land in Mexico was in terrible condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.02,0:16:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've had to mark the hill
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.97,0:16:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the change is so profound.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.16,0:16:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.72,0:17:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began helping a family in the Karoo Desert in the 1970s
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.66,0:17:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn the desert that you see on the right there
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.63,0:17:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to grassland,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.56,0:17:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thankfully, now their grandchildren are on the land
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.08,0:17:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with hope for the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.92,0:17:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look at the amazing change in this one,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.72,0:17:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where that gully has completely healed
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.43,0:17:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using nothing but livestock mimicking nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.01,0:17:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and once more, we have the third generation of that family
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.24,0:17:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on that land with their flag still flying.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.52,0:17:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vast grasslands of Patagonia
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.09,0:17:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are turning to desert as you see here.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.16,0:17:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The man in the middle is an Argentinian researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.22,0:17:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he has documented the steady decline of that land
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.87,0:17:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the years as they kept reducing sheep numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.34,0:17:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put 25,000 sheep in one flock,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.19,0:17:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really mimicking nature now with planned grazing,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.14,0:17:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have documented a 50-percent increase
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.48,0:17:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the production of the land in the first year.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.95,0:18:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now have in the violent Horn of Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.99,0:18:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pastoralists planning their grazing to mimic nature
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.45,0:18:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and openly saying it is the only hope they have
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.94,0:18:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of saving their families and saving their culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.11,0:18:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ninety-five percent of that land
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.19,0:18:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can only feed people from animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.85,0:18:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remind you that I am talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.96,0:18:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the world's land here that controls our fate,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.40,0:18:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the most violent region of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.45,0:18:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where only animals can feed people
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.41,0:18:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from about 95 percent of the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.71,0:18:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we are doing globally is causing climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.84,0:18:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as, I believe, fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.14,0:18:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe more than fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.68,0:18:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But worse than that, it is causing hunger, poverty,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.35,0:18:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,violence, social breakdown and war,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.35,0:18:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as I am talking to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.76,0:18:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions of men, women and children
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.91,0:19:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are suffering and dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.31,0:19:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if this continues,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.02,0:19:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are unlikely to be able to stop the climate changing,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.81,0:19:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even after we have eliminated the use of fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.86,0:19:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe I've shown you how we can work with nature
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.10,0:19:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at very low cost
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.55,0:19:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reverse all this.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.05,0:19:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are already doing so
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.48,0:19:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on about 15 million hectares
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.48,0:19:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on five continents,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.11,0:19:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people who understand
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.74,0:19:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far more about carbon than I do
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.03,0:19:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calculate that, for illustrative purposes,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.08,0:19:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we do what I am showing you here,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.88,0:19:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can take enough carbon out of the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.90,0:19:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and safely store it in the grassland soils
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.24,0:19:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.86,0:19:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we just do that on about half the world's grasslands
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.86,0:19:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've shown you,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.21,0:19:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can take us back to pre-industrial levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.91,0:20:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while feeding people.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.55,0:20:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can think of almost nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.33,0:20:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that offers more hope for our planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.85,0:20:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for your children,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.10,0:20:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their children, and all of humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.76,0:20:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.06,0:20:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.17,0:20:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.52,0:20:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, Chris.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.24,0:20:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: Thank you. I have,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.59,0:20:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm sure everyone here has,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.68,0:20:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A) a hundred questions, B) wants to hug you.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.41,0:20:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just going to ask you one quick question.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.17,0:20:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you first start this and you bring in a flock of animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.86,0:20:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's desert. What do they eat? How does that part work?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.23,0:20:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you start?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.22,0:20:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Allan Savory: Well, we have done this for a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.86,0:21:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only time we have ever had to provide any feed
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.48,0:21:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is during mine reclamation,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.25,0:21:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it's 100 percent bare.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.56,0:21:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But many years ago, we took the worst land in Zimbabwe,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.92,0:21:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I offered a £5 note
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.01,0:21:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a hundred-mile drive
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.03,0:21:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if somebody could find one grass
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.15,0:21:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a hundred-mile drive,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.14,0:21:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on that, we trebled the stocking rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.93,0:21:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of animals, in the first year with no feeding,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.70,0:21:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by the movement, mimicking nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.36,0:21:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and using a sigmoid curve, that principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.13,0:21:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a little bit technical to explain here, but just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.60,0:21:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Well, I would love to -- I mean, this such an interesting and important idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.32,0:21:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best people on our blog are going to come and talk to you
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.31,0:21:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try and -- I want to get more on this
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.94,0:21:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could share along with the talk.AS: Wonderful.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.89,0:21:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: That is an astonishing talk, truly an astonishing talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.43,0:21:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think you heard that we all are cheering you on your way.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.20,0:21:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much.AS: Well, thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Chris.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.20,0:21:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)