0:00:00.759,0:00:05.104
Space, the final frontier.

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I first heard these words[br]when I was just six years old,

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and I was completely inspired.

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I wanted to explore strange new worlds.

0:00:14.454,0:00:16.250
I wanted to seek out new life.

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I wanted to see everything[br]that the universe had to offer.

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And those dreams, those words,[br]they took me on a journey,

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a journey of discovery,

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through school, through university,

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to do a PhD and finally to become[br]a professional astronomer.

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Now I learned two amazing things,[br]one slightly unfortunate,

0:00:35.374,0:00:38.426
when I was doing my PhD.

0:00:38.426,0:00:40.837
I learned that the reality was

0:00:40.837,0:00:45.621
I wouldn't be piloting a starship[br]any time soon.

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But I also learned that the universe[br]is strange, wonderful, and vast,

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actually too vast to be[br]explored by spaceship.

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And so I turned my attention[br]to astronomy, to using telescopes.

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Now, I show you before you[br]an image of the night sky.

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You might see it anywhere in the world.

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And all of these stars are part[br]of our local galaxy, the Milky Way.

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Now if you were to go[br]to a darker part of the sky,

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a nice dark site, perhaps in the desert,

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you might see the center[br]of our Milky Way galaxy

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spread out before you,[br]hundreds of billions of stars.

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And it's a very beautiful image.

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It's colorful.

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And again, this is just a local corner[br]of our universe.

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You can see there's a sort of strange[br]dark dust across it.

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Now, that is local dust

0:01:31.163,0:01:33.684
that's obscuring the light of the stars.

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But we can do a pretty good job.

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Just with our own eyes, we can explore[br]our little corner of the universe.

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It's possible to do better.

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You can use wonderful telescopes[br]like the Hubble space Telescope.

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Now astronomers have[br]put together this image.

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It's called the Hubble Deep Field,

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and they've spent hundreds of hours[br]observing just a tiny patch of the sky

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no larger than your thumbnail[br]held at arm's length.

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And in this image

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you can see thousands of galaxies,

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and we know that there must be[br]hundreds of millions, billions of galaxies

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in the entire universe,

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some like our own and some very different.

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So you think, okay, well,[br]I can continue this journey.

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This is easy. I can just use[br]a very powerful telescope

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and just look at the sky, no problem.

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It's actually really missing out[br]if we just do that.

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Now, that's because everything[br]I've talked about so far

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is just using the physical spectrum,[br]just the thing that your eyes can see,

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and that's a tiny slice,

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a tiny, tiny slice

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of what the universe has to offer us.

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Now, there's also two very important[br]problems with using visible light.

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Not only are we missing out[br]on all the other processes

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that are emitting other kinds of light,

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but there's two issues.

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Now, the first is that dust,[br]which I mentioned earlier.

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The dust stops the visible light[br]from getting to us.

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So as we look deeper[br]into the universe, we see less light.

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The dust stops it getting to us.

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There's a really strange problem[br]with using visible light

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in order to try and explore the universe.

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Now take a break for a minute.

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Say your standing on a corner,[br]a busy street corner.

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There's cars going by.

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An ambulance approaches.

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It has high-pitched siren.

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The siren appeared to change in pitch

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as it moved towards and away from you.

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The ambulance driver did not change[br]the siren just to mess with you.

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That was a product of your perception.

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The sound waves,[br]as the ambulance approached,

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were compressed,

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and they changed higher in pitch.

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As the ambulance receded,[br]the sound waves were stretched,

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and they sounded lower in pitch.

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The same thing happens with light.

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Objects moving towards us,

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their light waves are compressed[br]and they appear bluer.

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Objects moving away from us,[br]their light waves are stretched,

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and they appear redder.

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So we call these effects[br]blueshift and redshift.

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Now, our universe is expanding,

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so everything is moving away[br]from everything else,

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and that means everything[br]appears to be red,

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and oddly enough, as you look[br]more deeply into the universe,

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more distant objects[br]are moving away further and faster,

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so they appear more red.

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So if I come back[br]to the Hubble Deep Field

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and we were to continue[br]to peer deeply into the universe

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just using the Hubble,

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as we get to a certain distance away,

0:04:27.528,0:04:29.165
everything becomes red,

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and that presents something of a problem.

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Eventually, we get so far away

0:04:34.220,0:04:36.860
everything is shifted into the infrared

0:04:36.860,0:04:38.948
and we can't see anything at all.

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So there must be a way around this.

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Otherwise, I'm limited in my journey.

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I wanted to explore the whole universe,

0:04:45.171,0:04:47.170
not just whatever I can see

0:04:47.170,0:04:49.914
before the redshift kicks in.

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There is a technique.

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It's called radio astronomy.

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Astronomists have been[br]using this for decades.

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It's a fantastic technique. I show you[br]the Parkes Radio Telescope,

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affectionately known as the Dish.

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You may have seen the movie.

0:05:01.660,0:05:03.617
And radio is really brilliant.

0:05:03.617,0:05:06.362
It allows us to peer much more deeply.

0:05:06.362,0:05:08.928
It doesn't get stopped by dust,

0:05:08.928,0:05:11.245
so you can see everything in the universe,

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and redshift is less of a problem

0:05:13.232,0:05:16.751
because we can build receivers[br]that receive across a large band.

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So what does Parkes see when we turn it

0:05:19.184,0:05:20.832
to the center of the Milky Way?

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We should see something fantastic, right?

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Well, we do see something interesting.

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All that dust has gone.

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As I mentioned, radio goes[br]straight through dust, so not a problem.

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But the view is very different.

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We can see that the center[br]of the Milky Way is aglow,

0:05:37.765,0:05:39.674
and this isn't starlight.

0:05:39.674,0:05:43.483
This is a light called[br]synchrotron radiation,

0:05:43.483,0:05:48.422
and it's form from electrons[br]spiraling around cosmic magnetic fields.

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So the plane is aglow with this light,

0:05:51.412,0:05:55.030
and we can also see strange tufts[br]coming off of it,

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and objects which don't appear to light up[br]with anything that we can see

0:05:58.662,0:06:00.488
with our own eyes.

0:06:00.488,0:06:02.788
But it's hard to really[br]interpret this image,

0:06:02.788,0:06:05.736
because as you can see,[br]it's very low resolution.

0:06:05.736,0:06:07.919
Radio waves have a wavelength that's long,

0:06:07.919,0:06:09.900
and that makes their resolution poorer.

0:06:09.900,0:06:12.261
This image is also black and white,

0:06:12.261,0:06:16.982
so we don't really know,[br]what is the color of everything in here?

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Well fast forward to today.

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We can build telescopes

0:06:21.105,0:06:22.447
which can get over these problems.

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Now I'm showing you here an image[br]of the Murchison Radio Observatory,

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a fantastic place[br]to build radio telescopes.

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It's flat, it's dry,

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and most importantly, it's radio quiet:

0:06:33.988,0:06:34.468
no mobile phones, no wifi, nothing,

0:06:34.468,0:06:38.149
just very, very radio quiet,

0:06:38.149,0:06:42.918
so a perfect place[br]to build a radio telescope.

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Now, the telescope that I've been[br]working on for a few years

0:06:45.764,0:06:47.852
is called the Murchison Wide Field Array,

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and I'm going to show you a little[br]time lapse of it being built.

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This is a group of undergraduate[br]and postgraduate students

0:06:54.080,0:06:55.423
located in Perth.

0:06:55.423,0:06:57.189
We call them the Student Army,

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and they volunteered their time[br]to build a radio telescope.

0:07:00.247,0:07:02.565
There's no course credit for this.

0:07:02.565,0:07:05.559
And they're putting together[br]these radio dipoles.

0:07:05.559,0:07:07.582
They just receive at low frequencies,

0:07:07.582,0:07:11.266
a bit like your FM radio or your TV.

0:07:11.266,0:07:14.236
And here we are deploying them[br]across the desert.

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The final telescope covers[br]10 square kilometers

0:07:16.819,0:07:18.889
of the Western Australian Desert.

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And the interesting thing is,[br]there's no moving parts.

0:07:21.566,0:07:24.001
We just deploy these little antennas

0:07:24.001,0:07:26.304
essentially on chicken mesh.

0:07:26.304,0:07:27.620
It's fairly cheap.

0:07:27.620,0:07:29.558
Cables take the signals

0:07:29.558,0:07:31.647
from the antennas

0:07:31.647,0:07:34.247
and bring them to central[br]processing events.

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And it's the size of this telescope,[br]the fact that we've built it

0:07:36.876,0:07:38.653
over the entire desert

0:07:38.653,0:07:41.975
that gives us a better[br]resolution than Parkes.

0:07:41.975,0:07:43.932
Now eventually all those cables

0:07:43.932,0:07:45.301
bring them to a unit

0:07:45.301,0:07:48.042
which sends it off to a supercomputer

0:07:48.042,0:07:49.226
here in Perth,

0:07:49.226,0:07:50.935
and that's where I come in.

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Radio data.

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I have spent the last five years

0:07:57.711,0:07:58.799
working with very difficult,[br]very interesting data

0:07:58.799,0:08:00.587
that no one had really looked at before.

0:08:00.587,0:08:02.807
I've spent a long time calibrating it,

0:08:02.807,0:08:06.783
running millions of CPU hours[br]on supercomputers,

0:08:06.783,0:08:09.522
and really trying to understand that data.

0:08:09.522,0:08:11.653
And with this telescope,

0:08:11.653,0:08:12.738
with this data,

0:08:12.738,0:08:14.022
we've performed a survey

0:08:14.022,0:08:16.805
of the entire southern sky,

0:08:16.805,0:08:21.681
the Galactic and Extragalactic[br]All-sky MWA Survey,

0:08:21.681,0:08:24.265
or GLEAM, as I call it.

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And I'm very excited.

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This survey is just about to be published,[br]but it hasn't been shown yet,

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so you are literally the first people[br]to see this southern survey

0:08:32.993,0:08:34.918
of the entire sky.

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So I'm delighted to share with you[br]some images from this survey.

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Now, imagine you went to the Murchison,

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you camped out underneath the stars,

0:08:43.128,0:08:44.914
and you looked towards the south.

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You saw the south's celestial pole,

0:08:46.563,0:08:47.693
the galaxy rising.

0:08:47.693,0:08:50.292
If I fade in the radio light,

0:08:50.292,0:08:51.442
this is what we observe with our survey.

0:08:51.442,0:08:56.062
You can see that the galactic plane[br]is no longer dark with dust.

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It's alight with synchrotron radiation,

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and thousands of dots are in the sky.

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Our large Magellanic Cloud,[br]our nearest galactic neighbor,

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is orange instead of[br]its more familiar blue-white.

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So there's a lot going on in this.[br]Let's take a closer look.

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If we look back towards[br]the galactic center,

0:09:13.327,0:09:16.665
where we originally saw the Parkes image[br]that I showed you earlier,

0:09:16.665,0:09:18.769
low resolution, black and white,

0:09:18.769,0:09:22.256
and we fade toe the GLEAM view,

0:09:22.256,0:09:26.366
you can see the resolution has gone up[br]by a factor of a hundred.

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We now have a color view of the sky,

0:09:29.193,0:09:30.493
a technicolor view.

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Now, it's not a false color view.

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These are real radio colors.

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What I've done is I've colored[br]the lowest frequencies red

0:09:39.766,0:09:41.393
and the highest frequencies blue,

0:09:41.393,0:09:42.360
and the middle ones green.

0:09:42.360,0:09:45.144
And that gives us this rainbow view.

0:09:45.144,0:09:47.265
And this isn't just false color.

0:09:47.265,0:09:50.257
The colors in this image tell us[br]about the physical processes

0:09:50.257,0:09:51.623
going on in the universe.

0:09:51.623,0:09:55.026
So for instance, if you look[br]along the plane of the galaxy,

0:09:55.026,0:09:56.472
it's alight with synchrotron,

0:09:56.472,0:09:57.590
which is mostly reddish orange,

0:09:57.590,0:10:02.507
but if we look very closely[br]we see little blue dots.

0:10:02.507,0:10:04.102
Now if we zoom in,

0:10:04.102,0:10:06.535
these blue dots are ionized plasma

0:10:06.535,0:10:08.689
around very bright stars,

0:10:08.689,0:10:11.419
and what happens is that[br]they block the red light,

0:10:11.419,0:10:13.842
so they appear blue.

0:10:13.842,0:10:15.793
And these can tell us[br]about these star-forming regions

0:10:15.793,0:10:18.276
in our galaxy.

0:10:18.276,0:10:19.691
And we just see them immediately.

0:10:19.691,0:10:22.993
We look at the galaxy, and the color[br]tells us that they're there.

0:10:22.993,0:10:24.934
You can see little soap bubbles,

0:10:24.934,0:10:27.994
little circular images[br]around the galactic plane,

0:10:27.994,0:10:30.854
and these are supernova remnants.

0:10:30.854,0:10:32.513
When a star explodes,

0:10:32.513,0:10:34.998
its outer shell is cast off

0:10:34.998,0:10:38.318
and it travels outward into space[br]gathering up material,

0:10:38.318,0:10:40.817
and it produces a little shell.

0:10:40.817,0:10:43.861
It's been a longstanding[br]mystery to astronomers

0:10:43.861,0:10:47.058
where all the supernova remnants are.

0:10:47.058,0:10:51.647
We know that there must be a lot[br]of high-energy electrons in the plane

0:10:51.647,0:10:54.247
to produce the synchrotron[br]radiation that we see,

0:10:54.247,0:10:56.911
and we think they're produced[br]by supernova remnants,

0:10:56.911,0:10:58.389
but there don't seem to be enough.

0:10:58.389,0:11:02.647
Fortunately, GLEAM is really, really[br]good at detecting supernova remnants,

0:11:02.647,0:11:05.673
so we're hoping to have a new paper[br]out on that soon.

0:11:05.673,0:11:07.305
Now that's fine.

0:11:07.305,0:11:09.619
We've explored our little local universe,

0:11:09.619,0:11:11.954
but I wanted to go deeper.[br]I wanted to go further.

0:11:11.954,0:11:14.584
I wanted to go beyond the Milky Way.

0:11:14.584,0:11:18.647
Well as it happens we can see a very[br]interesting objecting the top right,

0:11:18.647,0:11:20.831
and this is a local radio galaxy,

0:11:20.831,0:11:22.510
Centaurus A.

0:11:22.510,0:11:25.832
If we zoom in on this, we can see[br]that there are two huge plumes

0:11:25.832,0:11:27.806
going out into space,

0:11:27.806,0:11:30.796
and if you look right in the center[br]between those two plumes,

0:11:30.796,0:11:33.247
you'll see a galaxy just like our own.

0:11:33.247,0:11:35.615
It has a spiral. It has a dust plane.

0:11:35.615,0:11:37.687
It's a normal galaxy.

0:11:37.687,0:11:40.679
But these jets are only[br]visible in the radio.

0:11:40.679,0:11:41.820
If we looked in the visible,[br]we wouldn't even know they were there,

0:11:41.820,0:11:47.733
and they're thousands of times larger[br]than the host galaxy.

0:11:47.733,0:11:50.497
Well, what's going on?[br]What's producing these jets?

0:11:50.497,0:11:54.672
At the center of every galaxy[br]that we know about

0:11:54.672,0:11:58.342
is a supermassive black hole.

0:11:58.342,0:12:00.776
Now, black holes are invisible.[br]That's why they're called that.

0:12:00.776,0:12:03.391
All you can see is the deflection[br]of the light around them,

0:12:03.391,0:12:07.977
and occasionally, when a star[br]or a cloud of gas comes into their orbit,

0:12:07.977,0:12:10.758
it is ripped apart by tidal forces,

0:12:10.758,0:12:13.896
forming what we call an accretion disk.

0:12:13.896,0:12:17.103
The accretion disk glows[br]brightly in the x-rays,

0:12:17.103,0:12:18.764
and huge magnetic fields

0:12:18.764,0:12:21.312
can launch the material into space

0:12:21.312,0:12:23.564
at nearly the speed of light.

0:12:23.564,0:12:27.419
So these jets are visible in the radio

0:12:27.419,0:12:30.270
and this is what we pick up in our survey.

0:12:30.270,0:12:34.235
Well very well, so we've seen[br]one radio galaxy. That's nice.

0:12:34.235,0:12:36.423
But if you just look at[br]the top of that image,

0:12:36.423,0:12:38.267
you'll see another radio galaxy.

0:12:38.267,0:12:41.852
It's a little bit smaller, and that's[br]just because it's further away.

0:12:41.852,0:12:44.299
Okay. Two radio galaxies.

0:12:44.299,0:12:46.683
We can see this. This is fine.

0:12:46.683,0:12:47.851
Well, what about all the other dots?

0:12:47.851,0:12:49.632
Presumably those are just stars.

0:12:49.632,0:12:51.238
They're not.

0:12:51.238,0:12:53.096
They're all radio galaxies.

0:12:53.096,0:12:56.087
Every single one of the dots in this image

0:12:56.087,0:12:58.797
is a distant galaxy,

0:12:58.797,0:13:01.041
millions to billions of light years away

0:13:01.041,0:13:03.488
with a supermassive[br]black hole at its center

0:13:03.488,0:13:07.500
pushing material into space[br]at nearly the speed of light.

0:13:07.500,0:13:09.406
It is mindblowing.

0:13:09.406,0:13:13.619
And this survey is even larger[br]than what I've shown here.

0:13:13.619,0:13:16.132
If we zoom out to[br]the full extent of the survey,

0:13:16.132,0:13:20.046
you can see I found 300,000[br]of these radio galaxies.

0:13:20.046,0:13:23.581
So it's truly an epic journey.

0:13:23.581,0:13:25.949
We've discovered all of these galaxies

0:13:25.949,0:13:30.190
right back to the very first[br]supermassive black holes.

0:13:30.190,0:13:33.644
I'm very proud of this[br]and it will be published next week.

0:13:33.644,0:13:36.338
Now, that's not all.

0:13:36.338,0:13:40.451
I've explored the furthest reaches[br]of the galaxy with this survey,

0:13:40.451,0:13:43.953
but there's something[br]even more in this image.

0:13:43.953,0:13:47.869
Now, I'll take you right back[br]to the dawn of time.

0:13:47.869,0:13:51.134
Now, when the universe formed,[br]it was a big bang,

0:13:51.134,0:13:55.693
which left the universe[br]as a sea of hydrogen,

0:13:55.693,0:13:57.061
neutral hydrogen,

0:13:57.061,0:13:59.772
and when the very first stars[br]and galaxies switched on,

0:13:59.772,0:14:02.090
they ionized that hydrogen.

0:14:02.090,0:14:06.397
So the universe went[br]from neutral to ionized.

0:14:06.397,0:14:09.652
That imprinted a signal all around us.

0:14:09.652,0:14:11.439
Everywhere, it pervades us,

0:14:11.439,0:14:12.811
like the Force.

0:14:12.811,0:14:16.801
Now, because that happened so long ago,

0:14:16.801,0:14:19.733
the signal was redshifted,

0:14:19.733,0:14:23.237
so now that signal[br]is at very low frequencies.

0:14:23.237,0:14:25.510
It's at the same frequency as my survey,

0:14:25.510,0:14:27.082
but it's so faint,

0:14:27.082,0:14:31.554
it's a billionth the size of any[br]of the objects in my survey.

0:14:31.554,0:14:36.241
So our telescope may not be quite[br]sensitive enough to pick up this signal.

0:14:36.241,0:14:38.855
However, there's a new radio telescope.

0:14:38.855,0:14:40.483
So I can't have a starship,

0:14:40.483,0:14:42.309
but I can hopefully have

0:14:42.309,0:14:43.837
one of the biggest radio telescopes

0:14:43.837,0:14:44.890
in the world.

0:14:44.890,0:14:46.879
We're build the Square Kilometer Array,[br]a new radio telescope,

0:14:46.879,0:14:51.088
and it's going to be a thousand[br]times bigger than the MWA,

0:14:51.088,0:14:54.015
a thousand times more sensitive,[br]and have an even better resolution.

0:14:54.015,0:14:56.345
So we should find tens[br]of millions of galaxies.

0:14:56.345,0:14:59.015
And perhaps, deep in that signal,

0:14:59.015,0:15:00.511
I will get to look upon

0:15:00.511,0:15:03.010
the very first stars and galaxies[br]switching on,

0:15:03.010,0:15:05.886
the beginning of time itself.

0:15:05.886,0:15:07.421
Thank you.

0:15:07.421,0:15:12.103
(Applause)