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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.84,0:00:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most remarkable aspects\Nof the human brain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.02,0:00:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is its ability to recognize patterns\Nand describe them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.68,0:00:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the hardest patterns\Nwe've tried to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.36,0:00:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the concept of\Nturbulent flow in fluid dynamics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.79,0:00:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The German physicist\NWerner Heisenberg said,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.30,0:00:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"When I meet God,\NI'm going to ask him two questions:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.38,0:00:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why relativity and why turbulence?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.84,0:00:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really believe he will have\Nan answer for the first."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.93,0:00:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As difficult as turbulence is\Nto understand mathematically,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.30,0:00:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can use art to depict the way it looks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.19,0:00:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In June 1889, Vincent van Gogh\Npainted the view just before sunrise
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.31,0:00:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the window of his room\Nat the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.66,0:00:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.59,0:00:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he'd admitted himself after\Nmutilating his own ear
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.84,0:00:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a psychotic episode.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.31,0:01:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In "The Starry Night,"\Nhis circular brushstrokes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.06,0:01:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,create a night sky filled\Nwith swirling clouds and eddies of stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.83,0:01:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Van Gogh and other Impressionists\Nrepresented light in a different way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.75,0:01:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than their predecessors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.98,0:01:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeming to capture\Nits motion, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.77,0:01:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across sun-dappled waters,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.86,0:01:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or here in star light\Nthat twinkles and melts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.53,0:01:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through milky waves of blue night sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.84,0:01:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The effect is caused by luminance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.42,0:01:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the intensity of the light\Nin the colors on the canvas.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.94,0:01:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more primitive part\Nof our visual cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.63,0:01:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which sees light contrast\Nand motion, but not color,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.58,0:01:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will blend two differently\Ncolored areas together
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.63,0:01:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they have the same luminance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.97,0:01:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our brains' primate subdivision
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.35,0:01:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will see the contrasting colors\Nwithout blending.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.51,0:01:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With these two interpretations\Nhappening at once,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.46,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the light in many Impressionist works\Nseems to pulse, flicker and radiate oddly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.90,0:02:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how this\Nand other Impressionist works
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.22,0:02:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use quickly executed\Nprominent brushstrokes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.07,0:02:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to capture something strikingly real\Nabout how light moves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.70,0:02:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sixty years later, Russian\Nmathematician Andrey Kolmogorov
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.21,0:02:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,furthered our mathematical\Nunderstanding of turbulence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.79,0:02:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he proposed that energy\Nin a turbulent fluid at length R
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.16,0:02:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,varies in proportion to\Nthe 5/3rds power of R.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.49,0:02:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Experimental measurements show Kolmogorov
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.47,0:02:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was remarkably close\Nto the way turbulent flow works,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.66,0:02:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although a complete description\Nof turbulence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.81,0:02:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remains one of the unsolved\Nproblems in physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.18,0:02:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A turbulent flow is self-similar\Nif there is an energy cascade.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.52,0:02:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, big eddies\Ntransfer their energy to smaller eddies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.12,0:02:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which do likewise at other scales.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.92,0:02:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Examples of this include\NJupiter's Great Red Spot,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.23,0:02:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cloud formations\Nand interstellar dust particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.67,0:02:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2004, using the Hubble Space Telescope,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.91,0:02:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists saw the eddies of a distant\Ncloud of dust and gas around a star,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.93,0:03:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it reminded them\Nof Van Gogh's "Starry Night."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.96,0:03:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This motivated scientists\Nfrom Mexico, Spain and England
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.19,0:03:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to study the luminance\Nin Van Gogh's paintings in detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.42,0:03:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They discovered that there is a distinct\Npattern of turbulent fluid structures
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.70,0:03:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to Kolmogorov's equation\Nhidden in many of Van Gogh's paintings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.100,0:03:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The researchers digitized the paintings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.22,0:03:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and measured how brightness varies\Nbetween any two pixels.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.97,0:03:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the curves measured\Nfor pixel separations,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.69,0:03:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they concluded that paintings from\NVan Gogh's period of psychotic agitation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.46,0:03:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behave remarkably similar\Nto fluid turbulence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.99,0:03:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His self-portrait with a pipe, from\Na calmer period in Van Gogh's life,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.100,0:03:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showed no sign of this correspondence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.31,0:03:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And neither did other artists' work
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.81,0:03:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seemed equally\Nturbulent at first glance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.36,0:03:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Munch's "The Scream."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.42,0:03:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While it's too easy to say\NVan Gogh's turbulent genius
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.70,0:03:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enabled him to depict turbulence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.09,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also far too difficult to accurately\Nexpress the rousing beauty of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.03,0:04:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in a period of intense suffering,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.48,0:04:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Van Gogh was somehow\Nable to perceive and represent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.93,0:04:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most supremely\Ndifficult concepts
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.36,0:04:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nature has ever brought before mankind,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.62,0:04:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to unite his unique mind's eye
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.76,0:04:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the deepest mysteries\Nof movement, fluid and light.