0:00:06.761,0:00:07.931
Good afternoon.

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I'm excited to talk you about[br]changing our minds about food waste.

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Before I get into food waste though,

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I'd like us to step back[br]and think about changing our minds.

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When is the last time you changed[br]your mind about something?

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I don't mean about what you want[br]for dinner or perhaps your weekend plans,

0:00:24.585,0:00:28.035
but something significant:[br]maybe religion,

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maybe how you feel[br]about someone important in your life,

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or a long-held belief [br]that suddenly had to change.

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Sometimes when we change our mind,[br]it's a process that takes its time.

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Sometimes there's just one instant,[br]you thought one thing

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and then the next is something different.

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I'd like to tell you a little bit about[br]how I changed my mind about litter.

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As I mentioned, I grew up[br]on a farm in Washington State,

0:00:54.894,0:00:58.025
and our farm bordered a highway.

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It was about 1.5 mile stretch[br]and in the summer,

0:01:00.562,0:01:03.718
we drove that highway[br]three or four times back and forth,

0:01:03.718,0:01:06.349
checking on the fields,[br]changing water and the like.

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The highway was littered [br]with beer bottles, beer cans,

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those styrofoam packages[br]you used to get your hamburgers in,

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paper, plastic, things like that.

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Up close and personal,[br]it was kind of gross.

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But as I think about my own litter habits,

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I was raised in the '80s[br]when this was happening,

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and you weren't supposed to litter[br]but it was more a matter of convenience.

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So I have to say that when[br]you're going down the road,

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and if it was a little bit messy,

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it was okay to roll down[br]your window and toss it out.

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If you didn't have a garbage bag[br]for your pop can,

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sometimes it did go out[br]the window unfortunately.

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Terrible, I know![br]I'm ashamed about it now.

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So, I had a summer job with the retired[br]high school math teacher,

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and what we were doing is checking[br]these agricultural fields.

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We'd drive from field to field[br]in a pick up truck and take soil samples.

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This guy had been doing[br]the job a long time.

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I remember my first trip with him.

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He had his favorite spot for lunch.

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It was a beautiful field[br]on your right, you just tested it.

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There were a dirt road, a ditch,[br]an embankment and another field,

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and there happened to be[br]at least one big tree,

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so if you parked in the right spot,[br]you had shade.

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You could eat your lunch[br]in the shade in a hot day.

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Anyway, we sit down[br]and get our bag lunches out.

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He likes sardines and is eating it away.

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Now, he gets done with the sardine can,[br]rolls down the window and tosses it out.

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Then, we finish our lunches.

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He puts it in its bag,[br]throws it out the window,

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finishes the soda can,[br]same thing. Terrible!

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Somewhere in there, I looked[br]through the driver's window

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and I could see[br]on the far embankment,

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there was a small pile[br]of sardine and soda cans,

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and some of them were gray -[br]they had been there a year or two.

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He'd been eating in the same spot[br]for several years, unfortunately.

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For me, at that moment, I could connect

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the actions of one individual[br]with the litter problem, and I realized:

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"Oh, if this is how you act, this is what[br]you get. I shouldn't litter anymore."

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I've tried to do a good job since then,[br]be respectful and stop that problem.

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If you look at our highways,[br]they are so much cleaner.

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Collectively, we've changed[br]our minds about litter.

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And it's for the better.

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Now, changing our minds is something[br]we often think other people should do.

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We're right, more enlightened,[br]and especially sophisticates.

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So, you change your mind[br]and we got it right.

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Maybe the more educated you are,[br]the more you feel you got it right.

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Since the Middle Ages,[br]it was considered that to be educated,

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you had to know Greek[br]and Latin, sometimes French.

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If you go look at the old letters[br]they wrote to each other in Latin.

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When Northwestern University[br]was founded in the 1850s,

0:04:01.472,0:04:03.685
they had a requirement[br]for Greek and Latin.

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It wasn't a requirement in college.

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You had to have studied it[br]in high school to even be admitted.

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That was the standard view.

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If you were educated, your college[br]application had Greek and Latin on it.

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As the Industrial Revolution happened,[br]it became a little bit more controversial,

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and Harvard dropped the requirement[br]for Greek in the late 1880s,

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Latin a little while later,[br]and all the other colleges followed.

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Within a couple of decades,[br]our society had changed its mind

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about what it meant to be educated.

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I think we're all for the better.

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We now study math and science.

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We study other subjects like Art,[br]rather than Latin and Greek.

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Our perceptions of beauty can change too.

0:04:52.999,0:04:56.177
I think we all know who this is:[br]Michael Jordan.

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When we think of Michael Jordan,[br]he's generally known for three things:

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first that tongue, the "wagging tongue,"[br]we remember that;

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second, sneakers -[br]selling sneakers Air Jordan;

0:05:10.381,0:05:12.544
then lastly, of course,[br]his athletic prowess

0:05:12.544,0:05:16.043
that led the Chicago Bulls[br]to six NBA Championships.

0:05:16.233,0:05:20.853
However, as History progresses,[br]some have suggested

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that when we look back [br]on the career of Michael Jordan,

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his greatest impact on all of us[br]will be to make baldness cool.

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(Laughter)

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Yeah! ... And it wasn't just him,[br]it was Patrick Stewart.

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But up until this time,[br]

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up until this time, we had wigs[br]in England and toupees in the '80s,

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and if you were going bald,[br]it was embarrassing,

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and you did everything you can about it.

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Now, a couple of decades later,

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the University of Pennsylvania [br]just did a study.

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It was on women,

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and bald men were considered[br]to be more masculine.

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So, we've changed our perception.[br]

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At least half of us did change[br]their perception about baldness

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in a series of couple of decades,[br]and it's fantastic.

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We changed our mind.

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So, we need to think about[br]changing our mind about food waste.

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There are close to a billion people [br]who are malnourished in the world,

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and food waste is a problem.

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I remember when I was a kid,

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it was in one of those African famines,[br]my mom served the meal -

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I was full or didn't like it[br]at all, I don't remember -

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passed the plate to me.[br]

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I took a couple of bites,[br]pushed it back and said, "I'm done."

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She says "You're going to eat that.[br]- No I'm not."

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She says, "There are millions of starving[br]kids in Africa, you need to eat your food."

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And I say, "Okay, well, give it to them."

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Once it's on the plate,[br]there is a food waste problem,

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but the food waste that I want[br]to talk about is between farm to fork,

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because once it gets to the plate,[br]it's a bit harder to deal with.

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The USDA, on the conservative side, [br]has been noted to say

0:07:04.689,0:07:10.195
that we're losing 33% of food[br]between farms and the plate,

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and some other estimate[br]that it's closer to half.

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So, the truth is probably somewhere[br]in between, depending on the item.

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There are various solutions.

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The ones I want to focus on today [br]have to do do with the produce aisle.

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We take it for granted,[br]but one of the beautiful things

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about growing up[br]in North America or Europe

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is to be able to walk[br]into a grocery store,

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look at the produce -[br]there's dozens of kinds of produce.

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It's inexpensive, safe, ripe,

0:07:41.846,0:07:44.441
smells good, and there's just a variety.

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It's there almost every day of the year.

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We don't even think about it,[br]we just expect it.

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It hasn't been like this for that long,

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and most of the rest of the world[br]doesn't get to eat like us.

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But the food waste problem[br]is particularly severe in produce.

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Where we can grow produce[br]is relatively restricted,

0:08:04.066,0:08:06.472
so fixing the food waste on produce

0:08:06.472,0:08:09.652
would make it more available[br]for everyone else.

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How does this problem start[br]and what can we do about it?

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We'll use strawberries as an example.

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We buy them in clamshells.

0:08:21.522,0:08:23.850
They're generally a pound or two.

0:08:23.850,0:08:26.755
You can buy them in a flat[br]if they're cheap.

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We take them home and we eat them.

0:08:30.082,0:08:34.092
But strawberries start[br]in California or Florida,

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or Baja California in Mexico.

0:08:35.861,0:08:39.080
These are the places where strawberries[br]are primarily grown.

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It starts on farms there,[br]and strawberries are particular

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because they've a shelf life[br]of seven to eight days.

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So from the time they're picked

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to the time they're going bad[br]in your fridge, is eight days.

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The food waste happens in that time.

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So on farm, there are these berms[br]about this high and this wide,

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and strawberries are still picked[br]manually - you walk on and pick them.

0:09:03.973,0:09:06.690
For strawberries,[br]the on-farm food waste isn't that bad.

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Generally, five to ten percent[br]is being left in the field,

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and the ones we're leaving[br]are usually either overripe or misshapen.

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So, relative to some other produce items,[br]it could be a lot higher,

0:09:18.617,0:09:22.487
but it's five to ten percent[br]food waste on farm.

0:09:22.807,0:09:26.477
Then, they're loaded,[br]they're quickly cooled for 12-18 hours;

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they're loaded on trucks[br]to go to distribution centers,

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to supermarkets, to where we buy them.

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One of the issues on strawberries,[br]is that, in that distribution center,

0:09:38.862,0:09:42.899
if there are any inefficiencies,[br]the shelf life becomes a real problem.

0:09:43.119,0:09:47.945
Last summer, I sat down with a senior[br]buyer for a major supermarket chain.

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He admitted that 30% of the berries[br]they buy are being thrown away

0:09:53.600,0:09:55.899
before they get to consumer shelves.

0:09:55.899,0:09:58.007
Occasionally, they get[br]too ripe on the shelf,

0:09:58.007,0:09:59.686
but that's before we even see them.

0:09:59.686,0:10:03.358
So you lost 10% on farm,[br]and now you loss another 30%,

0:10:03.358,0:10:05.675
and then we're taking them home.

0:10:06.651,0:10:09.067
My family's experience on buying berries

0:10:09.067,0:10:13.324
is that we'd buy the berries - [br]they look like this -, take them home,

0:10:13.324,0:10:16.489
and if they're great tasting berries,[br]they'll get eaten right away.

0:10:16.489,0:10:18.551
Kids are right at them.

0:10:18.551,0:10:22.200
However, if they weren't[br]especially great tasting

0:10:22.200,0:10:25.594
or looked a little funny,[br]or if I was saving them for an event,

0:10:25.594,0:10:28.659
I might only use half of them,[br]or a portion of them,

0:10:28.659,0:10:31.064
and then they go in the fridge[br]and you guys all know,

0:10:31.064,0:10:35.285
you have about a day, a day and a half,[br]before they look like this.

0:10:35.599,0:10:37.689
This is what we in America experience.

0:10:37.689,0:10:40.728
Now, if you live in California,[br]it isn't quite so bad

0:10:40.728,0:10:42.922
because you're right there[br]where they're grown.

0:10:42.922,0:10:46.235
So they don't always see the problem[br]as bad as the rest of us see it.

0:10:46.239,0:10:50.986
But generally, we're losing another third[br]at the consumer level.

0:10:51.232,0:10:57.376
So collectively, we're buying $6 billion[br]with the strawberries in the US,

0:10:57.376,0:11:00.752
and we're eating 35, maybe 40% of them,

0:11:00.752,0:11:02.992
and that's the food waste problem.

0:11:04.278,0:11:06.582
So what can we do about it?

0:11:08.760,0:11:10.852
There's a couple of solutions,

0:11:10.862,0:11:13.818
but that's going to require us[br]to change our mind.

0:11:14.046,0:11:16.546
You've all been to the supermarket,

0:11:16.546,0:11:20.451
and maybe you've seen crooked carrots

0:11:20.451,0:11:24.840
or tomatoes[br]that aren't quite perfect round,

0:11:24.840,0:11:27.191
apples that are lopsided,

0:11:27.192,0:11:29.373
pears that have those striations down them

0:11:29.373,0:11:34.021
where they cracked or otherwise,[br]now, abraded on the field.

0:11:34.753,0:11:42.025
That's misshapen food and a lot of times[br]we're not ever seeing it as consumers,

0:11:42.033,0:11:46.268
because we've trained ourselves[br]to only buy what's perfect.

0:11:46.807,0:11:51.372
That "ugly food" as you would call it,[br]or misshapen food,

0:11:51.372,0:11:53.785
is often being disposed of[br]before we ever see it.

0:11:53.785,0:11:56.767
But if supplies are tight[br]or it's super cheap,

0:11:56.767,0:11:59.567
sometimes, we'll see it in the stores.

0:12:00.717,0:12:05.211
Nature doesn't produce a perfect berry[br]or a perfect tomato every time.

0:12:05.964,0:12:09.556
But those imperfect misshapen fruits[br]are still nutritious.

0:12:09.560,0:12:11.762
They are still ripe and tasty.

0:12:11.958,0:12:15.622
There's a movement that started in Europe[br]that is getting going in the States.

0:12:15.622,0:12:18.027
It's called the Ugly Food Movement.

0:12:18.027,0:12:19.970
(Laughter)

0:12:20.420,0:12:21.950
Okay.

0:12:21.950,0:12:24.938
So other than maybe not being[br]the most visually appealing

0:12:24.938,0:12:26.829
this is great produce.

0:12:27.054,0:12:31.368
There's no reason why we shouldn't be[br]buying it and consuming it.

0:12:31.702,0:12:35.124
This would help solve[br]part of the food waste problem.

0:12:36.388,0:12:39.437
But it doesn't solve the shelf life issue.

0:12:40.221,0:12:44.683
On the shelf life, we've a couple[br]of solutions that are in the works.

0:12:45.130,0:12:49.792
One group of entrepreneurs[br]is building green houses

0:12:49.792,0:12:52.076
on rooftops or near urban areas, saying,

0:12:52.076,0:12:55.883
"Hey, if we can grow[br]our produce close to cities,

0:12:55.883,0:12:59.285
we can have a longer shelf life,[br]no transportation, it would be easier."

0:12:59.285,0:13:01.805
Some are even delivering to your house.

0:13:02.036,0:13:04.375
Tomatoes grow really well[br]in those environments,

0:13:04.375,0:13:06.263
as well as some types of lettuce.

0:13:06.263,0:13:08.120
We certainly can't grow fruit that way

0:13:08.121,0:13:11.127
and it's not clear[br]that we can grow all vegetables.

0:13:11.500,0:13:13.816
So far, they're more expensive[br]not less expensive

0:13:13.816,0:13:16.103
than a farm-produced produce.

0:13:16.296,0:13:20.736
So while I think greenhouse production[br]close to cities is a partial solution,

0:13:20.744,0:13:23.576
it's not going to be a complete solution.

0:13:23.876,0:13:26.771
The other part of the solution of course,

0:13:26.771,0:13:31.181
is biotechnology or genetic engineering.

0:13:31.950,0:13:35.951
Twenty-five years ago, [br]the Flavr Savr Tomato was launched.

0:13:36.211,0:13:39.062
It was a tomato that had extra shelf life.

0:13:39.062,0:13:42.473
It wasn't perfect, but there was[br]true shelf life that was there.

0:13:42.743,0:13:46.042
It was at the beginning when biotechnology[br]was coming on the market.

0:13:46.042,0:13:49.039
Groups of people[br]were a little worried and scared

0:13:49.039,0:13:52.353
and they formed groups and opposed it.

0:13:52.912,0:13:55.517
People that are against GMOs[br]still consider

0:13:55.517,0:13:59.126
defeating Flavr Savr Tomato[br]as one of their big wins.

0:14:00.222,0:14:04.711
Not to judge those times,[br]but I think from our times now,

0:14:04.711,0:14:08.412
we can see there aren't[br]other solutions to shelf life.

0:14:08.595,0:14:12.854
If we want everybody to be able[br]to eat like us, we need longer shelf life.

0:14:13.410,0:14:16.234
Some of these technology solutions[br]are now known to be safe,

0:14:16.234,0:14:19.824
they're recommended by Nobel Laureates,[br]the National Academy of Sciences,

0:14:19.830,0:14:21.806
and the technology has improved.

0:14:21.898,0:14:25.203
Recently in India, they published a paper,

0:14:25.203,0:14:29.128
and showed tomatoes that had 45 days[br]of shelf life, if you can believe it.

0:14:29.268,0:14:33.184
Just a month, if it only worked[br]for four weeks instead of 45 days,

0:14:33.184,0:14:36.430
it would significantly change[br]the food waste problem.

0:14:38.202,0:14:41.203
So, when we run into shelf life issues,

0:14:41.203,0:14:43.921
sometimes we're able to give these away

0:14:43.921,0:14:47.498
but most of the time,[br]they're going in the garbage can.

0:14:48.676,0:14:51.019
These are the solutions:

0:14:51.024,0:14:54.846
more greenhouse production,[br]especially near cities,

0:14:54.849,0:14:56.603
biotechnology,

0:14:56.603,0:14:58.446
and eating the ugly food.

0:14:58.587,0:15:00.362
But there is a paradox.

0:15:00.369,0:15:03.505
Some of these topics[br]are easier to talk about

0:15:03.505,0:15:06.687
and some of them[br]are harder to actually do.

0:15:07.097,0:15:09.524
Let's think about[br]how we change our minds.

0:15:09.612,0:15:13.063
Think about when you have[br]a conversation,

0:15:13.063,0:15:17.324
a colloquial or a familiar conversation -[br]water cooler at work,

0:15:17.324,0:15:20.026
maybe a family dinner table,[br]maybe a bar with friends.

0:15:20.356,0:15:23.704
Collectively, I can imagine us[br]all sitting down or a small group of us,

0:15:23.704,0:15:26.894
and you say, "Yes, we're on board.[br]We need to change the food waste.

0:15:26.894,0:15:30.258
We need to solve this problem.[br]I'm going to buy ugly food."

0:15:30.445,0:15:34.625
We could all say, "As long as it doesn't[br]taste different, well, I will buy it."

0:15:34.908,0:15:40.897
However, when we go to the supermarket,[br]our minds and our eyes are not connected.

0:15:41.094,0:15:43.963
We naturally buy what's pretty.

0:15:44.251,0:15:47.328
Okay? So, we have to change our minds.

0:15:47.328,0:15:52.661
We've to disassociate, be more open[br]and buy what we know is safe,

0:15:52.661,0:15:56.577
cognitively, mentally,[br]but maybe doesn't look the prettiest.

0:15:56.577,0:15:58.862
That takes us to the ugly food.

0:15:59.121,0:16:01.489
The shelf life issue is a different issue.

0:16:01.489,0:16:03.494
Greenhouses are probably fine.

0:16:03.494,0:16:07.276
It'll be higher priced, very likely,[br]but we can all accept that.

0:16:07.584,0:16:10.566
If we're having the same conversation[br]about biotechnology,

0:16:10.574,0:16:13.008
some of us aren't as secure about that.

0:16:13.008,0:16:15.586
I believe it's safe.[br]It's fine for my family.

0:16:15.985,0:16:17.996
I believe that that's the solution,

0:16:17.996,0:16:21.038
especially for the shelf life[br]of fruits and vegetables.

0:16:21.038,0:16:23.980
But I don't expect everyone[br]to be convinced it is.

0:16:23.980,0:16:28.344
However, we have our conversation,[br]I'm not sure everyone's on the same page.

0:16:28.344,0:16:31.306
As soon as you go to the store,[br]you're going to buy sodas,

0:16:31.306,0:16:34.869
papaya, corn chips,[br]and a whole bunch of other items

0:16:34.869,0:16:38.466
that all have GMO ingredients,[br]and nobody ever thinks twice about it.

0:16:38.648,0:16:42.827
We have to change how we feel[br]about the technology

0:16:42.829,0:16:45.224
so that it can go[br]into fruits and vegetables[br]

0:16:45.224,0:16:48.664
and people make this possible for us.

0:16:50.826,0:16:55.949
Collectively, I hope we can all step back

0:16:55.949,0:16:58.949
and think about changing our minds[br]about food waste.

0:16:59.169,0:17:04.010
I'm an optimist, I think that we[br]as a group, a crowd, a society,

0:17:04.010,0:17:06.793
when we change our minds[br]we're changing it for the better.

0:17:07.019,0:17:09.477
We're trying to make[br]improvements for society.

0:17:09.477,0:17:12.438
We're trying to make life better[br]for those around us.

0:17:12.810,0:17:16.178
Working on food waste,[br]changing our minds about food waste

0:17:16.178,0:17:18.471
will make our planet a better place.

0:17:18.692,0:17:20.236
Thank you very much.

0:17:20.236,0:17:22.410
(Applause)