[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.93,0:00:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look deep into the night sky,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.42,0:00:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see stars,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.04,0:00:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you look further, you see more stars,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.61,0:00:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and further, galaxies, and \Nfurther, more galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.77,0:00:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you keep looking further and further,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.64,0:00:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually you see nothing for a long while,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.76,0:00:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then finally you see a\Nfaint, fading afterglow,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.22,0:00:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the afterglow of the Big Bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.24,0:00:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the Big Bang was an era in the early universe
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.06,0:00:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when everything we see in the night sky
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.23,0:00:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was condensed into an incredibly small,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.64,0:00:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,incredibly hot, incredibly roiling mass,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.97,0:00:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from it sprung everything we see.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.66,0:00:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we've mapped that afterglow
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.52,0:00:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with great precision,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.20,0:00:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I say we, I mean people who aren't me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.24,0:00:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've mapped the afterglow
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.12,0:00:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with spectacular precision,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.44,0:00:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the shocks about it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.99,0:00:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it's almost completely uniform.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.93,0:00:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fourteen billion light years that way
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.89,0:00:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 14 billion light years that way,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.75,0:00:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the same temperature.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.16,0:01:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's been 14 billion years
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.47,0:01:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since that Big Bang,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.29,0:01:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it's got faint and cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.76,0:01:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's now 2.7 degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.07,0:01:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not exactly 2.7 degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.35,0:01:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only 2.7 degrees to about
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.64,0:01:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 parts in a million.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.49,0:01:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over here, it's a little hotter,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.48,0:01:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and over there, it's a little cooler,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.35,0:01:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's incredibly important\Nto everyone in this room,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.44,0:01:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because where it was a little hotter,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.16,0:01:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a little more stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.86,0:01:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where there was a little more stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.42,0:01:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have galaxies and clusters of galaxies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.39,0:01:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and superclusters
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.64,0:01:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the structure you see in the cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.35,0:01:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those small, little, inhomogeneities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.46,0:01:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 parts in a million,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.75,0:01:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those were formed by quantum mechanical wiggles
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.50,0:01:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that early universe that were stretched
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.31,0:01:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the size of the entire cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.59,0:01:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is spectacular,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.30,0:01:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's not what they found on Monday;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.97,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they found on Monday is cooler.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's what they found on Monday:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.27,0:01:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine you take a bell,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.77,0:01:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you whack the bell with a hammer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.38,0:01:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens? It rings.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.06,0:02:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you wait, that ringing fades
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.27,0:02:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fades and fades
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.89,0:02:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you don't notice it anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.83,0:02:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that early universe was incredibly dense,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.48,0:02:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a metal, way denser,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.56,0:02:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you hit it, it would ring,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.96,0:02:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the thing ringing would be
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.82,0:02:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the structure of space-time itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.91,0:02:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the hammer would be quantum mechanics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.73,0:02:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they found on Monday
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.66,0:02:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was evidence of the ringing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.02,0:02:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the space-time of the early universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.34,0:02:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we call gravitational waves
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.44,0:02:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the fundamental era,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.96,0:02:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here's how they found it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.94,0:02:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those waves have long since faded.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.01,0:02:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go for a walk,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.50,0:02:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't wiggle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.08,0:02:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those gravitational waves in the structure of space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.83,0:02:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are totally invisible for all practical purposes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.60,0:02:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But early on, when the universe was making
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.51,0:02:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that last afterglow,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.88,0:02:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the gravitational waves
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.44,0:02:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put little twists in the structure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.30,0:02:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the light that we see.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.83,0:02:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by looking at the night sky deeper and deeper --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.79,0:02:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, these guys spent\Nthree years on the South Pole
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.43,0:03:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking straight up through the coldest, clearest,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.02,0:03:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cleanest air they possibly could find
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.37,0:03:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking deep into the night sky and studying
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.80,0:03:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that glow and looking for the faint twists
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.18,0:03:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are the symbol, the signal,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.52,0:03:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of gravitational waves,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.34,0:03:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ringing of the early universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.68,0:03:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on Monday, they announced
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.47,0:03:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had found it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.22,0:03:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing that's so spectacular about that to me
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.64,0:03:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not just the ringing, though that is awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.39,0:03:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing that's totally amazing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.75,0:03:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reason I'm on this stage, is because
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.85,0:03:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what that tells us is something\Ndeep about the early universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.32,0:03:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It tells us that we
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.98,0:03:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything we see around us
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.42,0:03:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are basically one large bubble --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.37,0:03:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is the idea of inflation—
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.13,0:03:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one large bubble surrounded by something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.02,0:03:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't conclusive evidence for inflation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.15,0:03:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but anything that isn't inflation that explains this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.32,0:03:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will look the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.64,0:03:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a theory, an idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.29,0:03:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been around for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.51,0:03:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we never thought we we'd really see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.24,0:03:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For good reasons, we thought we'd never see
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.07,0:03:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killer evidence, and this is killer evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.32,0:03:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the really crazy idea
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.33,0:04:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that our bubble is just one bubble
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.36,0:04:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a much larger, roiling pot of universal stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.99,0:04:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're never going to see the stuff outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.82,0:04:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but by going to the South Pole\Nand spending three years
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.39,0:04:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at the detailed structure of the night sky,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.95,0:04:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.80,0:04:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're probably in a universe\Nthat looks kind of like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.90,0:04:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that amazes me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.32,0:04:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.65,0:04:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)