[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.97,0:00:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being human,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.41,0:00:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we each view ourselves as a unique and independent individual,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.08,0:00:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're never alone!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.06,0:00:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Millions of microscopic beings inhabit our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.96,0:00:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no two bodies are the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.46,0:00:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each is a different habitat for microbial communities:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.08,0:00:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the arid deserts of our skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.32,0:00:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the villages on our lips,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.11,0:00:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cities in our mouths.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.98,0:00:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even every tooth is its own distinctive neighborhood,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.70,0:00:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our guts are teaming metropolises of interacting microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.33,0:00:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in these bustling streets of our guts,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.87,0:00:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see a constant influx of food,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.31,0:00:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every microbe has a job to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.11,0:01:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a cellulolytic bacteria, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.95,0:01:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their one job is to break down cellulose,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.84,0:01:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a common compound in vegetables, into sugars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.57,0:01:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those simple sugars then move along to the respirators,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.69,0:01:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another set of microbes that snatch up
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.96,0:01:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these simple sugars and burn them as fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.35,0:01:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As food travels through our digestive tract,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.81,0:01:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it reaches the fermentors who extract energy from these sugars
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.72,0:01:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by converting them into chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.25,0:01:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like alcohol and hydrogen gas,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.45,0:01:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they spew out as waste products.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.51,0:01:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deeper in the depths of our gut city,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.16,0:01:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the syntrophs eke out a living off the fermenters' trash.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.52,0:01:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At each step of this process,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.59,0:01:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy is released,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.25,0:01:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that energy is absorbed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.78,0:01:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the cells of the digestive tract.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.49,0:01:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This city we just saw is different in everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.17,0:01:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every person has a unique and diverse community of gut microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.13,0:01:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can process food in different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.03,0:01:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One person's gut microbes may be capable
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.64,0:01:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of releasing only a fraction of the calories
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.91,0:02:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that another person's gut microbes can extract.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.11,0:02:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what determines the membership of our gut microbial community?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.66,0:02:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, things like our genetic makeup
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.66,0:02:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the microbes we encounter throughout our lives
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.07,0:02:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can contribute to our microbial ecosystems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.83,0:02:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The food we eat also influences
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.07,0:02:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which microbes live in our gut.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.28,0:02:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, food made of complex molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.35,0:02:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like an apple,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.21,0:02:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires a lot of different microbial workers to break it down.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.75,0:02:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, if a food is made of simple molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.86,0:02:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a lollipop,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.95,0:02:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of these workers are put out of a job.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.99,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those workers leave the city, never to return.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What doesn't function well are gut microbial communities
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.62,0:02:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with only a few different types of workers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.72,0:02:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, humans who suffer from diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.41,0:02:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like diabetes or chronic gut inflamation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.02,0:02:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically have less microbial variety in their guts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.55,0:02:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't fully understand the best way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.89,0:02:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to manage our individual microbial societies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.10,0:03:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is likely that lifestyle changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.27,0:03:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as eating a varied diet of complex, plant-based foods,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.70,0:03:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can help revitalize our microbial ecosystems in our gut
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.87,0:03:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and across the entire landscape of our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.81,0:03:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we are really not alone in our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.29,0:03:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our bodies are homes to millions of different microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.13,0:03:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need them just as much as they need us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.96,0:03:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we learn more about how our microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.05,0:03:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interact with each other and with our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.32,0:03:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will reveal how we can nurture
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.55,0:03:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this complex, invisible world
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.29,0:03:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shapes our personal identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.18,0:03:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our health,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.18,0:03:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our well-being.