[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.79,0:00:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, people are more afraid of insects\Nthan they are of dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.81,0:00:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.61,0:00:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least, according to a 1973\N"Book of Lists" survey
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.14,0:00:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which preceded all those online best,\Nworst, funniest lists that you see today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.17,0:00:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only heights and public speaking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.83,0:00:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exceeded the six-legged\Nas sources of fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.88,0:00:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I suspect if you had put\Nspiders in there,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.46,0:00:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the combinations of insects and spiders\Nwould have just topped the chart.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.74,0:00:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I am not one of those people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.86,0:00:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really love insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.03,0:00:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think they're interesting and beautiful,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.11,0:00:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes even cute.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.62,0:00:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.11,0:00:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.50,0:00:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For centuries, some\Nof the greatest minds in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.23,0:00:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Charles Darwin to E.O. Wilson,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.27,0:01:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have drawn inspiration from studying\Nsome of the smallest minds on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.66,0:01:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.39,0:01:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is that keeps us\Ncoming back to insects?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.06,0:01:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of it, of course, is just the sheer\Nmagnitude of almost everything about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.68,0:01:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're more numerous\Nthan any other kind of animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.69,0:01:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't even know how many species\Nof insects there are,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.54,0:01:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because new ones\Nare being discovered all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.28,0:01:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are at least a million,\Nmaybe as many as 10 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.22,0:01:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that you could have\Nan insect-of-the-month calendar
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.51,0:01:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not have to reuse a species\Nfor over 80,000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.52,0:01:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.44,0:01:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take that, pandas and kittens!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.15,0:01:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.51,0:01:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More seriously, insects are essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.100,0:01:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.47,0:01:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been estimated\Nthat 1 out of every 3 bites of food
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.89,0:01:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is made possible by a pollinator.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.97,0:01:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientist use insects to make fundamental\Ndiscoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.22,0:01:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about everything from the structure\Nof our nervous systems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.15,0:02:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to how our genes and DNA work.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.39,0:02:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I love most about insects
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.29,0:02:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what they can tell us\Nabout our own behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.54,0:02:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insects seem like they do\Neverything that people do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.62,0:02:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They meet, they mate,\Nthey fight, they break up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.51,0:02:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they do so with what looks\Nlike love or animosity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.66,0:02:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what drives their behaviors is really\Ndifferent than what drives our own,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.90,0:02:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that difference\Ncan be really illuminating.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.23,0:02:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nowhere where that's more true
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.12,0:02:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than when it comes to one\Nof our most consuming interests -- sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.14,0:02:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I will maintain.\Nand I think I can defend,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.100,0:02:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what may seem like a surprising statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.75,0:02:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think sex in insects is more\Ninteresting than sex in people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.32,0:02:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.13,0:02:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the wild variety that we see
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.29,0:02:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes us challenge\Nsome of our own assumptions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.23,0:02:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what it means to be male and female.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.66,0:02:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, to start with,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.34,0:03:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of insects don't need\Nto have sex at all to reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.32,0:03:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Female aphids can make little, tiny clones\Nof themselves without ever mating.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.44,0:03:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Virgin birth, right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.94,0:03:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On your rose bushes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.25,0:03:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.47,0:03:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they do have sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.04,0:03:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even their sperm is more\Ninteresting than human sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.32,0:03:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are some kinds of fruit flies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.72,0:03:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose sperm is longer\Nthan the male's own body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.22,0:03:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's important because the males\Nuse their sperm to compete.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.87,0:03:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, male insects do compete with weapons,\Nlike the horns on these beetles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.55,0:03:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they also compete\Nafter mating with their sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.73,0:03:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dragonflies and damselflies have penises\Nthat look kind of like Swiss Army knives
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.88,0:03:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all of the attachments pulled out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.99,0:03:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.89,0:03:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They use these formidable devices\Nlike scoops,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.06,0:03:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to remove the sperm from previous males\Nthat the female has mated with.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.82,0:03:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.91,0:03:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what can we learn from this?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.63,0:04:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.33,0:04:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, it is not a lesson in the sense\Nof us imitating them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.37,0:04:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of them setting\Nan example for us to follow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.92,0:04:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which, given this,\Nis probably just as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.26,0:04:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, did I mention sexual cannibalism\Nis rampant among insects?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.86,0:04:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, no, that's not the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.22,0:04:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I think insects do,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.98,0:04:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is break a lot of the rules\Nthat we humans have about the sex roles.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.32,0:04:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, people have this idea that nature\Ndictates kind of a 1950s sitcom version
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.87,0:04:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what males and females are like.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.85,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that males are always\Nsupposed to be dominant and aggressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.03,0:04:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and females are passive and coy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.79,0:04:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's just not the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.61,0:04:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, take katydids,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.69,0:04:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are relatives of crickets\Nand grasshoppers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.56,0:04:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The males are very picky\Nabout who they mate with,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.06,0:04:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they not only transfer\Nsperm during mating,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.31,0:05:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they also give the female\Nsomething called a nuptial gift.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.80,0:05:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see two katydids\Nmating in these photos.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.50,0:05:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In both panels,\Nthe male's the one on the right,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.84,0:05:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that sword-like appendage\Nis the female's egg-laying organ.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.13,0:05:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The white blob is the sperm,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.68,0:05:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the green blob is the nuptial gift,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.09,0:05:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the male manufactures\Nthis from his own body
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.48,0:05:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's extremely costly to produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.68,0:05:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can weigh up to a third\Nof his body mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.98,0:05:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will now pause for a moment\Nand let you think about
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.54,0:05:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it would be like if human men,\Nevery time they had sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.73,0:05:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to produce something\Nthat weighed 50, 60, 70 pounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.80,0:05:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.43,0:05:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, they would not be able\Nto do that very often.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.70,0:05:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.22,0:05:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed, neither can the katydids.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.34,0:05:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what that means
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.28,0:05:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the katydid males are very choosy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.11,0:06:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about who they offer\Nthese nuptial gifts to.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.22,0:06:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the gift is very nutritious,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.16,0:06:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the female eats it\Nduring and after mating.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.88,0:06:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the bigger it is,\Nthe better off the male is,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.26,0:06:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that means more time for his sperm
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.46,0:06:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to drain into her body\Nand fertilize her eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.52,0:06:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also means that the males\Nare very passive about mating,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.90,0:06:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the females\Nare extremely aggressive and competitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.44,0:06:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an attempt to get as many of these\Nnutritious nuptial gifts as they can.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.78,0:06:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's not exactly\Na stereotypical set of rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.97,0:06:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even more generally though,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.71,0:06:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,males are actually not all that important\Nin the lives of a lot of insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.80,0:06:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the social insects --\Nthe bees and wasps and ants --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.25,0:06:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the individuals that you see every day --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.87,0:06:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ants going back and forth\Nto your sugar bowl,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.34,0:06:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the honey bees that are flitting\Nfrom flower to flower --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.37,0:06:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of those are always female.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.30,0:06:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have had a hard time getting\Ntheir head around that idea for millennia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.90,0:07:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ancient Greeks knew that there was\Na class of bees, the drones,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.02,0:07:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are larger than the workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.10,0:07:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although they disapproved\Nof the drones' laziness
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.69,0:07:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they could see that\Nthe drones just hang around the hive
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.77,0:07:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the mating flight --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.32,0:07:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're the males.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.56,0:07:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They hang around until the mating flight,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.60,0:07:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they don't participate\Nin gathering nectar or pollen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.37,0:07:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Greeks couldn't figure out\Nthe drones' sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.68,0:07:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and part of the confusion was that they\Nwere aware of the stinging ability of bees
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.27,0:07:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they found it difficult to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.15,0:07:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that any animals that bore such a weapon\Ncould possibly be a female.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.70,0:07:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristotle tried to get involved as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.74,0:07:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He suggested, "OK, if the stinging\Nindividuals are going to be the males ..."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.35,0:07:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then he got confused,\Nbecause that would have meant
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.84,0:07:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the males were also taking care\Nof the young in a colony,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.59,0:07:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he seemed to think\Nthat would be completely impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.03,0:07:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He then concluded that maybe\Nbees had the organs of both sexes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.10,0:07:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same individual,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.27,0:07:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not that far-fetched,\Nsome animals do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.87,0:07:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he never really\Ndid get it figured out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.74,0:08:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know, even today,\Nmy students, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.55,0:08:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call every animal they see,\Nincluding insects, a male.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.58,0:08:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I tell them\Nthat the ferocious army-ant soldiers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.14,0:08:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their giant jaws,\Nused to defend the colony,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.10,0:08:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all always female,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.23,0:08:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they seem to not quite believe me.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.59,0:08:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.76,0:08:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And certainly all of the movies --\NAntz, Bee Movie --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.98,0:08:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,portray the main character\Nin the social insects as being male.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.87,0:08:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what difference does this make?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.70,0:08:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are movies. They're fiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.36,0:08:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have talking animals in them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What difference does it make\Nif they talk like Jerry Seinfeld?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.71,0:08:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it does matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.90,0:08:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a problem that actually\Nis part of a much deeper one
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.78,0:08:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has implications\Nfor medicine and health
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.94,0:08:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of other aspects of our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.60,0:08:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You all know that scientists\Nuse what we call model systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.11,0:09:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are creatures --\Nwhite rats or fruit flies --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.50,0:09:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are kind of stand-ins\Nfor all other animals, including people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.08,0:09:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is\Nthat what's true for a person
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.04,0:09:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will also be true for the white rat.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.48,0:09:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by and large,\Nthat turns out to be the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.48,0:09:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can take the idea\Nof a model system too far.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.92,0:09:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I think we've done,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.22,0:09:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is use males, in any species,\Nas though they are the model system.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.69,0:09:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The norm.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.94,0:09:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way things are supposed to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.51,0:09:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And females as a kind of variant --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.58,0:09:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something special that you only study\Nafter you get the basics down.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.80,0:09:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, back to the insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.51,0:09:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think what that means
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.88,0:09:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that people just couldn't see\Nwhat was in front of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.72,0:09:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they assumed that the world's\Nstage was largely occupied by male players
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.18,0:09:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and females would only have\Nminor, walk-on roles.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.63,0:10:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we do that, we really miss out\Non a lot of what nature is like.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.59,0:10:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can also miss out on the way\Nnatural, living things, including people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.61,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can vary.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.02,0:10:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that's why we've used males\Nas models in a lot of medical research,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.12,0:10:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that we know now to be a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.21,0:10:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we want the results to apply\Nto both men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.76,0:10:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the last thing\NI really love about insects
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.31,0:10:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something that a lot of people\Nfind unnerving about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.60,0:10:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have little, tiny brains
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.39,0:10:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with very little cognitive ability,\Nthe way we normally think of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.40,0:10:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have complicated behavior,\Nbut they lack complicated brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.86,0:10:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, we can't just think of them\Nas though they're little people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.06,0:10:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they don't do things\Nthe way that we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.63,0:10:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really love that it's difficult\Nto anthropomorphize insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.75,0:10:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at them and just think of them\Nlike they're little people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.30,0:10:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in exoskeletons, with six legs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.93,0:11:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.21,0:11:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, you really have to accept them\Non their own terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.78,0:11:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because insects make us question\Nwhat's normal and what's natural.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.53,0:11:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you know, people write fiction\Nand talk about parallel universes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.18,0:11:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They speculate about the supernatural,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.51,0:11:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the spirits of the departed\Nwalking among us.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.54,0:11:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The allure of another world
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.76,0:11:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something that people say is part of\Nwhy they want to dabble in the paranormal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.38,0:11:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as far as I'm concerned,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.69,0:11:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who needs to be able to see dead people,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.88,0:11:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you can see live insects?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.26,0:11:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.45,0:11:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)