[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.60,0:00:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this book that I have in my hand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.67,0:00:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a directory of everybody who had an email address
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.60,0:00:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1982. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.12,0:00:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, it's deceptively large.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.81,0:00:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's actually only about 20 people on each page,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.24,0:00:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have the name, address
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.13,0:00:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and telephone number of every single person.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.23,0:00:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in fact, everybody's listed twice,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.41,0:00:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's sorted once by name and once by email address.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.97,0:00:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously a very small community.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.87,0:00:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were only two other Dannys on the Internet then.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.30,0:00:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I knew them both.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.90,0:00:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't all know each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.66,0:00:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we all kind of trusted each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.77,0:00:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that basic feeling of trust
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.57,0:00:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,permeated the whole network,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.15,0:00:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was a real sense that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.51,0:00:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could depend on each other to do things.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.52,0:00:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just to give you an idea of the level of trust in this community,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.09,0:00:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me tell you what it was like
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.72,0:01:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to register a domain name in the early days.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.82,0:01:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it just so happened that I got to register
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.45,0:01:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the third domain name on the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.91,0:01:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I could have anything I wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.56,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than bbn.com and symbolics.com.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I picked think.com, but then I thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.42,0:01:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, there's a lot of really interesting names out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.40,0:01:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe I should register a few extras just in case.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.61,0:01:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I thought, "Nah, that wouldn't be very nice."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.90,0:01:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.59,0:01:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That attitude of only taking what you need
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.22,0:01:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was really what everybody had on the network in those days,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.27,0:01:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, it wasn't just the people on the network,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.56,0:01:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was actually kind of built into the protocols
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.28,0:01:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Internet itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.23,0:01:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the basic idea of I.P., or Internet protocol,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.09,0:01:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way that the -- the routing algorithm that used it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.82,0:02:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were fundamentally "from each according to their ability,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.94,0:02:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to each according to their need."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.06,0:02:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, if you had some extra bandwidth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.08,0:02:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd deliver a message for someone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.52,0:02:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they had some extra bandwidth, they would deliver a message for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.51,0:02:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd kind of depend on people to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.52,0:02:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was the building block.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.19,0:02:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was actually interesting that such a communist principle
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.82,0:02:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the basis of a system developed during the Cold War
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.25,0:02:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Defense Department,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.68,0:02:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it obviously worked really well,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.75,0:02:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we all saw what happened with the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.20,0:02:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was incredibly successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.47,0:02:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it was so successful that there's no way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.76,0:02:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these days you could make a book like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.35,0:02:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My rough calculation is it would be about 25 miles thick.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.52,0:02:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, of course, you couldn't do it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.69,0:02:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we don't know the names of all the people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.48,0:02:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Internet or email addresses,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.56,0:02:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even if we did know their names,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.09,0:02:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pretty sure that they would not want their name,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.52,0:02:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,address and telephone number published to everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.82,0:03:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the fact is that there's a lot of bad guys on the Internet these days,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.52,0:03:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we dealt with that by making
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.69,0:03:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walled communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.59,0:03:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,secure subnetworks, VPNs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.33,0:03:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little things that aren't really the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.92,0:03:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but are made out of the same building blocks,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.89,0:03:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're still basically building it out of those
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.13,0:03:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same building blocks with those same assumptions of trust.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.40,0:03:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means that it's vulnerable
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.12,0:03:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to certain kinds of mistakes that can happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.52,0:03:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or certain kinds of deliberate attacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.38,0:03:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but even the mistakes can be bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.48,0:03:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.43,0:03:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all of Asia recently,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.39,0:03:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was impossible to get YouTube for a little while
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.82,0:03:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Pakistan made some mistakes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.10,0:03:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how it was censoring YouTube in its internal network.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.84,0:03:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't intend to screw up Asia, but they did
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.93,0:03:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the way that the protocols work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.83,0:03:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example that may have affected many of you in this audience is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.06,0:04:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may remember a couple of years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.65,0:04:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the planes west of the Mississippi were grounded
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.46,0:04:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a single routing card in Salt Lake City
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.35,0:04:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a bug in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.72,0:04:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you don't really think
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.99,0:04:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our airplane system depends on the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.01,0:04:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some sense it doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.02,0:04:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll come back to that later.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.64,0:04:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the fact is that people couldn't take off
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.89,0:04:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because something was going wrong on the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.16,0:04:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the router card was down.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.74,0:04:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, there are many of those things that start to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.52,0:04:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there was an interesting thing that happened last April.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.65,0:04:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of a sudden,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.18,0:04:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very large percentage of the traffic on the whole Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.51,0:04:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including a lot of the traffic between U.S. military installations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.64,0:04:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started getting re-routed through China.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.41,0:04:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for a few hours, it all passed through China.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.13,0:04:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, China Telecom says it was just an honest mistake,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.71,0:04:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is actually possible that it was, the way things work,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.56,0:04:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but certainly somebody could make
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.60,0:04:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dishonest mistake of that sort if they wanted to,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.87,0:05:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it shows you how vulnerable the system is even to mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.23,0:05:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine how vulnerable the system is to deliberate attacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.15,0:05:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if somebody really wanted to attack the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.55,0:05:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Western civilization these days,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.64,0:05:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not going to do it with tanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.83,0:05:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That will not succeed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.24,0:05:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they'll probably do is something
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.25,0:05:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very much like the attack that happened
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.54,0:05:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Iranian nuclear facility.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.24,0:05:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody has claimed credit for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.52,0:05:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was basically a factory of industrial machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.02,0:05:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It didn't think of itself as being on the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.60,0:05:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It thought of itself as being disconnected from the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.19,0:05:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was possible for somebody to smuggle
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.14,0:05:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a USB drive in there, or something like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.67,0:05:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and software got in there that causes the centrifuges,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.06,0:05:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that case, to actually destroy themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.06,0:05:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that same kind of software could destroy an oil refinery
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.72,0:05:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a pharmaceutical factory or a semiconductor plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.14,0:05:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so there's a lot of -- I'm sure you've read a lot in papers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.41,0:05:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about worries about cyberattacks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.60,0:06:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and defenses against those.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.21,0:06:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the fact is, people are mostly focused on
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.19,0:06:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defending the computers on the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.48,0:06:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's been surprisingly little attention
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.86,0:06:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to defending the Internet itself as a communications medium.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.23,0:06:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think we probably do need to pay
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.09,0:06:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some more attention to that, because it's actually kind of fragile.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.18,0:06:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So actually, in the early days,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.10,0:06:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back when it was the ARPANET,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.83,0:06:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were actually times -- there was a particular time it failed completely
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.42,0:06:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because one single message processor
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.70,0:06:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually got a bug in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.18,0:06:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way the Internet works is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.45,0:06:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the routers are basically exchanging information
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.02,0:06:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how they can get messages to places,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.61,0:06:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this one processor, because of a broken card,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.50,0:06:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided it could actually get a message
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.51,0:06:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to some place in negative time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.20,0:06:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in other words, it claimed it could deliver a message before you sent it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.18,0:06:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So of course, the fastest way to get a message anywhere
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.34,0:06:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to send it to this guy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.21,0:07:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would send it back in time and get it there super early,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.76,0:07:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so every message in the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.61,0:07:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started getting switched through this one node,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.86,0:07:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course that clogged everything up.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.37,0:07:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything started breaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.53,0:07:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The interesting thing was, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.57,0:07:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the sysadmins were able to fix it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.41,0:07:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they had to basically turn every single thing on the Internet off.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.19,0:07:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course you couldn't do that today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.59,0:07:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, everything off, it's like
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.98,0:07:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the service call you get from the cable company,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.21,0:07:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for the whole world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.97,0:07:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in fact, they couldn't do it for a lot of reasons today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.03,0:07:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the reasons is a lot of their telephones
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.66,0:07:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use IP protocol and use things like Skype and so on
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.62,0:07:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go through the Internet right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.69,0:07:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so in fact we're becoming dependent on it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.98,0:07:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more and more different things,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.77,0:07:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like when you take off from LAX,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.70,0:07:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're really not thinking you're using the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.59,0:07:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you pump gas, you really don't think you're using the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.70,0:07:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's happening increasingly, though, is these systems
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.83,0:07:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are beginning to use the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.69,0:08:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of them aren't based on the Internet yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.74,0:08:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're starting to use the Internet for service functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.28,0:08:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for administrative functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.18,0:08:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so if you take something like the cell phone system,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.25,0:08:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is still relatively independent of the Internet for the most part,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.57,0:08:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Internet pieces are beginning to sneak into it
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.53,0:08:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of some of the control and administrative functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.33,0:08:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's so tempting to use these same building blocks
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.66,0:08:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they work so well, they're cheap,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.92,0:08:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're repeated, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.02,0:08:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all of our systems, more and more,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.80,0:08:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are starting to use the same technology
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.58,0:08:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and starting to depend on this technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.64,0:08:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so even a modern rocket ship these days
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.07,0:08:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually uses Internet protocol to talk
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.80,0:08:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one end of the rocket ship to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.61,0:08:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's crazy. It was never designed to do things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.80,0:08:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've built this system
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.91,0:08:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we understand all the parts of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.02,0:08:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're using it in a very, very different way than we expected to use it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.72,0:08:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's gotten a very, very different scale
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.16,0:08:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it was designed for.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.33,0:08:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, nobody really exactly understands
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.01,0:09:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the things it's being used for right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.27,0:09:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's turning into one of these big emergent systems
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.77,0:09:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the financial system, where we've designed all the parts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.26,0:09:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nobody really exactly understands
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.86,0:09:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it operates and all the little details of it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.09,0:09:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what kinds of emergent behaviors it can have.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.81,0:09:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so if you hear an expert talking about the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.94,0:09:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saying it can do this, or it does do this, or it will do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.64,0:09:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should treat it with the same skepticism
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.10,0:09:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you might treat the comments of an economist about the economy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.51,0:09:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a weatherman about the weather, or something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.78,0:09:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have an informed opinion,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.43,0:09:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's changing so quickly that even the experts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.97,0:09:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know exactly what's going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.78,0:09:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you see one of these maps of the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.48,0:09:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just somebody's guess.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.14,0:09:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody really knows what the Internet is right now
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.34,0:09:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's different than it was an hour ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.08,0:09:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's constantly changing. It's constantly reconfiguring.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.88,0:09:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the problem with it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.40,0:09:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we are setting ourselves up for a kind of disaster
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.74,0:09:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the disaster we had in the financial system,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.53,0:10:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we take a system that's basically built on trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.88,0:10:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was basically built for a smaller-scale system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.50,0:10:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've kind of expanded it way beyond the limits
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.41,0:10:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how it was meant to operate.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.40,0:10:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so right now, I think it's literally true
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.67,0:10:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we don't know what the consequences
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.18,0:10:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an effective denial-of-service attack
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.61,0:10:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Internet would be,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.38,0:10:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whatever it would be is going to be worse next year,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.26,0:10:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and worse next year, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.66,0:10:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so what we need is a plan B.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.21,0:10:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no plan B right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.85,0:10:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no clear backup system that we've very carefully kept
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.35,0:10:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be independent of the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.30,0:10:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made out of completely different sets of building blocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.36,0:10:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we need is something that doesn't necessarily
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.37,0:10:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to have the performance of the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.11,0:10:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the police department has to be able
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.62,0:10:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to call up the fire department even without the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.15,0:10:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the hospitals have to order fuel oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.71,0:10:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This doesn't need to be a multi-billion-dollar government project.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.33,0:10:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually relatively simple to do, technically,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.08,0:11:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it can use existing fibers that are in the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.88,0:11:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,existing wireless infrastructure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.84,0:11:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's basically a matter of deciding to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.60,0:11:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But people won't decide to do it
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.08,0:11:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until they recognize the need for it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.46,0:11:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the problem that we have right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.96,0:11:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's been plenty of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.74,0:11:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plenty of us have been quietly arguing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.79,0:11:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we should have this independent system for years,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.71,0:11:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's very hard to get people focused on plan B
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.72,0:11:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when plan A seems to be working so well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.39,0:11:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think that, if people understand
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.82,0:11:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much we're starting to depend on the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.87,0:11:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how vulnerable it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.85,0:11:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could get focused on
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.96,0:11:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just wanting this other system to exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.98,0:11:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think if enough people say, "Yeah, I would like to use it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.06,0:11:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to have such a system," then it will get built.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.07,0:11:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not that hard a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.49,0:11:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could definitely be done by people in this room.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.72,0:11:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I think that this is actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.08,0:11:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all the problems you're going to hear about at the conference,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.26,0:12:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is probably one of the very easiest to fix.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.94,0:12:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm happy to get a chance to tell you about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.71,0:12:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.32,0:12:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)