[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.18,0:00:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of eliminating poverty\Nis a great goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.82,0:00:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think anyone\Nin this room would disagree.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.79,0:00:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What worries me, just a little,\Nis when politicians with money
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.06,0:00:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and charismatic rock stars -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.70,0:00:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.31,0:00:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use the words,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.65,0:00:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,," ... it all just sounds so, so simple."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.20,0:00:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've got no bucket of money today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.85,0:00:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've got no policy to release,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.67,0:00:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I certainly haven't got a guitar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.27,0:00:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll leave that to others.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.73,0:00:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I do have an idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.35,0:00:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that idea is called\NHousing for Health.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.41,0:00:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Housing for Health works with poor people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.92,0:00:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It works in the places where they live,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.43,0:01:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the work is done\Nto improve their health.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.51,0:01:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The work is much more about work,\Nthan words.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.85,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last 28 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.43,0:01:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this tough, grinding, dirty work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.88,0:01:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been done - around Australia,\Nand more recently overseas -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.36,0:01:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's been done by literally \Nthousands of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.23,0:01:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their work has proven
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.46,0:01:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that focused design can improve\Neven the poorest living environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.48,0:01:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can improve health
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.58,0:01:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can play a part in reducing,\Nif not eliminating, poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.37,0:01:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to start\Nwhere the story began -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.45,0:01:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1985, in Central Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.80,0:01:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man called Yami Lester,\Nan Aboriginal man,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.55,0:01:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was running a health service.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.98,0:01:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He saw,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.68,0:01:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walking in the doors\Nof the clinics he controlled, every day
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.62,0:01:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eighty percent of what walked\Nin the door, in terms of illness,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.38,0:02:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was infectious disease -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.42,0:02:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,third world, developing world\Ninfectious disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.25,0:02:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused by a poor living environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.18,0:02:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yami assembled a team in Alice Springs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.78,0:02:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He got a medical doctor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.27,0:02:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He got an environmental health guy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.06,0:02:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he hand-selected a team\Nof local Aboriginal people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.45,0:02:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work on this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.99,0:02:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He also put into the room
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.34,0:02:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very green,\Ninexperienced architect.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.22,0:02:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More familiar with trying to make\Nsome wealth in Sydney,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.78,0:02:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than improve health in Central Australia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.70,0:02:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I won't name the person,\Nbecause it would be too embarrassing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.30,0:02:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't get a vote\Non who was the weakest link in the team.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.74,0:02:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yami told us at that first meeting,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.47,0:02:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There's no money," -\Nalways a good start -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.05,0:02:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,," ... no money, you have six months,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.35,0:02:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want you to start on a project -"\Nwhich, in his language,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.39,0:02:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he called "Uwankara Palyanku Kanyintjaku,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.14,0:03:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, translated,\Nis "a strategy for well being"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.23,0:03:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or more simply translated,\N"a plan to stop people getting sick" -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.49,0:03:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a profound brief.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.46,0:03:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was our task.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.30,0:03:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First step, the medical doctor went away\Nfor about six months.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.70,0:03:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he worked on what were to become\Nthese nine health goals -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.15,0:03:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what were we aiming at?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.84,0:03:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After six months of work,\Nhe came to my office
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.05,0:03:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and presented me with\Nthose nine words on a piece of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.25,0:03:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[The 9 Healthy Living Practices: Washing,\Nclothes, wastewater, nutrition, crowding,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.67,0:03:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals, dust, temperature, injury]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.36,0:03:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was very unimpressed.\NBig ideas need big words,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.65,0:03:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and preferably a lot of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.39,0:03:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This didn't fit the bill.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.23,0:03:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I didn't see and what you can't see
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.08,0:03:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that he'd assembled thousands of pages
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.42,0:03:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of local, national\Nand international health research
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.61,0:04:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that filled out the picture\Nas to why these were the health targets.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.43,0:04:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pictures that came a bit later\Nhad a very simple reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.61,0:04:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Aboriginal people who were our bosses\Nand the senior people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.10,0:04:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were most commonly illiterate,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.46,0:04:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the story had to be told in pictures
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.65,0:04:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what these goals were.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.37,0:04:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We worked with the community,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.70,0:04:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not telling them what was going to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.70,0:04:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a language they didn't understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.99,0:04:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had the goals\Nand each one of these goals -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.26,0:04:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I won't go through them all -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.14,0:04:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,puts at the center the person\Nand their health issue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.25,0:04:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it then connects them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.22,0:04:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the bits of the physical\Nenvironment that are actually needed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.73,0:04:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep their health good.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.42,0:04:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the highest priority,\Nyou see on the screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.12,0:04:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is washing people once a day,\Nparticularly children.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.71,0:04:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I hope most of you are thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.49,0:04:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What? That sounds simple."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.81,0:04:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm going to ask you all\Na very personal question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.18,0:04:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want a show of hands,\Nof who in this great house
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.29,0:04:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this morning before you came,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.70,0:05:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who could have had a wash using a shower?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.100,0:05:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to ask if you had a shower,\Nbecause I'm too polite.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.24,0:05:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.41,0:05:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.59,0:05:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll call this\Nthe dirty side of the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.24,0:05:16.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, I think it's fair to say
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.02,0:05:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most people here could have had\Na shower this morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.69,0:05:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to ask you to do some more work.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.84,0:05:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you all to select one of the houses
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.37,0:05:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the 25 houses you see on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.45,0:05:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to select one of them\Nand note the position of that house
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.88,0:05:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keep that in your head.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.28,0:05:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you all got a house?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.83,0:05:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to ask you to live there\Nfor a few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.30,0:05:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so make sure you've got it right.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.93,0:05:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in the northwest of\NWestern Australia, very pleasant place.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.98,0:05:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's see if your shower\Nin that house is working.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.22,0:05:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hear some "Aw!" and I hear some "Ah!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.16,0:05:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get a green tick,\Nyour shower's working.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.58,0:05:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You and your kids are fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.20,0:05:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get a red cross,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.66,0:05:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, I've looked carefully\Naround the room
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.93,0:05:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not going to make\Nmuch difference to this crew.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.63,0:05:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because you're all too old.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.18,0:06:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know that's going to come as a shock\Nto some of you, but you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.44,0:06:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And before you get offended and leave,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.34,0:06:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got to say that being too old,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.18,0:06:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case, means that pretty much\Neveryone in the room, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.76,0:06:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is over five years of age.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.16,0:06:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're really concerned\Nwith kids naught to five.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.05,0:06:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.02,0:06:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Washing is the antidote\Nto the sort of bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.85,0:06:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the common infectious diseases\Nof the eyes, the ears,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.10,0:06:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chest and the skin
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.64,0:06:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, if they occur in the first\Nfive years of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.53,0:06:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,permanently damage those organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.72,0:06:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They leave a lifelong remnant.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.12,0:06:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that by the age of five,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.25,0:06:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't see as well\Nfor the rest of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.56,0:06:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't hear as well\Nfor the rest of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.07,0:06:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't breathe as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.44,0:06:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've lost a third of your lung capacity\Nby the age of five.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.53,0:06:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even skin infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.40,0:06:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we originally thought\Nwasn't that big a problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.86,0:06:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mild skin infections\Nnaught to five give you
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.11,0:06:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a greatly increased\Nchance of renal failure,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.59,0:07:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needing dialysis at age 40.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.16,0:07:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a big deal, so the ticks\Nand crosses on the screen
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.08,0:07:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually critical for young kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.42,0:07:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those ticks and crosses\Nrepresent the 7,800 houses
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.56,0:07:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've looked at nationally\Naround Australia,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.64,0:07:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same proportion.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.08,0:07:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see on the screen -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.56,0:07:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,35 percent of those not-so-famous houses
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.40,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lived in by 50,000 indigenous people -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.03,0:07:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,35 percent had a working shower.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.62,0:07:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're shocked by that, then
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.18,0:07:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ten percent of those same 7,800 houses\Nhad safe electrical systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.72,0:07:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 58 percent of those houses\Nhad a working toilet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.89,0:07:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are by a simple, standard test.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.66,0:07:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of the shower:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.63,0:07:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does it have hot and cold water,\Ntwo taps that work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.03,0:07:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a shower rose to get water\Nonto your head or onto your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.82,0:07:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a drain that takes the water away?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.64,0:07:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not well-designed,\Nnot beautiful, not elegant -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.12,0:07:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just that they function.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.31,0:07:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the same tests\Nfor the electrical system
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.56,0:07:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the toilets.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.81,0:08:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Housing for Health projects\Naren't about measuring failure -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.77,0:08:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're actually about improving houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.88,0:08:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We start on day one of every project.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.79,0:08:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've learned - we don't make promises,\Nwe don't do reports.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.72,0:08:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We start work on the first day.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.46,0:08:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We arrive in the morning with tools,\Ntons of equipment, trades,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.20,0:08:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we train up a local team\Non the first day to start work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.71,0:08:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the evening of the first day,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.51,0:08:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few houses in that community are better\Nthan when we started in the morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.95,0:08:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That work continues for six to 12 months,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.23,0:08:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until all the houses are improved
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.95,0:08:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've spent our budget\Nof 7,500 dollars total per house.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.79,0:08:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's our average budget.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.85,0:08:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of six months to a year,\Nwe test every house again.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.81,0:08:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very easy to spend money.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.86,0:08:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very difficult to improve
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.20,0:08:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the function of all those\Nparts of the house.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.63,0:08:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for a whole house,\Nthe nine healthy living practices,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.65,0:08:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we test, check and fix\N250 items in every house.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.16,0:08:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are the results we can get\Nwith our 7,500 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.92,0:09:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get showers\Nup to 86 percent working,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.50,0:09:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can get electrical systems\Nup to 77 percent working
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.32,0:09:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can get 90 percent\Nof toilets working
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.97,0:09:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those 7,500 houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.16,0:09:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.36,0:09:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.64,0:09:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.97,0:09:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there's an obvious question,\Nthat I hope you're thinking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.93,0:09:24.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we have to do this work?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.24,0:09:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are the houses\Nin such poor condition?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.26,0:09:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a valid and important question.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.74,0:09:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We note why we fix things, \Nand of those houses
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.22,0:09:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,70 percent of the work we do
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.55,0:09:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is due to lack of routine maintenance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.11,0:09:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sort of things that happen\Nin all our houses, things wear out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.12,0:09:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should have been done by state\Nor local government,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.56,0:09:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply not done,\Nthe house doesn't work.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.53,0:09:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,21 percent of the things we fix\Nare due to faulty construction
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.03,0:09:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally things that were built \Nupside down and back to front,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.05,0:09:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't work, we have to fix them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.12,0:10:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you've lived in Australia\Nin the last 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.41,0:10:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the final cause,\Nyou will have heard always,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.43,0:10:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that indigenous people trash houses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.65,0:10:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's one of the almost\Nrock solid pieces of evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.71,0:10:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I've never seen evidence for,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.63,0:10:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's always [unclear] that's the problem\Nwith indigenous housing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.87,0:10:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, 9 percent of what we spend\Nis damage, misuse or abuse of any sort.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.89,0:10:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We argue strongly that the people\Nliving in the house
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.90,0:10:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are simply not the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.72,0:10:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we go a lot further than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.66,0:10:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people living in the house \Nare actually a major part of the solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.55,0:10:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seventy-five percent\Nof our national team in Australia -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.94,0:10:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 75 at the minute -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.22,0:10:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually local, indigenous people\Nfrom the communities we work in.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.58,0:10:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do all aspects of the work.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.36,0:10:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.75,0:10:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2010, for example, there were 831,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.63,0:10:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who look sort of like those people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.64,0:11:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over Australia,\Nand the Torres Strait Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.23,0:11:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all states, working to improve the houses\Nwhere they and their families live,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.72,0:11:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's an important thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.68,0:11:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our work's always had a focus on health.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.13,0:11:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the key.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.16,0:11:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've made a very bad pun,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.68,0:11:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the eye in this picture -\Nand it is a bad pun -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.14,0:11:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will not be able to focus, \Nbecause it has a bug called trachoma.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.43,0:11:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The developing world bug,\Nis annoying and then causes blindness.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.92,0:11:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a developing-world illness,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.31,0:11:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet, the picture you see behind
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.16,0:11:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in an Aboriginal community\Nin the late 1990s,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.98,0:11:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where 95 percent of school-aged\Nkids had active trachoma
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their eyes, doing damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.74,0:11:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, what do we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.04,0:11:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, first thing we do,\Nwe get showers working.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.37,0:11:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because that flushes the bug out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.23,0:11:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We put washing facilities\Nin the school as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.60,0:11:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so kids can wash their faces\Nmany times during the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.36,0:11:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wash the bug out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.71,0:11:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, the eye doctors tell us\Nthat dust scours the eye
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.54,0:11:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lets the bug in quick.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.88,0:11:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.11,0:12:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call up the doctor of dust,\Nand there is such a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.36,0:12:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was loaned to us by a mining company.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.32,0:12:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He controls dust on mining company sites.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.88,0:12:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he came out and, within a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.71,0:12:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it worked out that most dust\Nin this community
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.92,0:12:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was within a meter of the ground,\Nthe wind-driven dust -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.20,0:12:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he suggested making mounds\Nto catch the dust
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.10,0:12:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it went into the house area\Nand affected the eyes of kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.85,0:12:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we used dirt to stop dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.63,0:12:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, who would have though \Nof that one?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.81,0:12:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did it. He provided us dust monitors.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.62,0:12:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the dust monitors checked\Nhad we actually made success.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.32,0:12:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.61,0:12:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tested and we reduced the dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.69,0:12:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we wanted to get rid\Nof the bug generally.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.92,0:12:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.10,0:12:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we call up the doctor of flies -\Nand, yes, there is a doctor of flies.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.93,0:12:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As our Aboriginal mate said,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.51,0:12:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You white fellows ought to get out more."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.64,0:12:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.90,0:12:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the doctor of flies\Nvery quickly determined
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.02,0:12:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was one fly\Nthat carried the bug.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.24,0:12:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could give school kids\Nin this community
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.69,0:13:01.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beautiful fly trap you see\Nabove in the slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.38,0:13:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could trap the flies,\Nsend them to him in Perth.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.44,0:13:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the bug was in the gut,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.91,0:13:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he'd send back by return post\Nsome dung beetles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.55,0:13:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dung beetles ate the camel dung,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.75,0:13:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the flies died through lack of food,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.52,0:13:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trachoma dropped.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.86,0:13:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the year, trachoma dropped\Nradically in this place, and stayed low.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.17,0:13:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We changed the environment,\Nnot just treated the eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.34,0:13:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, you get a good eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.38,0:13:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've talked about eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.100,0:13:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a number of the talks today\Nhave involved eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.26,0:13:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one way or another.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.41,0:13:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these small health gains
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.33,0:13:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and small pieces of the puzzle\Nmake a big difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.56,0:13:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In New South Wales,\Nthe state we're in now -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.98,0:13:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The New South Wales Department of Health,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.98,0:13:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that radical organization,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.28,0:13:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did an independent trial over three years
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.28,0:13:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at 10 years of the work\Nwe've been doing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.84,0:13:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these sorts of projects\Nin New South Wales.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.10,0:13:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they found a 40 percent reduction\Nin hospital admissions
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.90,0:13:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the illnesses that you could attribute\Nto the poor environment -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.66,0:14:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 40 percent reduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.05,0:14:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.64,0:14:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to show that the principles\Nwe've used in Australia
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.39,0:14:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be used in other places,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.75,0:14:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just going to go\Nto one other place, and that's Nepal.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.52,0:14:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what a beautiful place to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.15,0:14:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were asked by a small\Nvillage of 600 people
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.54,0:14:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go in and make toilets\Nwhere none existed.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.94,0:14:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Health was poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.27,0:14:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We went in with no grand plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.76,0:14:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no grand promises of a great program,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.91,0:14:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just the offer to build\Ntwo toilets for two families.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.15,0:14:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was during the design\Nof the first toilet
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.16,0:14:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I went for lunch,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.44,0:14:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invited by the family\Ninto their main room of the house.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.52,0:14:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was choking with smoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.54,0:14:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were cooking\Non their only fuel source, green timber.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.94,0:14:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The smoke coming off\Nthat timber is choking,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.09,0:14:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in an enclosed house,\Nyou simply can't breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.12,0:14:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later we found the leading cause\Nof illness and death
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.04,0:15:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this particular region\Nis through respiratory failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.14,0:15:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all of a sudden, we had two problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.54,0:15:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were there originally\Nto look at toilets
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.63,0:15:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get human waste\Noff the ground, that's fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.95,0:15:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all of a sudden now\Nthere was a second problem:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.40,0:15:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we actually get the smoke down?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.29,0:15:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So two problems, and design should\Nbe about more than one thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.12,0:15:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Solution: Take human waste,\Ntake animal waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.71,0:15:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put it into a chamber,\Nout of that, extract biogas,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.32,0:15:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,methane gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.98,0:15:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gas gives three to four\Nhours cooking a day -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.41,0:15:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clean, smokeless and free for the family.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.07,0:15:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.84,0:15:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I put it to you:\Nis this eliminating poverty?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.75,0:15:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer from the Nepali team\Nwho's working at the minute would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.79,0:15:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't be ridiculous -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.36,0:15:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have three million\Nmore toilets to build
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.46,0:15:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we can even make\Na stab at that claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.33,0:15:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't pretend anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.52,0:15:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as we all sit here today,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.80,0:16:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are now over 100 toilets built
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.66,0:16:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this village and a couple nearby.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.09,0:16:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well over 1,000 people use those toilets.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.57,0:16:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the key point of all this work,\Nthey all have names.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.17,0:16:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yami Lama, he's a young boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.97,0:16:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's got significantly less gut infection\Nbecause he's now got toilets,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.29,0:16:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there isn't human waste on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.04,0:16:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kanji Maya, she's a mother,\Nand a proud one.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.38,0:16:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's probably right now\Ncooking lunch for her family
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.85,0:16:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on biogas, smokeless fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.06,0:16:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her lungs have got better,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.33,0:16:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll get better as time increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.33,0:16:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she's not cooking\Nin the same smoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.45,0:16:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surya takes the waste\Nout of the biogas chamber
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.08,0:16:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's shed the gas,\Nhe puts it on his crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.69,0:16:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's trebled his crop income,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.08,0:16:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more food for the family\Nand more money for the family.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.02,0:16:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally Bishnu,\Nthe leader of the team,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.80,0:16:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has now understood that not only\Nhave we built toilets,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.72,0:17:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've also built a team,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.68,0:17:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that team is now\Nworking in two villages
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.03,0:17:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're training up\Nthe next two villages
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.53,0:17:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep the work expanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.38,0:17:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, to me, is the key.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.04,0:17:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.81,0:17:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to end with one slide,\Nand that is, simply to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.83,0:17:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are not the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.69,0:17:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've never found that.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.31,0:17:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem: poor living environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.80,0:17:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poor housing and the bugs\Nthat do people harm.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.87,0:17:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of those are limited by geography,\Nby skin color or by religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.30,0:17:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.59,0:17:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The common link between all\Nthe work we've had to do
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.07,0:17:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one thing, and that's poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.61,0:17:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nelson Mandela said, in the mid-2000s,\Nnot too far from here,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.41,0:17:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said that like slavery and apartheid,\N"Poverty is not natural.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.31,0:18:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is man-made and can be\Novercome and eradicated
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.19,0:18:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the actions of human beings."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.06,0:18:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to end by saying
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.40,0:18:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's been the actions of thousands\Nof ordinary human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.08,0:18:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing - I think - extraordinary work,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.83,0:18:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have actually improved health,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.50,0:18:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, maybe only in a small way,\Nreduced poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.64,0:18:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much for your time.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.34,0:18:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)