[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.81,0:00:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of eliminating poverty\Nis a great goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.03,0:00:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think anyone\Nin this room would disagree.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.51,0:00:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What worries me\Nis when politicians with money
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.06,0:00:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and charismatic rock stars --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.70,0:00:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.31,0:00:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use the words,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.65,0:00:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,," ... it all just sounds so, so simple."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.07,0:00:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've got no bucket of money today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.19,0:00:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've got no policy to release,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.40,0:00:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I certainly haven't got a guitar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.67,0:00:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll leave that to others.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.44,0:00:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I do have an idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.15,0:00:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that idea is called\NHousing for Health.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.34,0:00:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Housing for Health works with poor people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.06,0:00:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It works in the places where they live,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.12,0:00:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the work is done\Nto improve their health.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.05,0:00:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last 28 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.23,0:00:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this tough, grinding, dirty work
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.68,0:01:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been done by literally\Nthousands of people around Australia
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.16,0:01:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, more recently, overseas,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.63,0:01:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their work has proven
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.86,0:01:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that focused design can improve\Neven the poorest living environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.33,0:01:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can improve health
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.70,0:01:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can play a part in reducing,\Nif not eliminating, poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.26,0:01:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to start\Nwhere the story began --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.33,0:01:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1985, in Central Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.20,0:01:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man called Yami Lester,\Nan Aboriginal man,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.95,0:01:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was running a health service.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.62,0:01:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eighty percent of what walked\Nin the door, in terms of illness,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.60,0:01:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was infectious disease --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.81,0:01:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,third world, developing world\Ninfectious disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.68,0:01:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused by a poor living environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.38,0:01:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yami assembled a team in Alice Springs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.98,0:01:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He got a medical doctor.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.47,0:01:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He got an environmental health guy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.27,0:02:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he hand-selected a team\Nof local Aboriginal people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.03,0:02:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work on this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.54,0:02:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yami told us at that first meeting,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.27,0:02:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There's no money," --\Nalways a good start --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.04,0:02:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,," ... no money, you have six months,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.55,0:02:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want you to start on a project --"\Nwhich, in his language,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.59,0:02:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he called "Uwankara Palyanku Kanyintjaku,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.34,0:02:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, translated, is "a plan\Nto stop people getting sick" --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.32,0:02:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a profound brief.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.26,0:02:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was our task.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.28,0:02:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First step, the medical doctor went away\Nfor about six months.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.93,0:02:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he worked on what were to become\Nthese nine health goals --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.39,0:02:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what were we aiming at?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.24,0:02:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After six months of work,\Nhe came to my office
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.45,0:02:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and presented me with\Nthose nine words on a piece of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.05,0:02:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[The 9 Healthy Living Practices: Washing,\Nclothes, wastewater, nutrition, crowding,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.07,0:02:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals, dust, temperature, injury]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.76,0:02:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was very unimpressed.\NBig ideas need big words,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.05,0:03:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and preferably a lot of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.45,0:03:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This didn't fit the bill.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.29,0:03:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I didn't see and what you can't see
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.68,0:03:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that he'd assembled thousands of pages
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.02,0:03:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of local, national\Nand international health research
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.81,0:03:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that filled out the picture\Nas to why these were the health targets.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.63,0:03:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pictures that came a bit later\Nhad a very simple reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.81,0:03:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Aboriginal people who were our bosses\Nand the senior people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.10,0:03:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were most commonly illiterate,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.46,0:03:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the story had to be told in pictures
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.65,0:03:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what these goals were.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.37,0:03:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We worked with the community,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.70,0:03:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not telling them what was going to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.70,0:03:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a language they didn't understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.59,0:03:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had the goals\Nand each one of these goals --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.86,0:03:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I won't go through them all --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.74,0:03:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,puts at the center the person\Nand their health issue,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.85,0:03:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it then connects them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.82,0:03:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the bits of the physical\Nenvironment that are actually needed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.33,0:03:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep their health good.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.26,0:04:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the highest priority,\Nyou see on the screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.97,0:04:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is washing people once a day,\Nparticularly children.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.31,0:04:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I hope most of you are thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.09,0:04:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What? That sounds simple."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.41,0:04:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm going to ask you all\Na very personal question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.49,0:04:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This morning before you came,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.90,0:04:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who could have had a wash using a shower?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.20,0:04:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to ask if you had a shower,\Nbecause I'm too polite.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.44,0:04:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.61,0:04:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.64,0:04:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, I think it's fair to say
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.42,0:04:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most people here could have had\Na shower this morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.49,0:04:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to ask you to do some more work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.64,0:04:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you all to select one of the houses
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.17,0:04:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the 25 houses you see on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.25,0:04:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to select one of them\Nand note the position of that house
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.68,0:04:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keep that in your head.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.08,0:04:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you all got a house?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.63,0:04:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to ask you to live there\Nfor a few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.10,0:04:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so make sure you've got it right.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.73,0:04:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in the northwest of\NWestern Australia, very pleasant place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.78,0:04:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. Let's see if your shower\Nin that house is working.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.33,0:04:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hear some "Aw!" and I hear some "Ah!"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.49,0:05:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get a green tick,\Nyour shower's working.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.29,0:05:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You and your kids are fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.60,0:05:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get a red cross,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.99,0:05:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, I've looked carefully\Naround the room
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.26,0:05:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not going to make\Nmuch difference to this crew.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.46,0:05:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because you're all too old.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.00,0:05:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know that's going to come as a shock\Nto some of you, but you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.24,0:05:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And before you get offended and leave,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.14,0:05:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got to say that being too old,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.98,0:05:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case, means that pretty much\Neveryone in the room, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.56,0:05:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is over five years of age.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.46,0:05:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're really concerned\Nwith kids naught to five.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.25,0:05:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.95,0:05:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Washing is the antidote\Nto the sort of bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.77,0:05:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the common infectious diseases\Nof the eyes, the ears,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.02,0:05:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chest and the skin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.44,0:05:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, if they occur in the first\Nfive years of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.33,0:05:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,permanently damage those organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.52,0:05:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They leave a lifelong remnant.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.12,0:05:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that by the age of five,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.25,0:05:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't see as well\Nfor the rest of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.56,0:06:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't hear as well\Nfor the rest of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.07,0:06:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't breathe as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.44,0:06:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've lost a third of your lung\Ncapacity by the age of five.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.95,0:06:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even skin infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.82,0:06:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we originally thought\Nwasn't that big a problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.40,0:06:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mild skin infections\Nnaught to five give you
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.65,0:06:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a greatly increased\Nchance of renal failure,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.13,0:06:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needing dialysis at age 40.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.36,0:06:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a big deal, so the ticks\Nand crosses on the screen
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.28,0:06:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually critical for young kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.70,0:06:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those ticks and crosses\Nrepresent the 7,800 houses
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.83,0:06:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've looked at nationally\Naround Australia,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.92,0:06:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same proportion.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.35,0:06:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see on the screen --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.83,0:06:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,35 percent of those not-so-famous houses
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.09,0:06:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lived in by 50,000 indigenous people --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.99,0:06:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,35 percent had a working shower.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.17,0:06:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten percent of those same 7,800 houses\Nhad safe electrical systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.52,0:06:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 58 percent of those houses\Nhad a working toilet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.69,0:06:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are by a simple, standard test.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.46,0:07:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of the shower:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.88,0:07:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does it have hot and cold water,\Ntwo taps that work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.41,0:07:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a shower rose to get water\Nonto your head or onto your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.19,0:07:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a drain that takes the water away?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.04,0:07:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not well-designed,\Nnot beautiful, not elegant --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.12,0:07:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just that they function.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.31,0:07:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the same tests\Nfor the electrical system
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.56,0:07:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the toilets.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.81,0:07:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Housing for Health projects\Naren't about measuring failure --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.77,0:07:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're actually about improving houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.48,0:07:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We start on day one of every project.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.39,0:07:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've learned -- we don't make promises,\Nwe don't do reports.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.66,0:07:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We arrive in the morning with tools,\Ntons of equipment, trades,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.00,0:07:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we train up a local team\Non the first day to start work.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.51,0:07:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the evening of the first day,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.31,0:07:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few houses in that community are better\Nthan when we started in the morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.75,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That work continues for six to 12 months,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.03,0:07:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until all the houses are improved
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.75,0:07:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've spent our budget\Nof 7,500 dollars total per house.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.38,0:07:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's our average budget.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.45,0:08:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of six months to a year,\Nwe test every house again.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.77,0:08:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very easy to spend money.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.86,0:08:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very difficult to improve
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.20,0:08:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the function of all those\Nparts of the house.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.63,0:08:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for a whole house,\Nthe nine healthy living practices,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.65,0:08:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we test, check and fix\N250 items in every house.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.16,0:08:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are the results we can get\Nwith our 7,500 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.28,0:08:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get showers\Nup to 86 percent working,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.90,0:08:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can get electrical systems\Nup to 77 percent working
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.72,0:08:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can get 90 percent\Nof toilets working
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.37,0:08:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those 7,500 houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.23,0:08:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.43,0:08:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.70,0:08:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.02,0:08:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The teams do a great job,\Nand that's their work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.82,0:08:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there's an obvious question
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.96,0:08:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I hope you're thinking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.59,0:08:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we have to do this work?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.06,0:08:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are the houses in such poor condition?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.27,0:09:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seventy percent of the work we do\Nis due to lack of routine maintenance --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.83,0:09:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sort of things that happen\Nin all our houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.26,0:09:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things wear out, should have been done\Nby state government or local government,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.17,0:09:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply not done, the house doesn't work.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.38,0:09:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty-one percent of the things we fix\Nare due to faulty construction --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.29,0:09:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally things that are built\Nupside down and back to front.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.32,0:09:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't work, we have to fix them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.08,0:09:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you've lived in Australia\Nin the last 30 years, the final cause --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.70,0:09:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will have heard always\Nthat indigenous people trash houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.38,0:09:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one of the almost\Nrock-solid pieces of evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.85,0:09:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I've never seen evidence for,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.88,0:09:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's always reeled out as "That's\Nthe problem with indigenous housing."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.37,0:09:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, nine percent\Nof what we spend is damage,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.56,0:09:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,misuse or abuse of any sort.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.12,0:09:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We argue strongly that the people\Nliving in the house
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.19,0:09:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are simply not the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.38,0:09:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll go a lot further than that;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.21,0:09:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people living in the house\Nare actually a major part of the solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.75,0:10:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seventy-five percent\Nof our national team in Australia --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.14,0:10:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 75 at the minute --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.62,0:10:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually local, indigenous people\Nfrom the communities we work in.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.97,0:10:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do all aspects of the work.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.19,0:10:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.95,0:10:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2010, for example, there were 831,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.84,0:10:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over Australia,\Nand the Torres Strait Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.43,0:10:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all states, working to improve the houses\Nwhere they and their families live,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.92,0:10:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's an important thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.20,0:10:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our work's always had a focus on health.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.33,0:10:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the key.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.43,0:10:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The developing world bug,\Ntrachoma, causes blindness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.92,0:10:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a developing-world illness,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.31,0:10:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet, the picture you see behind
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.16,0:10:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in an Aboriginal community\Nin the late 1990s,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.98,0:10:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where 95 percent of school-aged\Nkids had active trachoma
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their eyes, doing damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.14,0:10:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, what do we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.44,0:10:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, first thing we do,\Nwe get showers working.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.77,0:10:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because that flushes the bug out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.63,0:11:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We put washing facilities\Nin the school as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.100,0:11:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so kids can wash their faces\Nmany times during the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.76,0:11:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wash the bug out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.67,0:11:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, the eye doctors tell us\Nthat dust scours the eye
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.54,0:11:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lets the bug in quick.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.88,0:11:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.11,0:11:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call up the doctor of dust,\Nand there is such a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.64,0:11:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was loaned to us by a mining company.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.59,0:11:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He controls dust on mining company sites.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.28,0:11:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he came out and, within a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.11,0:11:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it worked out that most dust\Nin this community
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.32,0:11:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was within a meter of the ground,\Nthe wind-driven dust --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.60,0:11:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he suggested making mounds\Nto catch the dust
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.50,0:11:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it went into the house area\Nand affected the eyes of kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.25,0:11:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we used dirt to stop dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.81,0:11:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did it. He provided us dust monitors.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.61,0:11:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tested and we reduced the dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.09,0:11:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we wanted to get rid\Nof the bug generally.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.31,0:11:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.48,0:11:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we call up the doctor of flies --\Nand, yes, there is a doctor of flies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.73,0:11:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As our Aboriginal mate said,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.31,0:11:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You white fellows ought to get out more."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.44,0:11:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.70,0:12:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the doctor of flies\Nvery quickly determined
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.82,0:12:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was one fly\Nthat carried the bug.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.93,0:12:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could give school kids\Nin this community
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.37,0:12:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beautiful fly trap you see\Nabove in the slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.58,0:12:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could trap the flies,\Nsend them to him in Perth.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.64,0:12:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the bug was in the gut,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.11,0:12:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he'd send back by return post\Nsome dung beetles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.10,0:12:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dung beetles ate the camel dung,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.42,0:12:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the flies died through lack of food,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.19,0:12:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trachoma dropped.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.52,0:12:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the year, trachoma dropped\Nradically in this place, and stayed low.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.36,0:12:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We changed the environment,\Nnot just treated the eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.08,0:12:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, you get a good eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.81,0:12:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these small health gains
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.73,0:12:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and small pieces of the puzzle\Nmake a big difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.98,0:12:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The New South Wales Department of Health,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.98,0:12:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that radical organization,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.28,0:12:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did an independent trial over three years
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.85,0:12:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at 10 years of the work\Nwe've been doing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.44,0:12:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these sorts of projects\Nin New South Wales.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.94,0:13:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they found a 40 percent reduction\Nin hospital admissions
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.50,0:13:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the illnesses that you could attribute\Nto the poor environment --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.26,0:13:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 40 percent reduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.65,0:13:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.84,0:13:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to show that the principles\Nwe've used in Australia
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.59,0:13:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be used in other places,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.95,0:13:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just going to go\Nto one other place, and that's Nepal.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.72,0:13:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what a beautiful place to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.35,0:13:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were asked by a small\Nvillage of 600 people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.74,0:13:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go in and make toilets\Nwhere none existed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.76,0:13:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Health was poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.27,0:13:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We went in with no grand plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.76,0:13:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no grand promises of a great program,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.91,0:13:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just the offer to build\Ntwo toilets for two families.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.15,0:13:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was during the design\Nof the first toilet
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.52,0:13:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I went for lunch,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.80,0:13:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invited by the family\Ninto their main room of the house.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.87,0:13:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was choking with smoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.90,0:13:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were cooking\Non their only fuel source, green timber.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.50,0:13:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The smoke coming off\Nthat timber is choking,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.62,0:13:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in an enclosed house,\Nyou simply can't breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.05,0:14:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later we found the leading cause\Nof illness and death
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.96,0:14:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this particular region\Nis through respiratory failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.54,0:14:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all of a sudden, we had two problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.69,0:14:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were there originally\Nto look at toilets
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.78,0:14:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get human waste\Noff the ground, that's fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.10,0:14:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all of a sudden now\Nthere was a second problem:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.04,0:14:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we actually get the smoke down?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.89,0:14:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So two problems, and design should\Nbe about more than one thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.95,0:14:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Solution: Take human waste,\Ntake animal waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.54,0:14:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put it into a chamber,\Nout of that, extract biogas,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.92,0:14:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,methane gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.58,0:14:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gas gives three to four\Nhours cooking a day --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.01,0:14:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clean, smokeless and free for the family.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.67,0:14:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.84,0:14:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I put it to you:\Nis this eliminating poverty?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.75,0:14:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer from the Nepali team\Nwho's working at the minute would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.19,0:14:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't be ridiculous --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.36,0:14:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have three million\Nmore toilets to build
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.46,0:14:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we can even make\Na stab at that claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.33,0:15:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't pretend anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.32,0:15:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as we all sit here today,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.100,0:15:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are now over 100 toilets built
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.86,0:15:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this village and a couple nearby.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.29,0:15:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well over 1,000 people use those toilets.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.77,0:15:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yami Lama, he's a young boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.97,0:15:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's got significantly less gut infection\Nbecause he's now got toilets,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.29,0:15:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there isn't human waste on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.04,0:15:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kanji Maya, she's a mother,\Nand a proud one.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.38,0:15:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's probably right now\Ncooking lunch for her family
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.85,0:15:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on biogas, smokeless fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.32,0:15:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her lungs have got better,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.59,0:15:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll get better as time increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.59,0:15:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she's not cooking\Nin the same smoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.79,0:15:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surya takes the waste\Nout of the biogas chamber
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.42,0:15:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's shed the gas,\Nhe puts it on his crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.36,0:15:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's trebled his crop income,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.08,0:15:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more food for the family\Nand more money for the family.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.02,0:15:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally Bishnu,\Nthe leader of the team,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.80,0:15:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has now understood that not only\Nhave we built toilets,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.98,0:15:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've also built a team,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.16,0:16:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that team is now\Nworking in two villages
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.82,0:16:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're training up\Nthe next two villages
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.31,0:16:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep the work expanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.17,0:16:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, to me, is the key.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.82,0:16:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.51,0:16:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are not the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.61,0:16:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've never found that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.22,0:16:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem: poor living environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.94,0:16:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poor housing and the bugs\Nthat do people harm.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.14,0:16:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of those are limited by geography,\Nby skin color or by religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.90,0:16:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.09,0:16:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The common link between all\Nthe work we've had to do
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.56,0:16:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one thing, and that's poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.41,0:16:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nelson Mandela said, in the mid-2000s,\Nnot too far from here,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.21,0:16:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said that like slavery and apartheid,\N"Poverty is not natural.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.52,0:16:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is man-made and can be\Novercome and eradicated
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.40,0:16:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the actions of human beings."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.86,0:16:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to end by saying
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.20,0:17:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's been the actions of thousands\Nof ordinary human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.38,0:17:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing -- I think -- extraordinary work,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.63,0:17:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have actually improved health,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.30,0:17:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, maybe only in a small way,\Nreduced poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.44,0:17:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much for your time.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.14,0:17:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)