0:00:01.809,0:00:06.129
The idea of eliminating poverty[br]is a great goal.

0:00:07.026,0:00:09.806
I don't think anyone[br]in this room would disagree.

0:00:10.512,0:00:15.036
What worries me[br]is when politicians with money

0:00:15.060,0:00:17.681
and charismatic rock stars --

0:00:17.705,0:00:19.285
(Laughter)

0:00:19.309,0:00:20.626
use the words,

0:00:20.650,0:00:24.819
" ... it all just sounds so, so simple."

0:00:27.073,0:00:30.165
Now, I've got no bucket of money today

0:00:30.189,0:00:33.380
and I've got no policy to release,

0:00:33.404,0:00:35.643
and I certainly haven't got a guitar.

0:00:35.667,0:00:37.527
I'll leave that to others.

0:00:38.440,0:00:40.122
But I do have an idea,

0:00:40.146,0:00:42.764
and that idea is called[br]Housing for Health.

0:00:43.344,0:00:46.037
Housing for Health works with poor people.

0:00:46.061,0:00:49.092
It works in the places where they live,

0:00:49.116,0:00:52.218
and the work is done[br]to improve their health.

0:00:53.049,0:00:55.204
Over the last 28 years,

0:00:55.228,0:00:58.656
this tough, grinding, dirty work

0:00:58.680,0:01:03.141
has been done by literally[br]thousands of people around Australia

0:01:03.165,0:01:05.605
and, more recently, overseas,

0:01:05.629,0:01:07.833
and their work has proven

0:01:07.857,0:01:13.307
that focused design can improve[br]even the poorest living environments.

0:01:13.331,0:01:14.673
It can improve health

0:01:14.697,0:01:19.462
and it can play a part in reducing,[br]if not eliminating, poverty.

0:01:21.256,0:01:23.307
I'm going to start[br]where the story began --

0:01:23.331,0:01:27.176
1985, in Central Australia.

0:01:27.200,0:01:29.923
A man called Yami Lester,[br]an Aboriginal man,

0:01:29.947,0:01:31.785
was running a health service.

0:01:32.625,0:01:36.575
Eighty percent of what walked[br]in the door, in terms of illness,

0:01:36.599,0:01:38.788
was infectious disease --

0:01:38.812,0:01:41.660
third world, developing world[br]infectious disease,

0:01:41.684,0:01:44.447
caused by a poor living environment.

0:01:47.381,0:01:50.953
Yami assembled a team in Alice Springs.

0:01:50.977,0:01:53.442
He got a medical doctor.

0:01:53.466,0:01:56.242
He got an environmental health guy.

0:01:56.266,0:02:01.010
And he hand-selected a team[br]of local Aboriginal people

0:02:01.034,0:02:02.667
to work on this project.

0:02:03.540,0:02:05.245
Yami told us at that first meeting,

0:02:05.269,0:02:09.011
"There's no money," --[br]always a good start --

0:02:09.035,0:02:12.524
" ... no money, you have six months,

0:02:12.548,0:02:15.562
and I want you to start on a project --"[br]which, in his language,

0:02:15.586,0:02:18.314
he called "Uwankara Palyanku Kanyintjaku,"

0:02:18.338,0:02:23.300
which, translated, is "a plan[br]to stop people getting sick" --

0:02:23.324,0:02:24.737
a profound brief.

0:02:27.265,0:02:28.827
That was our task.

0:02:30.279,0:02:34.300
First step, the medical doctor went away[br]for about six months.

0:02:34.932,0:02:39.363
And he worked on what were to become[br]these nine health goals --

0:02:39.387,0:02:41.223
what were we aiming at?

0:02:43.236,0:02:45.427
After six months of work,[br]he came to my office

0:02:45.451,0:02:50.022
and presented me with[br]those nine words on a piece of paper.

0:02:50.046,0:02:54.042
[The 9 Healthy Living Practices: Washing,[br]clothes, wastewater, nutrition, crowding,

0:02:54.066,0:02:55.733
animals, dust, temperature, injury]

0:02:55.757,0:02:59.027
I was very unimpressed.[br]Big ideas need big words,

0:02:59.051,0:03:00.762
and preferably a lot of them.

0:03:01.450,0:03:03.266
This didn't fit the bill.

0:03:03.290,0:03:07.656
What I didn't see and what you can't see

0:03:07.680,0:03:11.994
was that he'd assembled thousands of pages

0:03:12.018,0:03:15.784
of local, national[br]and international health research

0:03:15.808,0:03:20.610
that filled out the picture[br]as to why these were the health targets.

0:03:20.634,0:03:24.786
The pictures that came a bit later[br]had a very simple reason.

0:03:24.810,0:03:28.073
The Aboriginal people who were our bosses[br]and the senior people

0:03:28.097,0:03:30.439
were most commonly illiterate,

0:03:30.463,0:03:32.622
so the story had to be told in pictures

0:03:32.646,0:03:34.347
of what these goals were.

0:03:34.371,0:03:36.673
We worked with the community,

0:03:36.697,0:03:38.680
not telling them what was going to happen

0:03:38.704,0:03:40.533
in a language they didn't understand.

0:03:41.593,0:03:44.836
So we had the goals[br]and each one of these goals --

0:03:44.860,0:03:46.721
and I won't go through them all --

0:03:46.745,0:03:50.824
puts at the center the person[br]and their health issue,

0:03:50.848,0:03:52.800
and it then connects them

0:03:52.824,0:03:57.309
to the bits of the physical[br]environment that are actually needed

0:03:57.333,0:03:58.865
to keep their health good.

0:03:59.262,0:04:01.943
And the highest priority,[br]you see on the screen,

0:04:01.967,0:04:05.768
is washing people once a day,[br]particularly children.

0:04:06.310,0:04:08.064
And I hope most of you are thinking,

0:04:08.088,0:04:09.390
"What? That sounds simple."

0:04:09.414,0:04:13.470
Now, I'm going to ask you all[br]a very personal question.

0:04:13.494,0:04:14.875
This morning before you came,

0:04:14.899,0:04:19.070
who could have had a wash using a shower?

0:04:20.198,0:04:23.413
I'm not going to ask if you had a shower,[br]because I'm too polite.

0:04:23.437,0:04:24.588
That's it.

0:04:24.612,0:04:25.613
(Laughter)

0:04:25.637,0:04:27.399
All right, I think it's fair to say

0:04:27.423,0:04:30.470
most people here could have had[br]a shower this morning.

0:04:30.494,0:04:32.618
I'm going to ask you to do some more work.

0:04:32.642,0:04:35.146
I want you all to select one of the houses

0:04:35.170,0:04:37.222
of the 25 houses you see on the screen.

0:04:37.246,0:04:40.652
I want you to select one of them[br]and note the position of that house

0:04:40.676,0:04:42.053
and keep that in your head.

0:04:42.077,0:04:43.603
Have you all got a house?

0:04:43.627,0:04:46.077
I'm going to ask you to live there[br]for a few months,

0:04:46.101,0:04:47.707
so make sure you've got it right.

0:04:47.731,0:04:50.754
It's in the northwest of[br]Western Australia, very pleasant place.

0:04:50.778,0:04:53.990
OK. Let's see if your shower[br]in that house is working.

0:04:55.328,0:04:58.463
I hear some "Aw!" and I hear some "Ah!"

0:04:58.487,0:05:01.267
If you get a green tick,[br]your shower's working.

0:05:01.291,0:05:02.577
You and your kids are fine.

0:05:02.601,0:05:04.970
If you get a red cross,

0:05:04.994,0:05:07.233
well, I've looked carefully[br]around the room

0:05:07.257,0:05:10.433
and it's not going to make[br]much difference to this crew.

0:05:10.457,0:05:12.981
Why? Because you're all too old.

0:05:13.005,0:05:16.217
I know that's going to come as a shock[br]to some of you, but you are.

0:05:16.241,0:05:18.120
And before you get offended and leave,

0:05:18.144,0:05:19.960
I've got to say that being too old,

0:05:19.984,0:05:23.532
in this case, means that pretty much[br]everyone in the room, I think,

0:05:23.556,0:05:25.461
is over five years of age.

0:05:27.465,0:05:30.226
We're really concerned[br]with kids naught to five.

0:05:30.250,0:05:31.470
And why?

0:05:31.946,0:05:36.747
Washing is the antidote[br]to the sort of bugs,

0:05:36.771,0:05:39.994
the common infectious diseases[br]of the eyes, the ears,

0:05:40.018,0:05:42.414
the chest and the skin

0:05:42.438,0:05:45.310
that, if they occur in the first[br]five years of life,

0:05:45.334,0:05:48.737
permanently damage those organs.

0:05:49.515,0:05:52.194
They leave a lifelong remnant.

0:05:53.123,0:05:55.225
That means that by the age of five,

0:05:55.249,0:05:57.535
you can't see as well[br]for the rest of your life.

0:05:57.559,0:06:00.049
You can't hear as well[br]for the rest of your life.

0:06:00.073,0:06:01.415
You can't breathe as well.

0:06:01.439,0:06:04.929
You've lost a third of your lung[br]capacity by the age of five.

0:06:04.953,0:06:06.796
And even skin infection,

0:06:06.820,0:06:10.376
which we originally thought[br]wasn't that big a problem,

0:06:10.400,0:06:12.625
mild skin infections[br]naught to five give you

0:06:12.649,0:06:15.105
a greatly increased[br]chance of renal failure,

0:06:15.129,0:06:17.673
needing dialysis at age 40.

0:06:18.364,0:06:21.259
This is a big deal, so the ticks[br]and crosses on the screen

0:06:21.283,0:06:24.147
are actually critical for young kids.

0:06:24.697,0:06:27.806
Those ticks and crosses[br]represent the 7,800 houses

0:06:27.830,0:06:29.894
we've looked at nationally[br]around Australia,

0:06:29.918,0:06:31.327
the same proportion.

0:06:31.351,0:06:32.806
What you see on the screen --

0:06:32.830,0:06:36.063
35 percent of those not-so-famous houses

0:06:36.087,0:06:38.963
lived in by 50,000 indigenous people --

0:06:38.987,0:06:41.548
35 percent had a working shower.

0:06:42.167,0:06:47.937
Ten percent of those same 7,800 houses[br]had safe electrical systems.

0:06:48.520,0:06:53.610
And 58 percent of those houses[br]had a working toilet.

0:06:55.691,0:06:58.433
These are by a simple, standard test.

0:06:58.457,0:07:00.858
In the case of the shower:

0:07:00.882,0:07:05.390
does it have hot and cold water,[br]two taps that work,

0:07:05.414,0:07:10.163
a shower rose to get water[br]onto your head or onto your body,

0:07:10.187,0:07:12.021
and a drain that takes the water away?

0:07:12.045,0:07:16.093
Not well-designed,[br]not beautiful, not elegant --

0:07:16.117,0:07:17.284
just that they function.

0:07:17.308,0:07:19.531
And the same tests[br]for the electrical system

0:07:19.555,0:07:20.886
and the toilets.

0:07:21.811,0:07:24.743
Housing for Health projects[br]aren't about measuring failure --

0:07:24.767,0:07:27.065
they're actually about improving houses.

0:07:27.475,0:07:31.369
We start on day one of every project.

0:07:31.393,0:07:34.632
We've learned -- we don't make promises,[br]we don't do reports.

0:07:34.656,0:07:39.978
We arrive in the morning with tools,[br]tons of equipment, trades,

0:07:40.002,0:07:43.486
and we train up a local team[br]on the first day to start work.

0:07:43.510,0:07:45.290
By the evening of the first day,

0:07:45.314,0:07:49.725
a few houses in that community are better[br]than when we started in the morning.

0:07:49.749,0:07:52.004
That work continues for six to 12 months,

0:07:52.028,0:07:53.726
until all the houses are improved

0:07:53.750,0:07:58.351
and we've spent our budget[br]of 7,500 dollars total per house.

0:07:58.375,0:07:59.879
That's our average budget.

0:08:00.451,0:08:04.747
At the end of six months to a year,[br]we test every house again.

0:08:04.771,0:08:06.832
It's very easy to spend money.

0:08:06.856,0:08:09.174
It's very difficult to improve

0:08:09.198,0:08:11.603
the function of all those[br]parts of the house.

0:08:11.627,0:08:14.623
And for a whole house,[br]the nine healthy living practices,

0:08:14.647,0:08:18.308
we test, check and fix[br]250 items in every house.

0:08:19.161,0:08:23.251
And these are the results we can get[br]with our 7,500 dollars.

0:08:23.275,0:08:25.877
We can get showers[br]up to 86 percent working,

0:08:25.901,0:08:29.692
we can get electrical systems[br]up to 77 percent working

0:08:29.716,0:08:32.349
and we can get 90 percent[br]of toilets working

0:08:32.373,0:08:34.532
in those 7,500 houses.

0:08:35.226,0:08:36.407
(Applause)

0:08:36.431,0:08:37.679
Thank you.

0:08:37.703,0:08:43.997
(Applause)

0:08:44.021,0:08:46.996
The teams do a great job,[br]and that's their work.

0:08:48.816,0:08:50.932
I think there's an obvious question

0:08:50.956,0:08:52.806
that I hope you're thinking about.

0:08:53.593,0:08:55.545
Why do we have to do this work?

0:08:56.059,0:08:58.699
Why are the houses in such poor condition?

0:08:59.271,0:09:02.808
Seventy percent of the work we do[br]is due to lack of routine maintenance --

0:09:02.832,0:09:05.237
the sort of things that happen[br]in all our houses.

0:09:05.261,0:09:09.144
Things wear out, should have been done[br]by state government or local government,

0:09:09.168,0:09:12.354
simply not done, the house doesn't work.

0:09:12.378,0:09:16.269
Twenty-one percent of the things we fix[br]are due to faulty construction --

0:09:16.293,0:09:19.294
literally things that are built[br]upside down and back to front.

0:09:19.318,0:09:21.167
They don't work, we have to fix them.

0:09:22.081,0:09:27.681
And if you've lived in Australia[br]in the last 30 years, the final cause --

0:09:27.705,0:09:31.360
you will have heard always[br]that indigenous people trash houses.

0:09:31.384,0:09:34.822
It's one of the almost[br]rock-solid pieces of evidence

0:09:34.846,0:09:36.861
which I've never seen evidence for,

0:09:36.885,0:09:40.345
that's always reeled out as "That's[br]the problem with indigenous housing."

0:09:40.369,0:09:42.539
Well, nine percent[br]of what we spend is damage,

0:09:42.563,0:09:44.234
misuse or abuse of any sort.

0:09:46.120,0:09:49.165
We argue strongly that the people[br]living in the house

0:09:49.189,0:09:50.820
are simply not the problem.

0:09:51.384,0:09:53.182
And we'll go a lot further than that;

0:09:53.206,0:09:57.019
the people living in the house[br]are actually a major part of the solution.

0:09:57.749,0:10:01.114
Seventy-five percent[br]of our national team in Australia --

0:10:01.138,0:10:03.591
over 75 at the minute --

0:10:03.615,0:10:07.943
are actually local, indigenous people[br]from the communities we work in.

0:10:07.967,0:10:09.721
They do all aspects of the work.

0:10:10.192,0:10:15.929
(Applause)

0:10:15.953,0:10:19.811
In 2010, for example, there were 831,

0:10:19.835,0:10:22.408
all over Australia,[br]and the Torres Strait Islands,

0:10:22.432,0:10:26.891
all states, working to improve the houses[br]where they and their families live,

0:10:26.915,0:10:29.174
and that's an important thing.

0:10:29.198,0:10:32.308
Our work's always had a focus on health.

0:10:32.332,0:10:33.498
That's the key.

0:10:34.434,0:10:37.894
The developing world bug,[br]trachoma, causes blindness.

0:10:37.918,0:10:40.284
It's a developing-world illness,

0:10:40.308,0:10:42.137
and yet, the picture you see behind

0:10:42.161,0:10:45.957
is in an Aboriginal community[br]in the late 1990s,

0:10:45.981,0:10:49.981
where 95 percent of school-aged[br]kids had active trachoma

0:10:50.005,0:10:51.960
in their eyes, doing damage.

0:10:53.142,0:10:54.418
OK, what do we do?

0:10:54.442,0:10:57.745
Well, first thing we do,[br]we get showers working.

0:10:57.769,0:10:59.610
Why? Because that flushes the bug out.

0:10:59.634,0:11:01.975
We put washing facilities[br]in the school as well,

0:11:01.999,0:11:04.736
so kids can wash their faces[br]many times during the day.

0:11:04.760,0:11:06.649
We wash the bug out.

0:11:06.673,0:11:10.514
Second, the eye doctors tell us[br]that dust scours the eye

0:11:10.538,0:11:11.855
and lets the bug in quick.

0:11:11.879,0:11:13.088
So what do we do?

0:11:13.112,0:11:16.612
We call up the doctor of dust,[br]and there is such a person.

0:11:16.636,0:11:18.562
He was loaned to us by a mining company.

0:11:18.586,0:11:21.256
He controls dust on mining company sites.

0:11:21.280,0:11:23.083
And he came out and, within a day,

0:11:23.107,0:11:25.298
it worked out that most dust[br]in this community

0:11:25.322,0:11:28.572
was within a meter of the ground,[br]the wind-driven dust --

0:11:28.596,0:11:31.477
so he suggested making mounds[br]to catch the dust

0:11:31.501,0:11:35.223
before it went into the house area[br]and affected the eyes of kids.

0:11:35.247,0:11:38.790
So we used dirt to stop dust.

0:11:38.814,0:11:41.582
We did it. He provided us dust monitors.

0:11:41.606,0:11:44.062
We tested and we reduced the dust.

0:11:44.086,0:11:46.287
Then we wanted to get rid[br]of the bug generally.

0:11:46.311,0:11:47.461
So how do we do that?

0:11:47.485,0:11:52.219
Well, we call up the doctor of flies --[br]and, yes, there is a doctor of flies.

0:11:52.728,0:11:54.282
As our Aboriginal mate said,

0:11:54.306,0:11:56.417
"You white fellows ought to get out more."

0:11:56.441,0:11:58.671
(Laughter)

0:11:58.695,0:12:01.800
And the doctor of flies[br]very quickly determined

0:12:01.824,0:12:05.902
that there was one fly[br]that carried the bug.

0:12:05.926,0:12:08.349
He could give school kids[br]in this community

0:12:08.373,0:12:11.551
the beautiful fly trap you see[br]above in the slide.

0:12:11.575,0:12:14.111
They could trap the flies,[br]send them to him in Perth.

0:12:14.635,0:12:16.088
When the bug was in the gut,

0:12:16.112,0:12:19.079
he'd send back by return post[br]some dung beetles.

0:12:19.103,0:12:21.396
The dung beetles ate the camel dung,

0:12:21.420,0:12:23.166
the flies died through lack of food,

0:12:23.190,0:12:24.499
and trachoma dropped.

0:12:24.523,0:12:30.336
And over the year, trachoma dropped[br]radically in this place, and stayed low.

0:12:30.360,0:12:33.802
We changed the environment,[br]not just treated the eyes.

0:12:35.079,0:12:37.524
And finally, you get a good eye.

0:12:38.810,0:12:40.705
All these small health gains

0:12:40.729,0:12:43.951
and small pieces of the puzzle[br]make a big difference.

0:12:43.975,0:12:45.958
The New South Wales Department of Health,

0:12:45.982,0:12:47.259
that radical organization,

0:12:47.283,0:12:50.823
did an independent trial over three years

0:12:50.847,0:12:53.420
to look at 10 years of the work[br]we've been doing

0:12:53.444,0:12:55.912
in these sorts of projects[br]in New South Wales.

0:12:55.936,0:13:01.480
And they found a 40 percent reduction[br]in hospital admissions

0:13:01.504,0:13:05.234
for the illnesses that you could attribute[br]to the poor environment --

0:13:05.258,0:13:07.628
a 40 percent reduction.

0:13:07.652,0:13:14.616
(Applause)

0:13:15.845,0:13:18.567
Just to show that the principles[br]we've used in Australia

0:13:18.591,0:13:19.929
can be used in other places,

0:13:19.953,0:13:22.691
I'm just going to go[br]to one other place, and that's Nepal.

0:13:22.715,0:13:24.326
And what a beautiful place to go.

0:13:24.350,0:13:27.711
We were asked by a small[br]village of 600 people

0:13:27.735,0:13:31.740
to go in and make toilets[br]where none existed.

0:13:31.764,0:13:32.975
Health was poor.

0:13:34.270,0:13:35.739
We went in with no grand plan,

0:13:35.763,0:13:37.890
no grand promises of a great program,

0:13:37.914,0:13:41.122
just the offer to build[br]two toilets for two families.

0:13:41.146,0:13:44.494
It was during the design[br]of the first toilet

0:13:44.518,0:13:45.777
that I went for lunch,

0:13:45.801,0:13:48.850
invited by the family[br]into their main room of the house.

0:13:48.874,0:13:50.874
It was choking with smoke.

0:13:50.898,0:13:54.473
People were cooking[br]on their only fuel source, green timber.

0:13:54.497,0:13:56.594
The smoke coming off[br]that timber is choking,

0:13:56.618,0:13:59.318
and in an enclosed house,[br]you simply can't breathe.

0:14:00.048,0:14:03.938
Later we found the leading cause[br]of illness and death

0:14:03.962,0:14:07.517
in this particular region[br]is through respiratory failure.

0:14:07.541,0:14:09.665
So all of a sudden, we had two problems.

0:14:09.689,0:14:11.753
We were there originally[br]to look at toilets

0:14:11.777,0:14:14.075
and get human waste[br]off the ground, that's fine.

0:14:14.099,0:14:17.013
But all of a sudden now[br]there was a second problem:

0:14:17.037,0:14:18.862
How do we actually get the smoke down?

0:14:18.886,0:14:22.922
So two problems, and design should[br]be about more than one thing.

0:14:22.946,0:14:26.516
Solution: Take human waste,[br]take animal waste,

0:14:26.540,0:14:29.898
put it into a chamber,[br]out of that, extract biogas,

0:14:29.922,0:14:31.561
methane gas.

0:14:31.585,0:14:34.986
The gas gives three to four[br]hours cooking a day --

0:14:35.010,0:14:38.650
clean, smokeless and free for the family.

0:14:38.674,0:14:43.818
(Applause)

0:14:43.842,0:14:46.726
I put it to you:[br]is this eliminating poverty?

0:14:46.750,0:14:51.162
And the answer from the Nepali team[br]who's working at the minute would say,

0:14:51.186,0:14:52.337
don't be ridiculous --

0:14:52.361,0:14:54.433
we have three million[br]more toilets to build

0:14:54.457,0:14:57.308
before we can even make[br]a stab at that claim.

0:14:57.332,0:15:00.291
And I don't pretend anything else.

0:15:00.315,0:15:02.973
But as we all sit here today,

0:15:02.997,0:15:04.833
there are now over 100 toilets built

0:15:04.857,0:15:07.270
in this village and a couple nearby.

0:15:07.294,0:15:10.743
Well over 1,000 people use those toilets.

0:15:10.767,0:15:13.942
Yami Lama, he's a young boy.

0:15:13.966,0:15:18.270
He's got significantly less gut infection[br]because he's now got toilets,

0:15:18.294,0:15:20.654
and there isn't human waste on the ground.

0:15:22.040,0:15:25.357
Kanji Maya, she's a mother,[br]and a proud one.

0:15:25.381,0:15:29.824
She's probably right now[br]cooking lunch for her family

0:15:29.848,0:15:32.293
on biogas, smokeless fuel.

0:15:32.317,0:15:33.563
Her lungs have got better,

0:15:33.587,0:15:35.563
and they'll get better as time increases,

0:15:35.587,0:15:37.768
because she's not cooking[br]in the same smoke.

0:15:37.792,0:15:40.394
Surya takes the waste[br]out of the biogas chamber

0:15:40.418,0:15:43.335
when it's shed the gas,[br]he puts it on his crops.

0:15:43.359,0:15:46.057
He's trebled his crop income,

0:15:46.081,0:15:48.996
more food for the family[br]and more money for the family.

0:15:49.020,0:15:53.774
And finally Bishnu,[br]the leader of the team,

0:15:53.798,0:15:56.961
has now understood that not only[br]have we built toilets,

0:15:56.985,0:15:59.137
we've also built a team,

0:15:59.161,0:16:01.793
and that team is now[br]working in two villages

0:16:01.817,0:16:04.290
where they're training up[br]the next two villages

0:16:04.314,0:16:06.144
to keep the work expanding.

0:16:06.168,0:16:07.793
And that, to me, is the key.

0:16:07.817,0:16:12.484
(Applause)

0:16:12.508,0:16:15.212
People are not the problem.

0:16:16.609,0:16:18.196
We've never found that.

0:16:18.220,0:16:20.915
The problem: poor living environment,

0:16:20.939,0:16:23.907
poor housing and the bugs[br]that do people harm.

0:16:25.137,0:16:30.876
None of those are limited by geography,[br]by skin color or by religion.

0:16:30.900,0:16:32.278
None of them.

0:16:33.087,0:16:35.540
The common link between all[br]the work we've had to do

0:16:35.564,0:16:37.435
is one thing, and that's poverty.

0:16:39.410,0:16:43.187
Nelson Mandela said, in the mid-2000s,[br]not too far from here,

0:16:43.211,0:16:49.492
he said that like slavery and apartheid,[br]"Poverty is not natural.

0:16:49.516,0:16:53.375
It is man-made and can be[br]overcome and eradicated

0:16:53.399,0:16:55.523
by the actions of human beings."

0:16:56.864,0:16:58.173
I want to end by saying

0:16:58.197,0:17:04.354
it's been the actions of thousands[br]of ordinary human beings

0:17:04.378,0:17:07.603
doing -- I think -- extraordinary work,

0:17:07.627,0:17:10.271
that have actually improved health,

0:17:10.295,0:17:13.416
and, maybe only in a small way,[br]reduced poverty.

0:17:13.440,0:17:15.112
Thank you very much for your time.

0:17:15.136,0:17:21.841
(Applause)