[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.69,0:00:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine two people are listening to music.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.78,0:00:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the odds
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.62,0:00:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they are listening
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.38,0:00:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the exact same playlist?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.18,0:00:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably pretty low.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.78,0:00:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, everyone has very different tastes in music.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.37,0:00:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what are the odds
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.74,0:00:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that your body will need
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.92,0:00:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the exact same medical care and treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.15,0:00:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as another person's body?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.92,0:00:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even lower.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.30,0:00:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we go through our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.77,0:00:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of us will have very different needs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.76,0:00:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our own healthcare.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.81,0:00:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists and doctors are constantly researching ways
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.44,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make medicine more personalized.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.87,0:00:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One way they are doing this
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.03,0:00:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by researching stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.64,0:00:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.03,0:00:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning they do not have a specific job or function.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.56,0:00:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While skin cells protect your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.64,0:00:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,muscle cells contract,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.36,0:00:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nerve cells send signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.48,0:00:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stem cells do not have any specific structures or functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.92,0:01:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stem cells do have the potential
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.91,0:01:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become all other kinds of cells in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.26,0:01:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your body uses stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.84,0:01:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to replace worn-out cells when they die.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.76,0:01:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, you completely replace
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.21,0:01:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lining of your intestines every four days.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.56,0:01:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stem cells beneath the lining of your intestines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.81,0:01:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,replace these cells as they wear out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.35,0:01:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists hope that stem cells could be used
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.97,0:01:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create a very special kind of personalized medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.51,0:01:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we could replace your own body parts with,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.69,0:01:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, your own body parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.19,0:01:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stem cell researchers are working hard
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.63,0:01:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find ways in which to use stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.70,0:01:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create new tissue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.20,0:01:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to replace the parts of organs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.57,0:01:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are damaged by injury or disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.12,0:01:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using stem cells to replace damaged bodily tissue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.96,0:01:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called regenerative medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.68,0:01:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, scientists currently use stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.91,0:01:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to treat patients with blood diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.80,0:01:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as leukemia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.91,0:01:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leukemia is a form of cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.80,0:02:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that affects your bone marrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.05,0:02:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside your bones
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.11,0:02:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where your blood cells are created.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.38,0:02:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In leukemia, some of the cells inside your bone marrow
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.90,0:02:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grow uncontrollably, crowding out the healthy stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.65,0:02:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that form your blood cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.86,0:02:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some leukemia patients can receive
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.99,0:02:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a stem cell transplant.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.07,0:02:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These new stem cells will create
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.75,0:02:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the blood cells needed by the patient's body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.04,0:02:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are actually multiple kinds
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.56,0:02:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of stem cells that scientists can use
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.29,0:02:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for medical treatments and research.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.62,0:02:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.91,0:02:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are found in small numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.71,0:02:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in most of your body's tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.05,0:02:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tissue-specific stem cells replace
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.18,0:02:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the existing cells in your organs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.18,0:02:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they wear out and die.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.43,0:02:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Embryonic stem cells are created
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.68,0:02:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from leftover embryos that are willingly donated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.83,0:02:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by patients from fertility clinics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.44,0:02:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike tissue-specific stem cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.87,0:02:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embryonic stem cells are pluripotent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.14,0:02:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that they can be grown
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.52,0:03:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into any kind of tissue in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.17,0:03:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A third kind of stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.78,0:03:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called induced pluripotent stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.24,0:03:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are regular skin, fat, liver, or other cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.99,0:03:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that scientists have changed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.16,0:03:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to behave like embryonic stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.15,0:03:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like embryonic stem cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.45,0:03:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they, too, can become any kind of cell in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.40,0:03:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While scientists and doctors hope to use
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.41,0:03:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these kinds of stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.22,0:03:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create new tissue to heal your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.82,0:03:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can also use stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.60,0:03:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help understand how the body works.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.13,0:03:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists can watch stem cells develop
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.64,0:03:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into tissue to understand the mechnanisms
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.91,0:03:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the body uses to create new tissue
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.94,0:03:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a controlled and regulated way.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.66,0:03:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists hope that with more research,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.100,0:03:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can not only develop specialized medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.33,0:03:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is specific to your body
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.24,0:03:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also better understand
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.04,0:03:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how your body functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.29,0:03:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both when it's healthy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.79,0:03:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when it's not.