I want to talk to you today
about a difficult topic that is close to me,
and closer than you might realize to you.
I came to the U.K. 21 years ago
as an asylum-seeker.
I was 21.
I was forced to leave the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
my home, where I was a student activist.
I would love my children to be able to meet my family
in the Congo.
But I want to tell you what the Congo has got to do with you.
But first of all, I want you to do me a favor.
Can you all please reach into your pockets
and take out your mobile phone?
Feel that familiar weight,
how naturally your finger slides towards the buttons.
(Laughter)
Can you imagine your world without it?
It connects us to our loved ones,
our family, friends and colleagues,
at home and overseas.
It is a symbol of an interconnected world.
But what you hold in your hand leaves a bloody trail,
and it all boils down to a mineral:
tantalum, mined in the Congo as coltan.
It is an anticorrosive heat conductor.
It stores energy in our mobile phones,
Playstations and laptops.
It is used in aerospace and medical equipment
as alloys.
It is so powerful
that we only need tiny amounts.
It would be great if the story ended there.
Unfortunately, what you hold in your hand
has not only enabled incredible technological development
and industrial expansion,
but it has also contributed to unimaginable
human suffering.
Since 1996, over five million people have died
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Countless women, men and children
have been raped, tortured or enslaved.
Rape is used as a weapon of war,
instilling fear
and depopulating whole areas.
The quest for extracting this mineral
has not only aided, but it has fueled,
the ongoing war in the Congo.
But don't throw away your phones yet.
Thirty thousand children are enlisted
and are made to fight in armed groups.
The Congo consistently scores dreadfully
in global health and poverty rankings.
But remarkably, the U.N. Environmental Programme
has estimated the wealth of the country
to be over 24 trillion dollars.
The state-regulated mining industry has collapsed,
and control over mines
has splintered.
Coltan is easily controlled by armed groups.
One well-known illicit trade route
is that across the border to Rwanda,
where Congolese tantalum is disguised as Rwandan.
But don't throw away your phones yet,
because the incredible irony is that
the technology that has placed such unsustainable,
devastating demands on the Congo
is the same technology
that has brought this situation to our attention.
We only know so much about the situation in the Congo
and in the mines
because of the kind of communication
the mobile phone allows.
As with the Arab Spring,
during the recent elections in the Congo,
voters were able to send text messages
of local polling stations to the headquarters
in the capital, Kinshasa,
and in the wake of the result,
the diaspora has joined with the Carter Center,
the Catholic Church and other observers
to draw attention to the undemocratic result.
The mobile phone has given people around the world
an important tool towards gaining their political freedom.
It has truly revolutionized the way
we communicate on the planet.
It has allowed momentous political change
to take place.
So
we are faced with a paradox.
The mobile phone is an instrument of freedom
and an instrument of oppression.
TED has always
celebrated what technology can do for us,
technology in its finished form.
It is time
to be asking questions about technology.
Where does it come from?
Who makes it?
And for what?
Here I am speaking directly to you,
the TED community,
and to all those who might be watching on a screen,
on your phone, across the world,
in the Congo.
All the technology is in place for us to communicate,
and all the technology is in place to communicate this.
At the moment,
there is no clear fair trade solution,
but there has been a huge amount of progress.
The U.S. has recently passed legislation
to target bribery and misconduct in the Congo.
Recent U.K. legislation could be used in the same way.
In February, Nokia unveiled its new policy
on sourcing minerals in the Congo,
and there is a petition to Apple
to make a conflict-free iPhone.
There are campaigns
spreading across university campuses
to make their colleges conflict-free.
But we're not there yet.
We need to continue mounting pressure
on phone companies
to change their sourcing processes.
When I first came to the U.K. 21 years ago,
I was homesick.
I missed my family and the friends I left behind.
Communication was extremely difficult.
Sending and receiving letters took months,
if you were lucky. Often they never arrived.
Even if I could have afforded
the phone bills home,
like most people in the Congo,
my parents did not own a phone line.
Today, my two sons
David and Daniel
can talk to my parents and get to know them.
Why should we allow
such a wonderful, brilliant and necessary product
to be the cause of unnecessary suffering
for human beings?
We demand fair trade food
and fair trade clothes.
It is time to demand fair trade phones.
This is an idea worth spreading. Thank you.
(Applause)