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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

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Institutional fires have become a major public[br]health problem in the Eastern Africa region,

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either affecting schools, prisons, office[br]blocks, and buildings.

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Fire refers to the uncontrolled burning of[br]settlements, or forests, or vehicles or

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vessels, and it is a very frequent form of[br]hazard in Eastern Africa.

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It may be accidental or deliberate.

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It may be natural or technological.

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Elements of fire include fuel, heat, and a[br]supply of oxygen.

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If any one of these three is removed, then[br]the fire will not exist.

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Fire causes burns and shock, disabilities[br]and deaths, damage and loss of property, environmental

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degradation and pollution.

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It may result in a mass casualty incident.

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Factors that influence fire include vegetation[br]and weather, availability of combustibles and toxicity

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of flammables, absence of warning and lack[br]of knowledge, magnitude of exposure and age

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of victim, availability of fire fighting equipment,[br]and housing characteristics.

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Causes of fires include electrical causes.

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These may be broken and dirty insulators,[br]loose flexible wiring, perishable or damaged

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insulation of wiring, bad connections including[br]overloading, incorrect fusing and poor earthing,

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current or electricity traveling via a gas[br]pipe.

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Human causes include smoking, cooking and[br]unattended fire, appliances left on including

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cookers or irons, aerosols, careless handling[br]and playing with fire, arson, and misuse of

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appliances.

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These are the major classes of fires.

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Class A fires result from ordinary combustible[br]materials such as wood, paper, grass, cotton,

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or cloth.

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The extinguishing media is usually water,[br]or dry chemical powder, or sand and fire beating

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for these types of fires.

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Class B fires result from flammable liquids[br]such as kerosene, petrol, spirit, cooking

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fats.

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The most effective extinguishing media is[br]foam and dry chemical power.

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Class C fires involve gases such as methane,[br]propane, butane.

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These gases can produce explosions.

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Extinguishing methods involve closing of the[br]valve or the source of the leakage of the

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gas, but you can also use dry chemical powder

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Class D fires result from metal heating[br]such as Aluminum and Magnesium.

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The main extinguishing media is dry chemical[br]powder.

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These fires are capable of reaching very high[br]temperatures.

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As we can see, dry chemical powder is a form[br]that is useful for all classes of fires.

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Electrical fires do not constitute a class[br]on their own but may be either A, B, C, or

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D types of fires.

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Extinguishing involves cutting off electricity[br]if possible, and the recommended media is

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dry chemical powder or carbon dioxide.

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Methods of fire extinguition include smothering,[br]starvation and cooling.

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If you have some fire extinguishers where you [br]work, try and look at them and examine them.

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What is their content?

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What classes of fires are they indicated for?

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Kindly check the expiry dates and service[br]of these gadgets.

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If possible, you can have a demonstration[br]on the actual use of an extinguisher.

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Portable fire extinguishers are the 'First[br]Aid Fire Fighting Appliances', FAFFA, normally

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operated by one person.

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Water containing extinguishers usually have[br]a red label.

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Foam containing extinguishers usually have[br]a cream label.

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Dry chemical powder extinguishers usually[br]have a blue label, and carbon dioxide extinguishers

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usually have a black label.

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Nowadays most extinguishers are red in color[br]but are only differentiated by a color code.

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That is, if extinguishers are red in color, then[br]a color code is placed on them to indicate

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their content.

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Look at a fire extinguisher near you and[br]try to check for some of these.

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Safety implications of hand held extinguishers.

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Always note the following hazards [br]when using extinguishers:

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The possibility of electrocution, [br]inhalation of dry chemical

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powder, frostbite from carbon dioxide, their[br]failure rates are usually higher, and then

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the issue of weight.

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Noise, a lot of noise, especially from the[br]carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.

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Dry chemical powder extinguishers may cause[br]impaired vision when used.

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Pre-hospital fire management is an important[br]adjunct to fire control.

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Organize and establish and incident command[br]structure, extinguish the fire, conduct a

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Rapid Needs Assessment, search and rescue[br]is necessary for evacuation of victims.

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Initial triage and first aid to the victims[br]if necessary, transporting the victims to health

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facility. Use available resources and mobilize[br]for others if needed.

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Hospital based operations are also an important[br]adjunct to fire management.

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Establish a receiving mechanism and emergency[br]management for serious victims of fires.

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Fire prevention is an important aspect of[br]fire control.

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What factors do you think increase fire risk[br]and how do you think fires can be prevented

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in institutions in your district?

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Fire prevention includes building standards[br]that incorporate hazard reduction, no smoking

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signs, orderly arrangements of goods to[br]avoid spontaneous ignition, providing space

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between goods and avoiding congestion in dormitories.

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Others include fire segregated walls and preventive[br]measures against easy spread of fire.

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Fire prevention also involves good house keeping,[br]an awareness creation to create a sense of

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community responsibility.

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There is need to strengthen fire rescue[br]departments, enforce legislations, and set

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bylaws to prevent fires.

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Fire protection ivolves installation of fire[br]equipment inside and outside of buildings,

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fire escapes, exits and escape signs, protect[br]buildings from extensive damage resulting

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from fires.

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Hand appliances include extinguishers and[br]buckets of sand that are in easy reach.

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We also have fixed installations depending[br]on availability of resources including risers,

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hose reels, and external private hydrants.

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Fixed installations include foam, gases, and[br]dry chemical powder.

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Advanced systems include automatic sprinkler[br]systems and fire warning gadgets.

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Fire drills should cover fire alarm effectiveness.

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Whether a physical alarm is installed or we[br]depend on a human alarm, this should be tested.

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They also cover timeliness of notification,[br]fire teams conformance with established fire

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procedures, safe evacuation and assembly.

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Emphasis should be on orderly evacuation rather[br]than speed.

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Evacuation is the removal of people from an[br]area of danger to a safe area in an orderly

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manner to prevent confusion and panic.

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It is important to provide an evacuation assembly[br]point that is for any workers involved in

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fire management, and also the place where[br]affected persons should assemble.

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If a staff member or other members from [br]the building or students or pupils

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are not seen during the roll call, then the[br]fire team conducts a search and rescue.

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All these should be tested in the fire evacuation[br]procedures.

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There is also the rendezvous point for evacuation,[br]which is the meeting point for the first responders

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such as fire fighters, or people designated[br]to address fires in an institution.

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These should be carefully selected.