WEBVTT

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(Applause)

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How's everybody doing?

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Are you as nervous as me?

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Probably not.

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So today I'm going to
talk to you about

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how to be a technology
innovator without

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an engineering degree or Asperger's.

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If you look at something
from one angle long enough

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it becomes very difficult to see it 
from a different perspective.

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Check out this picture.
This is a burr.

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It's one of those prickly
plants that gets stuck to

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your clothes when
you're walking outside.

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But what if you could look at
the burr and think of Velcro?

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The burr was the inspiration
for the creation of Velcro.

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I try to think like this whenever
I learn about a new technology,

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or about how anything
in the world works.

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How can one thing,

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one technology be applied
to something else in the world?

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An example is a while back 
I learned about a new

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waterproof film for electronics.

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And I applied this exercise.

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Where else in the world
might a waterproof film be useful?

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Then I realized, if you could stick
a waterproof film into shampoo,

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you could eliminate umbrellas.

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Now, I have no idea if
this is scientifically plausible

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but it seems like a cool idea
and it's worth exploring, right?

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If you open your mind you can
come up with really creative ideas

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by connecting objects and
technologies that on the surface

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seemingly have nothing
to do with each other.

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Here's another example.
This is the Breathe Right nasal strip.

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This was created by a
Disney Imagineer, not a doctor.

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And one night he went to sleep
and his nose was stuffy

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and he realized that if you
lift the skin on your nose

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you can breath clearly.

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And so he invented 
a strip that does just that

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and the result is 
a multimillion-dollar product.

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Space elevators, 
energy derived from water,

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food that is synthesized from
boxes of carbon and oxygen.

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These kind of all seem like crazy ideas,

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but maybe these ideas just
haven't been fully explored yet.

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We live in a world where
we are divided by skill set

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according to our
educational backgrounds

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and the letters next to
our names like PhD and MD.

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These people are considered
the experts in their fields.

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And so naturally one would
assume that the people

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that know the most about their fields

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will be the innovators
within their fields.

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And often times they are.

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But these people are also hindered
sometimes because they know too much.

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They've been trained
to think in a certain way

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and so their knowledge
and expertise in a field

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is thus narrowly tied
to their own experiences

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and to what they've been taught.

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And in this way people are
sometimes trained to think

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inside of the box.

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Experts often look at problems
from the same viewpoint

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that it becomes
almost impossible for them

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to see it from
a different perspective.

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And in fact it creates
a cognitive dissonance or

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a discomfort in all of us 
when we're forced

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to view things in a way
in which we are not used to.

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So in other words,
by virtue of having perspective,

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we lack perspective.

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And this phenomenon greatly hinders

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technological innovation and creativity.

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And so it's no coincidence
that most great discoveries

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were made by people
early in their careers.

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It's no coincidence that
most Nobel Prize winners

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came up with their 
groundbreaking research

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during or soon after their graduate studies.

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And yet these people are
often not awarded their big prizes

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until decades after their research.

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Until the implications of 
their research are in common use.

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So I propose that it's the people
who don't look at new fields

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with a jaded eye, who are not
tied to five, ten, twenty years

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of training who are able
to come in and look at a problem

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from an entirely fresh perspective.

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They can come in with
a fresh way of looking at problems

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departing from the traditional approaches

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that have been followed by the experts.

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And without constraints
of an ingrained framework

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they can look at problems
without decades of prejudice,

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and be able to come
up with big connections

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between objects and
technologies that seemingly

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have nothing to do with each other.

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So last October while I was
an undergraduate at Penn

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I came up with a way
to wirelessly transmit power

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through the air in just two days.

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Just by thinking about
the problem differently

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and by asking a lot of questions.

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I was not an engineer
and I did not have Asperger's.

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My experience has shown me
that there is a lot

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of creativity in this world
that is not being harnessed

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because people don't have
the right letters next to their names.

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And because people are
too afraid to push forward

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their ideas that can't possibly work
because they thought of it.

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When I looked at my wireless laptop
with a 15-foot wire

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dangling from its power socket

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I wondered
how can I get rid of that cord?

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How could I beam
energy to my computer

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so that I didn't have to
plug it in to charge it?

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How could I make
charging more like Wi-Fi?

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I began by thinking about objects

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that beamed energy through the air.

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I asked really simple questions.

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Things that people in this room
probably already know.

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Like,
how do remote controls work?

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How do lasers work?
How does Wi-Fi work?

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I googled the wireless
power landscape

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and realized that there were
a few viable solutions.

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But each solution had
its own set of problems

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that would get in the way
of its commercialization.

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So I realized that you
could beam the entire

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electromagnetic spectrum,
which is basically everything

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from radio waves to gamma waves.

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But the right half of the spectrum
was too dangerous to beam.

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You know, you wouldn't want
X-rays whizzing through your body

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just to be able to charge your cell phone.

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And the left half of the spectrum
was either too inefficient

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or too tightly regulated by the government.

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So I had to approach the problem creatively.

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I looked into harnessing
the energy from vibrations

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that constantly surround us like 
the road bumps you feel in your car.

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But how could my electronic devices 
harness this energy?

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I knew that no one would want to stick 
a shaker to the back of their phone

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or stick bulky energy
harvesting plates in their shoes.

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So I had to figure out a way
to send vibrations through the air.

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And then I realized sound does that.

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Sound travels through the air
by vibrating air particles

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and because sound is a form of energy,

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you can harness
the vibrational energy of sound.

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So I started doing research on ultrasound

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because it was too high in frequency
for you to be able to hear it.

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And in my research 
I learned that ultrasound

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was used to create acoustic weapons.

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So I figured that if there was
enough energy from ultrasound

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to create a bomb, you could probably
charge your cell phone with it.

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So how does a Paleobiology major at Penn

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learn how to convert
ultrasound into electricity?

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Well, I literally just googled it.
And I found a --


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(Laughter) (Applause)

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And I found a material that did just that.

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So this is less than 48 hours after

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the original idea 
of creating wireless power.

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Ultrasonic wireless power.
It seemed like an awesome idea,

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but I figured that if I thought of it
there was no way it could work.

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Why hadn't somebody else 
thought of it before?

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Why hadn't the ultrasound expert
thought of it before?

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I didn't know enough about the technology
to determine if it could work or not.

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And I was a little hesitant
to tell any real engineers about it.

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Because honestly, I thought
they would laugh at me.

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I thought they would think I was stupid.

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But about a week or so later I decided

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to tell my physics professor
about the idea.

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And when I did, 
he told me that it wouldn't work.

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That there was no way 
that I could get enough energy

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out of ultrasound to be able
to charge a cell phone.

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I was crushed, but I kept thinking
about that acoustic bomb.

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I knew that I needed to do more research,

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so I read paper after paper on ultrasound
and I devised the basic system.

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I tried to teach myself
as much as I possibly could.

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I was reading
"Electrical Engineering For Dummies"

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and begging professors to teach me
extra concepts after class.

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And as outlandish as it sounds,
I decided to submit the idea

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to the Penn Invention Competition.

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I ordered a few ultrasonic
transmitters and receivers online.

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And got an electrical engineering student

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to help me wire a few things together.

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We were able to prove that you could beam

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a tiny amount of power over about an inch.

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This was enough to keep me going.

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We won the student invention competition.

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And a few days later,
I was told that Walt Mossberg,

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the senior technology columnist
for the Wall Street Journal

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wanted to speak to us.

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This was crazy. (Laughter)

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He told us that if we could build 
a real prototype of this technology

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we could demo it 
at his annual tech conference.

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Now, at the time I didn't know
much about Walt or his D conference.

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But I soon learned that this was 
the premier tech conference of the year.

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That this was where
Steve Jobs debated Bill Gates.

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I knew I needed to get to this conference.

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But I had absolutely no idea
if I could really build it.

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I had one month.
The race was on.

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So to make this thing work,
I had to scale it up

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from basically what was a tiny little toy
to a decent sized prototype.

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Now remember, I was
the idea person, you know.

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I could tell you about the science 
and how it works,

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but I had absolutely no idea
how to wire anything together.

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So I found an engineer in Indiana
and I begged him

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to help me build this prototype.

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I simplified the design
using off the shelf parts.

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And we worked together day and night
for two straight weeks over the phone

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building this prototype and we finished
it just two days before the conference.

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And I got it working only 10 minutes

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before I had to demo it for the first time.
(Laughter)

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Talk about anxiety.

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But it worked and that was so cool.

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We beamed energy over three feet 
and at about thirty times

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the amount of power that we got out

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from the initial proof of concept model.

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The conference was an enormous success.

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But it surprisingly spurred 
a lot of anger and criticism

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from real engineers.

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(Laughter)

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They told me that it could
never work on a larger scale,

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there was no way you could actually

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use ultrasound to charge a cell phone,

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that what I was trying to do was impossible.

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But I also knew 
that no one could really determine

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if the technology could work or not.

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Because the technology didn't exist yet.

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And what I had shown there on the D stage

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was using off the shelf parts.

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We hadn't even tried to push it further.

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And I kept hearing the same story about

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how one person would say
something was impossible,

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then somebody else would figure it out.

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But despite my optimism, 
I still felt insecure

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because so many people
were trying to knock me down.

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So I flew around the country
talking to the top professors

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in acoustic research.

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And I was happy to find that 
most of them thought it could work.

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But with a few questions.

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And probably the biggest
nagging question was:

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If this thing could work,
why hadn't it been done before?

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And it also seemed that
for every positive opinion I got

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there was another negative one.

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I couldn't believe how
there were such different

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opinions by experts in the same field.

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But despite my frustration, this was
a very important lesson for me to learn.

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This taught me to be skeptical of experts,

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that expertise represented
a narrow way of looking at things,

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and that experts knew what they knew 
based on their own prior studies.

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And since ultrasonic
wireless power didn't exist yet,

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no one had prior studies with it.

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So no one could really determine
if this could work on a larger scale.

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And nobody really 
fully understood the problem.

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And so no one could
accurately answer my questions.

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I realized that it was up to me to solve it.

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And this was a very daunting prospect

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considering my scientific background
was at the undergraduate level.

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And my engineering was largely self-taught.

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So asking seven people the same
question and averaging the answer

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was a very inefficient way about doing things,

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but it did push the concept forward.

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And the further that I dug 
into the technology

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and the theory behind it

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the more complex
the technological hurdles became.

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And with each new hurdle
another engineer would tell me:

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It's not going to work.

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But because I already learned
to not trust one person's opinion

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I became immune to the naysayers.

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For each technological hurdle
deemed insurmountable by the experts

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I would spend just a few hours
thinking about the problem

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from a variety of approaches.

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As Steve Jobs said,
I had to think differently.

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So I found solutions based on
the acoustics of musical instruments,

00:12:55.615 --> 00:12:58.674
based on other technologies
and from basic research,

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such as -- from authoritative
sources such as Wikipedia.

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And when I would present
my progress to the engineers

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they'd say,
"Yeah, that could work."

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So I was able solve problems

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when the PhD experts couldn't

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with just a few hours of really simple research.

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Every single argument over
why the technology couldn't work

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has been indisputably wrong.

00:13:23.363 --> 00:13:25.762
And for every objection that's been raised

00:13:25.762 --> 00:13:28.350
I've found solutions.

00:13:28.350 --> 00:13:31.020
This was another very important
lesson for me to learn.

00:13:31.020 --> 00:13:33.465
Engineers are inherently
linear thinkers

00:13:33.465 --> 00:13:37.255
and tend to take a very binary approach 
to solving problems.

00:13:37.255 --> 00:13:41.879
When faced with a problem they think:
Can this work, or can this not work?

00:13:41.879 --> 00:13:44.937
But I would think,
How can I make this work?

00:13:44.937 --> 00:13:47.209
As a non-expert 
I had an advantage because

00:13:47.209 --> 00:13:48.950
I could look at a problem
from different angles

00:13:48.950 --> 00:13:51.636
because I just didn't know it was possible.

00:13:51.636 --> 00:13:54.201
Being naive is sometimes a good thing.

00:13:54.201 --> 00:13:58.387
Because without constraints
the world is truly your oyster.

00:13:58.387 --> 00:14:02.576
Now this is not to say that experts 
aren't necessary, that is entirely false.

00:14:02.576 --> 00:14:06.898
Experts are extremely critical
in carrying scientific visions forward

00:14:06.898 --> 00:14:10.282
and driving ideas to reality.

00:14:10.282 --> 00:14:13.344
And now eight months later
I have four of the top

00:14:13.344 --> 00:14:17.443
ultrasonic engineers in the world
working for me, or working with me.

00:14:17.443 --> 00:14:19.757
(Laughter)

00:14:19.757 --> 00:14:24.529
And developing my prototype
according to my design.

00:14:24.529 --> 00:14:26.966
It's going to work and
it's going to be awesome.

00:14:26.966 --> 00:14:28.867
And I can't wait
to give the middle finger and smile

00:14:28.867 --> 00:14:31.533
to all the engineers
that criticized the crap out of me.

00:14:31.533 --> 00:14:35.033
(Applause)

00:14:38.987 --> 00:14:41.513
My experience also made me wonder

00:14:41.513 --> 00:14:44.283
how many game changing,
brilliant ideas out there

00:14:44.283 --> 00:14:48.393
thought of by laypeople, teenagers,
store clerks, paleobiologists

00:14:48.393 --> 00:14:50.783
have been squashed by experts that said:

00:14:50.783 --> 00:14:52.410
"That can't work."

00:14:52.410 --> 00:14:53.900
I know that if I weren't
as stubborn as I am

00:14:53.900 --> 00:14:56.356
I would have chucked this
entire idea eight months ago.

00:14:56.356 --> 00:15:00.403
Because I was told that
my idea was impossible.

00:15:00.403 --> 00:15:03.471
But by thinking differently,
by thinking outside the box,

00:15:03.471 --> 00:15:08.031
by thinking around corners
you can outthink the top thinkers.

00:15:08.031 --> 00:15:10.962
They say that the most
revolutionary ideas in the world

00:15:10.962 --> 00:15:15.449
were considered crazy up until the point
that they became revolutionary.

00:15:15.449 --> 00:15:17.820
The world was flat.

00:15:17.820 --> 00:15:20.121
The Earth was at the center of the Universe.

00:15:20.121 --> 00:15:25.183
Electricity could never be tamed
and ultrasound can't charge your iPhone.

00:15:25.183 --> 00:15:28.302
But that was then and this is the future.

00:15:28.302 --> 00:15:30.675
So dream out loud. Ask questions.

00:15:30.675 --> 00:15:33.258
Take risks. Never give up.

00:15:33.258 --> 00:15:35.050
Keep pushing and believe in yourself

00:15:35.050 --> 00:15:37.002
even when no one else does.

00:15:37.002 --> 00:15:38.315
Thank you.

00:15:38.315 --> 00:15:40.919
(Applause)