0:00:09.990,0:00:14.979 (Applause) 0:00:15.995,0:00:18.790 How's everybody doing? 0:00:18.790,0:00:21.340 Are you as nervous as me? 0:00:21.340,0:00:23.107 Probably not. 0:00:23.107,0:00:24.934 So today I'm going to[br]talk to you about 0:00:24.934,0:00:27.501 how to be a technology[br]innovator without 0:00:27.501,0:00:30.471 an engineering degree or Asperger's. 0:00:33.461,0:00:35.991 If you look at something[br]from one angle long enough 0:00:35.991,0:00:40.177 it becomes very difficult to see it [br]from a different perspective. 0:00:40.177,0:00:42.933 Check out this picture.[br]This is a burr. 0:00:42.933,0:00:44.909 It's one of those prickly[br]plants that gets stuck to 0:00:44.909,0:00:47.782 your clothes when[br]you're walking outside. 0:00:47.782,0:00:53.276 But what if you could look at[br]the burr and think of Velcro? 0:00:53.276,0:00:57.867 The burr was the inspiration[br]for the creation of Velcro. 0:00:57.867,0:01:00.461 I try to think like this whenever[br]I learn about a new technology, 0:01:00.461,0:01:03.331 or about how anything[br]in the world works. 0:01:03.331,0:01:04.615 How can one thing, 0:01:04.615,0:01:08.402 one technology be applied[br]to something else in the world? 0:01:08.402,0:01:10.815 An example is a while back [br]I learned about a new 0:01:10.815,0:01:12.627 waterproof film for electronics. 0:01:12.627,0:01:14.676 And I applied this exercise. 0:01:14.676,0:01:18.653 Where else in the world[br]might a waterproof film be useful? 0:01:18.928,0:01:23.405 Then I realized, if you could stick[br]a waterproof film into shampoo, 0:01:23.405,0:01:25.528 you could eliminate umbrellas. 0:01:25.528,0:01:29.679 Now, I have no idea if[br]this is scientifically plausible 0:01:29.679,0:01:34.478 but it seems like a cool idea[br]and it's worth exploring, right? 0:01:34.478,0:01:38.074 If you open your mind you can[br]come up with really creative ideas 0:01:38.074,0:01:41.299 by connecting objects and[br]technologies that on the surface 0:01:41.299,0:01:45.354 seemingly have nothing[br]to do with each other. 0:01:45.354,0:01:48.586 Here's another example.[br]This is the Breathe Right nasal strip. 0:01:48.586,0:01:52.119 This was created by a[br]Disney Imagineer, not a doctor. 0:01:52.119,0:01:55.110 And one night he went to sleep[br]and his nose was stuffy 0:01:55.110,0:01:59.176 and he realized that if you[br]lift the skin on your nose 0:01:59.176,0:02:01.093 you can breath clearly. 0:02:01.093,0:02:02.986 And so he invented [br]a strip that does just that 0:02:02.986,0:02:07.889 and the result is [br]a multimillion-dollar product. 0:02:07.889,0:02:10.888 Space elevators, [br]energy derived from water, 0:02:10.888,0:02:15.121 food that is synthesized from[br]boxes of carbon and oxygen. 0:02:15.121,0:02:16.713 These kind of all seem like crazy ideas, 0:02:16.713,0:02:20.753 but maybe these ideas just[br]haven't been fully explored yet. 0:02:22.083,0:02:24.485 We live in a world where[br]we are divided by skill set 0:02:24.485,0:02:26.690 according to our[br]educational backgrounds 0:02:26.690,0:02:30.108 and the letters next to[br]our names like PhD and MD. 0:02:30.108,0:02:32.686 These people are considered[br]the experts in their fields. 0:02:32.686,0:02:35.343 And so naturally one would[br]assume that the people 0:02:35.343,0:02:37.314 that know the most about their fields 0:02:37.314,0:02:39.783 will be the innovators[br]within their fields. 0:02:39.783,0:02:41.763 And often times they are. 0:02:41.763,0:02:45.972 But these people are also hindered[br]sometimes because they know too much. 0:02:45.972,0:02:47.802 They've been trained[br]to think in a certain way 0:02:47.802,0:02:50.082 and so their knowledge[br]and expertise in a field 0:02:50.082,0:02:52.578 is thus narrowly tied[br]to their own experiences 0:02:52.578,0:02:54.302 and to what they've been taught. 0:02:54.302,0:02:57.019 And in this way people are[br]sometimes trained to think 0:02:57.019,0:02:59.357 inside of the box. 0:02:59.357,0:03:02.291 Experts often look at problems[br]from the same viewpoint 0:03:02.291,0:03:04.169 that it becomes[br]almost impossible for them 0:03:04.169,0:03:07.217 to see it from[br]a different perspective. 0:03:07.217,0:03:09.682 And in fact it creates[br]a cognitive dissonance or 0:03:09.682,0:03:12.277 a discomfort in all of us [br]when we're forced 0:03:12.277,0:03:15.734 to view things in a way[br]in which we are not used to. 0:03:15.734,0:03:18.395 So in other words,[br]by virtue of having perspective, 0:03:18.395,0:03:20.226 we lack perspective. 0:03:20.226,0:03:22.667 And this phenomenon greatly hinders 0:03:22.667,0:03:26.548 technological innovation and creativity. 0:03:26.548,0:03:28.987 And so it's no coincidence[br]that most great discoveries 0:03:28.987,0:03:31.637 were made by people[br]early in their careers. 0:03:31.637,0:03:34.117 It's no coincidence that[br]most Nobel Prize winners 0:03:34.117,0:03:36.095 came up with their [br]groundbreaking research 0:03:36.095,0:03:37.970 during or soon after their graduate studies. 0:03:37.970,0:03:41.254 And yet these people are[br]often not awarded their big prizes 0:03:41.254,0:03:43.577 until decades after their research. 0:03:43.577,0:03:47.517 Until the implications of [br]their research are in common use. 0:03:47.517,0:03:50.888 So I propose that it's the people[br]who don't look at new fields 0:03:50.888,0:03:54.652 with a jaded eye, who are not[br]tied to five, ten, twenty years 0:03:54.652,0:03:57.280 of training who are able[br]to come in and look at a problem 0:03:57.280,0:04:00.019 from an entirely fresh perspective. 0:04:00.019,0:04:02.352 They can come in with[br]a fresh way of looking at problems 0:04:02.352,0:04:04.281 departing from the traditional approaches 0:04:04.281,0:04:07.212 that have been followed by the experts. 0:04:07.212,0:04:09.597 And without constraints[br]of an ingrained framework 0:04:09.597,0:04:12.656 they can look at problems[br]without decades of prejudice, 0:04:12.656,0:04:15.166 and be able to come[br]up with big connections 0:04:15.166,0:04:17.781 between objects and[br]technologies that seemingly 0:04:17.781,0:04:21.309 have nothing to do with each other. 0:04:21.309,0:04:23.681 So last October while I was[br]an undergraduate at Penn 0:04:23.681,0:04:26.296 I came up with a way[br]to wirelessly transmit power 0:04:26.296,0:04:28.846 through the air in just two days. 0:04:28.846,0:04:30.817 Just by thinking about[br]the problem differently 0:04:30.817,0:04:33.168 and by asking a lot of questions. 0:04:33.168,0:04:37.357 I was not an engineer[br]and I did not have Asperger's. 0:04:37.357,0:04:39.796 My experience has shown me[br]that there is a lot 0:04:39.796,0:04:41.955 of creativity in this world[br]that is not being harnessed 0:04:41.955,0:04:45.239 because people don't have[br]the right letters next to their names. 0:04:45.239,0:04:47.655 And because people are[br]too afraid to push forward 0:04:47.655,0:04:53.131 their ideas that can't possibly work[br]because they thought of it. 0:04:53.131,0:04:57.575 When I looked at my wireless laptop[br]with a 15-foot wire 0:04:57.575,0:04:59.623 dangling from its power socket 0:04:59.623,0:05:02.518 I wondered[br]how can I get rid of that cord? 0:05:02.518,0:05:04.551 How could I beam[br]energy to my computer 0:05:04.551,0:05:06.844 so that I didn't have to[br]plug it in to charge it? 0:05:06.844,0:05:10.519 How could I make[br]charging more like Wi-Fi? 0:05:10.519,0:05:12.172 I began by thinking about objects 0:05:12.172,0:05:14.234 that beamed energy through the air. 0:05:14.234,0:05:15.980 I asked really simple questions. 0:05:15.980,0:05:18.064 Things that people in this room[br]probably already know. 0:05:18.064,0:05:19.883 Like,[br]how do remote controls work? 0:05:19.883,0:05:22.834 How do lasers work?[br]How does Wi-Fi work? 0:05:22.834,0:05:24.857 I googled the wireless[br]power landscape 0:05:24.857,0:05:27.369 and realized that there were[br]a few viable solutions. 0:05:27.369,0:05:29.249 But each solution had[br]its own set of problems 0:05:29.249,0:05:33.863 that would get in the way[br]of its commercialization. 0:05:33.863,0:05:36.193 So I realized that you[br]could beam the entire 0:05:36.193,0:05:38.381 electromagnetic spectrum,[br]which is basically everything 0:05:38.381,0:05:41.064 from radio waves to gamma waves. 0:05:41.064,0:05:43.264 But the right half of the spectrum[br]was too dangerous to beam. 0:05:43.264,0:05:45.695 You know, you wouldn't want[br]X-rays whizzing through your body 0:05:45.695,0:05:47.498 just to be able to charge your cell phone. 0:05:47.498,0:05:50.293 And the left half of the spectrum[br]was either too inefficient 0:05:50.293,0:05:53.194 or too tightly regulated by the government. 0:05:53.194,0:05:56.194 So I had to approach the problem creatively. 0:05:56.194,0:05:58.703 I looked into harnessing[br]the energy from vibrations 0:05:58.703,0:06:03.150 that constantly surround us like [br]the road bumps you feel in your car. 0:06:03.150,0:06:06.720 But how could my electronic devices [br]harness this energy? 0:06:06.720,0:06:09.927 I knew that no one would want to stick [br]a shaker to the back of their phone 0:06:09.927,0:06:13.667 or stick bulky energy[br]harvesting plates in their shoes. 0:06:13.667,0:06:19.233 So I had to figure out a way[br]to send vibrations through the air. 0:06:20.207,0:06:22.766 And then I realized sound does that. 0:06:22.766,0:06:25.599 Sound travels through the air[br]by vibrating air particles 0:06:25.599,0:06:28.375 and because sound is a form of energy, 0:06:28.375,0:06:31.526 you can harness[br]the vibrational energy of sound. 0:06:31.526,0:06:33.192 So I started doing research on ultrasound 0:06:33.192,0:06:36.744 because it was too high in frequency[br]for you to be able to hear it. 0:06:36.744,0:06:38.532 And in my research [br]I learned that ultrasound 0:06:38.532,0:06:42.120 was used to create acoustic weapons. 0:06:42.120,0:06:44.810 So I figured that if there was[br]enough energy from ultrasound 0:06:44.810,0:06:50.372 to create a bomb, you could probably[br]charge your cell phone with it. 0:06:50.372,0:06:53.072 So how does a Paleobiology major at Penn 0:06:53.072,0:06:56.885 learn how to convert[br]ultrasound into electricity? 0:06:56.885,0:07:00.463 Well, I literally just googled it.[br]And I found a --[br] 0:07:00.463,0:07:05.781 (Laughter) (Applause) 0:07:05.781,0:07:08.671 And I found a material that did just that. 0:07:08.671,0:07:10.747 So this is less than 48 hours after 0:07:10.747,0:07:13.963 the original idea [br]of creating wireless power. 0:07:13.963,0:07:17.748 Ultrasonic wireless power.[br]It seemed like an awesome idea, 0:07:17.748,0:07:22.527 but I figured that if I thought of it[br]there was no way it could work. 0:07:22.527,0:07:24.852 Why hadn't somebody else [br]thought of it before? 0:07:24.852,0:07:28.499 Why hadn't the ultrasound expert[br]thought of it before? 0:07:28.499,0:07:31.685 I didn't know enough about the technology[br]to determine if it could work or not. 0:07:31.685,0:07:34.711 And I was a little hesitant[br]to tell any real engineers about it. 0:07:34.711,0:07:37.244 Because honestly, I thought[br]they would laugh at me. 0:07:37.244,0:07:39.783 I thought they would think I was stupid. 0:07:39.783,0:07:41.522 But about a week or so later I decided 0:07:41.522,0:07:43.889 to tell my physics professor[br]about the idea. 0:07:43.889,0:07:46.240 And when I did, [br]he told me that it wouldn't work. 0:07:46.240,0:07:48.298 That there was no way [br]that I could get enough energy 0:07:48.298,0:07:51.489 out of ultrasound to be able[br]to charge a cell phone. 0:07:51.489,0:07:57.302 I was crushed, but I kept thinking[br]about that acoustic bomb. 0:07:57.984,0:08:00.060 I knew that I needed to do more research, 0:08:00.060,0:08:04.924 so I read paper after paper on ultrasound[br]and I devised the basic system. 0:08:04.924,0:08:07.631 I tried to teach myself[br]as much as I possibly could. 0:08:07.631,0:08:09.467 I was reading[br]"Electrical Engineering For Dummies" 0:08:09.467,0:08:14.691 and begging professors to teach me[br]extra concepts after class. 0:08:14.691,0:08:17.202 And as outlandish as it sounds,[br]I decided to submit the idea 0:08:17.202,0:08:19.752 to the Penn Invention Competition. 0:08:19.752,0:08:23.416 I ordered a few ultrasonic[br]transmitters and receivers online. 0:08:23.416,0:08:25.678 And got an electrical engineering student 0:08:25.678,0:08:28.438 to help me wire a few things together. 0:08:28.438,0:08:32.436 We were able to prove that you could beam 0:08:32.436,0:08:36.250 a tiny amount of power over about an inch. 0:08:36.250,0:08:39.220 This was enough to keep me going. 0:08:39.220,0:08:41.732 We won the student invention competition. 0:08:41.732,0:08:45.117 And a few days later,[br]I was told that Walt Mossberg, 0:08:45.117,0:08:47.902 the senior technology columnist[br]for the Wall Street Journal 0:08:47.902,0:08:50.817 wanted to speak to us. 0:08:50.817,0:08:55.022 This was crazy. (Laughter) 0:08:55.022,0:08:58.400 He told us that if we could build [br]a real prototype of this technology 0:08:58.400,0:09:01.204 we could demo it [br]at his annual tech conference. 0:09:01.204,0:09:04.070 Now, at the time I didn't know[br]much about Walt or his D conference. 0:09:04.070,0:09:07.504 But I soon learned that this was [br]the premier tech conference of the year. 0:09:07.504,0:09:10.985 That this was where[br]Steve Jobs debated Bill Gates. 0:09:10.985,0:09:13.080 I knew I needed to get to this conference. 0:09:13.080,0:09:16.829 But I had absolutely no idea[br]if I could really build it. 0:09:16.829,0:09:20.606 I had one month.[br]The race was on. 0:09:20.606,0:09:22.700 So to make this thing work,[br]I had to scale it up 0:09:22.700,0:09:26.641 from basically what was a tiny little toy[br]to a decent sized prototype. 0:09:26.641,0:09:29.017 Now remember, I was[br]the idea person, you know. 0:09:29.017,0:09:31.427 I could tell you about the science [br]and how it works, 0:09:31.427,0:09:34.613 but I had absolutely no idea[br]how to wire anything together. 0:09:34.613,0:09:37.209 So I found an engineer in Indiana[br]and I begged him 0:09:37.209,0:09:39.800 to help me build this prototype. 0:09:39.800,0:09:42.691 I simplified the design[br]using off the shelf parts. 0:09:42.691,0:09:46.639 And we worked together day and night[br]for two straight weeks over the phone 0:09:46.639,0:09:50.546 building this prototype and we finished[br]it just two days before the conference. 0:09:50.546,0:09:52.463 And I got it working only 10 minutes 0:09:52.463,0:09:56.280 before I had to demo it for the first time.[br](Laughter) 0:09:56.280,0:09:59.007 Talk about anxiety. 0:09:59.007,0:10:01.922 But it worked and that was so cool. 0:10:01.922,0:10:04.934 We beamed energy over three feet [br]and at about thirty times 0:10:04.934,0:10:07.152 the amount of power that we got out 0:10:07.152,0:10:10.350 from the initial proof of concept model. 0:10:10.350,0:10:12.959 The conference was an enormous success. 0:10:12.959,0:10:15.964 But it surprisingly spurred [br]a lot of anger and criticism 0:10:15.964,0:10:18.248 from real engineers. 0:10:18.248,0:10:21.093 (Laughter) 0:10:21.093,0:10:24.173 They told me that it could[br]never work on a larger scale, 0:10:24.173,0:10:26.175 there was no way you could actually 0:10:26.175,0:10:27.783 use ultrasound to charge a cell phone, 0:10:27.783,0:10:30.745 that what I was trying to do was impossible. 0:10:30.745,0:10:33.299 But I also knew [br]that no one could really determine 0:10:33.299,0:10:35.494 if the technology could work or not. 0:10:35.494,0:10:37.749 Because the technology didn't exist yet. 0:10:37.749,0:10:40.168 And what I had shown there on the D stage 0:10:40.168,0:10:41.710 was using off the shelf parts. 0:10:41.710,0:10:44.597 We hadn't even tried to push it further. 0:10:44.597,0:10:46.285 And I kept hearing the same story about 0:10:46.285,0:10:48.071 how one person would say[br]something was impossible, 0:10:48.071,0:10:50.485 then somebody else would figure it out. 0:10:50.485,0:10:53.405 But despite my optimism, [br]I still felt insecure 0:10:53.405,0:10:56.263 because so many people[br]were trying to knock me down. 0:10:56.263,0:10:58.643 So I flew around the country[br]talking to the top professors 0:10:58.643,0:11:00.688 in acoustic research. 0:11:00.688,0:11:03.664 And I was happy to find that [br]most of them thought it could work. 0:11:03.664,0:11:06.319 But with a few questions. 0:11:06.319,0:11:09.095 And probably the biggest[br]nagging question was: 0:11:09.095,0:11:14.540 If this thing could work,[br]why hadn't it been done before? 0:11:14.540,0:11:16.814 And it also seemed that[br]for every positive opinion I got 0:11:16.814,0:11:18.894 there was another negative one. 0:11:18.894,0:11:21.741 I couldn't believe how[br]there were such different 0:11:21.741,0:11:25.400 opinions by experts in the same field. 0:11:25.400,0:11:29.970 But despite my frustration, this was[br]a very important lesson for me to learn. 0:11:29.970,0:11:32.241 This taught me to be skeptical of experts, 0:11:32.241,0:11:36.499 that expertise represented[br]a narrow way of looking at things, 0:11:36.499,0:11:39.531 and that experts knew what they knew [br]based on their own prior studies. 0:11:39.531,0:11:42.923 And since ultrasonic[br]wireless power didn't exist yet, 0:11:42.923,0:11:44.462 no one had prior studies with it. 0:11:44.462,0:11:49.239 So no one could really determine[br]if this could work on a larger scale. 0:11:49.239,0:11:51.854 And nobody really [br]fully understood the problem. 0:11:51.854,0:11:56.138 And so no one could[br]accurately answer my questions. 0:11:56.148,0:11:58.506 I realized that it was up to me to solve it. 0:11:58.506,0:12:00.281 And this was a very daunting prospect 0:12:00.281,0:12:03.774 considering my scientific background[br]was at the undergraduate level. 0:12:03.774,0:12:07.655 And my engineering was largely self-taught. 0:12:07.655,0:12:12.889 So asking seven people the same[br]question and averaging the answer 0:12:12.889,0:12:15.778 was a very inefficient way about doing things, 0:12:15.778,0:12:18.582 but it did push the concept forward. 0:12:18.582,0:12:20.998 And the further that I dug [br]into the technology 0:12:20.998,0:12:24.592 and the theory behind it 0:12:24.592,0:12:28.011 the more complex[br]the technological hurdles became. 0:12:28.011,0:12:30.580 And with each new hurdle[br]another engineer would tell me: 0:12:30.580,0:12:32.882 It's not going to work. 0:12:32.882,0:12:36.099 But because I already learned[br]to not trust one person's opinion 0:12:36.099,0:12:38.870 I became immune to the naysayers. 0:12:38.870,0:12:42.057 For each technological hurdle[br]deemed insurmountable by the experts 0:12:42.057,0:12:44.744 I would spend just a few hours[br]thinking about the problem 0:12:44.744,0:12:46.894 from a variety of approaches. 0:12:46.894,0:12:51.317 As Steve Jobs said,[br]I had to think differently. 0:12:51.317,0:12:55.615 So I found solutions based on[br]the acoustics of musical instruments, 0:12:55.615,0:12:58.674 based on other technologies[br]and from basic research, 0:12:58.674,0:13:03.065 such as -- from authoritative[br]sources such as Wikipedia. 0:13:03.608,0:13:06.726 And when I would present[br]my progress to the engineers 0:13:06.726,0:13:10.460 they'd say,[br]"Yeah, that could work." 0:13:10.460,0:13:12.607 So I was able solve problems 0:13:12.607,0:13:14.431 when the PhD experts couldn't 0:13:14.431,0:13:18.057 with just a few hours of really simple research. 0:13:18.057,0:13:20.977 Every single argument over[br]why the technology couldn't work 0:13:20.977,0:13:23.363 has been indisputably wrong. 0:13:23.363,0:13:25.762 And for every objection that's been raised 0:13:25.762,0:13:28.350 I've found solutions. 0:13:28.350,0:13:31.020 This was another very important[br]lesson for me to learn. 0:13:31.020,0:13:33.465 Engineers are inherently[br]linear thinkers 0:13:33.465,0:13:37.255 and tend to take a very binary approach [br]to solving problems. 0:13:37.255,0:13:41.879 When faced with a problem they think:[br]Can this work, or can this not work? 0:13:41.879,0:13:44.937 But I would think,[br]How can I make this work? 0:13:44.937,0:13:47.209 As a non-expert [br]I had an advantage because 0:13:47.209,0:13:48.950 I could look at a problem[br]from different angles 0:13:48.950,0:13:51.636 because I just didn't know it was possible. 0:13:51.636,0:13:54.201 Being naive is sometimes a good thing. 0:13:54.201,0:13:58.387 Because without constraints[br]the world is truly your oyster. 0:13:58.387,0:14:02.576 Now this is not to say that experts [br]aren't necessary, that is entirely false. 0:14:02.576,0:14:06.898 Experts are extremely critical[br]in carrying scientific visions forward 0:14:06.898,0:14:10.282 and driving ideas to reality. 0:14:10.282,0:14:13.344 And now eight months later[br]I have four of the top 0:14:13.344,0:14:17.443 ultrasonic engineers in the world[br]working for me, or working with me. 0:14:17.443,0:14:19.757 (Laughter) 0:14:19.757,0:14:24.529 And developing my prototype[br]according to my design. 0:14:24.529,0:14:26.966 It's going to work and[br]it's going to be awesome. 0:14:26.966,0:14:28.867 And I can't wait[br]to give the middle finger and smile 0:14:28.867,0:14:31.533 to all the engineers[br]that criticized the crap out of me. 0:14:31.533,0:14:35.033 (Applause) 0:14:38.987,0:14:41.513 My experience also made me wonder 0:14:41.513,0:14:44.283 how many game changing,[br]brilliant ideas out there 0:14:44.283,0:14:48.393 thought of by laypeople, teenagers,[br]store clerks, paleobiologists 0:14:48.393,0:14:50.783 have been squashed by experts that said: 0:14:50.783,0:14:52.410 "That can't work." 0:14:52.410,0:14:53.900 I know that if I weren't[br]as stubborn as I am 0:14:53.900,0:14:56.356 I would have chucked this[br]entire idea eight months ago. 0:14:56.356,0:15:00.403 Because I was told that[br]my idea was impossible. 0:15:00.403,0:15:03.471 But by thinking differently,[br]by thinking outside the box, 0:15:03.471,0:15:08.031 by thinking around corners[br]you can outthink the top thinkers. 0:15:08.031,0:15:10.962 They say that the most[br]revolutionary ideas in the world 0:15:10.962,0:15:15.449 were considered crazy up until the point[br]that they became revolutionary. 0:15:15.449,0:15:17.820 The world was flat. 0:15:17.820,0:15:20.121 The Earth was at the center of the Universe. 0:15:20.121,0:15:25.183 Electricity could never be tamed[br]and ultrasound can't charge your iPhone. 0:15:25.183,0:15:28.302 But that was then and this is the future. 0:15:28.302,0:15:30.675 So dream out loud. Ask questions. 0:15:30.675,0:15:33.258 Take risks. Never give up. 0:15:33.258,0:15:35.050 Keep pushing and believe in yourself 0:15:35.050,0:15:37.002 even when no one else does. 0:15:37.002,0:15:38.315 Thank you. 0:15:38.315,0:15:40.919 (Applause)