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_________________

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________________

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________________

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Животът.. всичко е за оцеляването и никой
от нас не знае колко му остава на тази планета.

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Нашата задача, като вид е да предвиждаме и

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елиминираме заплахите за нашето
оцеляване.

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Коя ли е най-голямата заплаха? 
Замърсяването? Болестите? Природните бедствия?

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Вглеждайки се сме открили и идентифицирали 
доста потенциални заплахи,

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и затова имаме "война срещу тероризма", "война
срещу престъпленията", наркотиците, ракът...

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но замисляме ли се над основните
ни животоподържащи нужди?

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По принцип не е нужно, защото за щастие
имаме система, система при която

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цената на тези нужди може да се плати. Можеш
да работиш за пари, които

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да ти осигурят храна, вода и
дом, и е добре, че имаме такава

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система, защото без пари си
загубен. А, ако останеш без работа

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пак няма нужда да се притесняваш, защото
имаме и друга система. Ако не си на работа,

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независимо защо, просто кандидатстваш
за социална помощ.

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Понеже всички работещи плащат данъци, а
правителството разбира, че определен

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процент безработица е нормално да се
очаква, те просто отделят част от парите

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от данъци и ги прехвърлят към безработните
хора, чрез магическия процес на преразпределението.

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Но това те кара да се замислиш. Ако това
е голямото ни решение, то къде е границата?

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Какво ниво на безработица можем да подържаме?
И какво би се случило, ако изведнъж работните места

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изчезнат?

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Светът е изправен пред огромно предизвикателство
и е нужно да се открият, чуйте това,

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шестотин милиона работни позиции, за да
има икономически растеж и социална сплотеност.

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____________

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Maveric Media представя:

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Defence giant BAE SYSTEMS has confirmed its
cutting almost three thousand jobs at sites

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across the country.
Tata Steel which employs nineteen thousand

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people in its UK steel business has announced
it is cutting nine hundred jobs around the

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UK
Another blow to the region's economy today

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as the energy giant EON has announced that
six hundred jobs are to go at a call centre

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in Essox
The Phyzer facility in Kent, the world's

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biggest drugs company runs the UKs largest
foreign owned research and developments facility.

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It will close entirely with the loss of most
of two thousand four hundred jobs.

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Ford has announced to trade union representatives
that it will cease manufacturing cars in the

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UK after more than one hundred years.
Japans Honda is to cut around eight hundred

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jobs at its plant near Swindon in south-west
England.

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And we start tonight with news at the BBC
has announced cuts and job losses across the

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region as part of a plan to make twenty percent
savings

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Hundreds of police jobs have already been
slashed with thousands more under threat

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Kodak the firm that invented the handheld
camera and remains one of Americas best known

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brands has filed for bankruptcy protection.
Rangers football club one of the most famous

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in Britain has announced its gone into administration.
More than three hundred of the eight hundred

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stores that Woolworths use to occupy are still
standing empty more than a year and a half

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after it collapsed at the end of 2008.
More retailers are expected to go bust over

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the next few months.
All one hundred and eighty seven outlets are

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to be shut with the loss of almost fourteen
hundred jobs, the administrator said that

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it is apparent we cannot continue to trade.
It was once Britain's biggest sports retailer

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but today JJB SPORTS announced plans to go
into administration.

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Six and a half thousand jobs are at risk after
electrical retailer Comet announced it's

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going into administration.
More than four thousand jobs at risk after

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HMV announced that it was going into administration,
it follows other chains.

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Its Blockbuster, its become the latest casualty
on the high-street this week, a quarter of

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its stores are going to close, more than seven
hundred people are going to be made redundant.

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There's serious doubts now about the future
of around six thousand jobs around the UK

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after the company asked for its shares to
be suspended last Wednesday.

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Former LaSenza employees have come to the
decision to occupy the store as a direct consequence

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of the actions of management.
A buyer hasn't been found with the group

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currently employs a total of nearly four thousand
staff.

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Taiwan's IT giant FOXCONN announced its
plans to replace up to half a million human

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workers with robots in the next three years.
It's called "scan as you shop" customers

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love it. It's a very simple system.
Each load is almost three hundred tons, but

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look closely. There's no one behind the
wheel.

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The facility boasts the first robotics system
in the UK to deliver supplies such as linen

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and food and an automated robotic pharmacy.

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A Sam Vallely FILM

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Will work for food

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Will work for free

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This isn't the first time unemployment has
been a threat to this system.

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20 years ago, UK unemployment accounted for
10% of the population. It marked one of the

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worst recessions in our history with significant
waves of rioting. However in ninety three,

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unemployment took a turn, somehow the jobs
came back and things got better.

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This growth in employment is just what we
needed, however it only lasted till two thousand

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one. Then the rates stagnated, the increased.
By two thousand nine we were back to around

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eight percent. But it's reassuring to see
the recent trends of unemployment have slowed

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since then. Or at least it would be reassuring,
if it weren't for this. This chart shows

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the trends of part time versus full time employment.
Notice how the increase in part time employment

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runs almost parallel to the decrease of full
time employment. So, where one person may

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have been working say, a 40 hours week contract...
now, two people would each be contracted 20

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hour, and funnily enough, this cross over
section occurred in two thousand nine. So

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because technically more people are employed,
the rates falsely imply a slight slowing down

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of job loss, but in reality, the amount of
avalible work is shrinking and the economy

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is only getting worse.
Sso what happened last time we were in this

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mess going? let's go back to 93, what changed?
Was it an orderly street protest which brought

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back the jobs?
Perhaps it was some well thought out policy

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from parliament that changed things.
Maybe everyone just stopped being lazy and

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simultaneously arrived at the decision to
go out there and get a job. But maybe it has

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something to do with technology.
In 93 Microsoft realised their Windows NT

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operating system, Intel developed the first
Pentium processor and the National Centre

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for Supercomputing Applications released version
1 of "Mosaic" which was to be world's

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first internet web browser. It is estimated
the Internet grew throughout the 90's at

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a rate of 100% per year. Subsequently improving
global communication and creating many jobs

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within developed countries. Now to remove
any speculation as to whether or not this

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was the reason for the growth in jobs, it
should be noted that throughout the nineties,

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our employment trends were almost identical
to the U.S. trends and in a 2007 paper, a

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team of Harvard economists found "the economic
expansion of the nineties was in fact driven

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by the increased efficiency in the production
of IT, including computing, software and telecommunication.

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The birth of the internet had propelled us
in to a new age and saved us from further

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degradation. However, while emerging technology
is responsible for having created many new

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jobs, technology has been known to replace
jobs throughout history.

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When employment stagnated in two thousand
one, this wasn't because technology had

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stopped expanding or that there weren't
any new ideas, the stagnation is simply because

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technology is ever improving, and the numbers
of new jobs were being matched by the number

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of job losses.

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Economists will always deny that technology
replaces jobs. It's called the Lump of labour

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fallacy. Essentially it's the notion that
technology merely redistributes human workers,

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the jobs which become obsolete or automated
simply allow humans to explore new sectors,

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perhaps even invent new industries which have
yet to be conceived of. Well, while this idea

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may have been partially true in the past,
the argument simply doesn't hold up anymore.

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Computers these days are much smaller, faster
and durable, with ever increasing mobility,

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dexterity and artificial intelligence. They
also become cheaper as time goes on. Moore's

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law demonstrates how computer processing power
doubles approximately every eighteen months.

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So even if we were to create new jobs... why
are we pretending we would give these jobs

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to humans?

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So what does the government have to say about
all this? Well In June of 2011 not knowing

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what to do with the increasing unemployment,
they invested ВЈ5B in the welfare to work

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scheme, also known as the work program. This
five year program promises to help 2.4 million

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people, find and secure long term employment
by paying private companies to do the work

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of actually looking for jobs on behalf of
their unemployed clients.

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One year later the department for work and
pensions released the figures. Turns out the

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work program was a complete failure... only
3.4% of all those who signed up to the program

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actually found work. 3.4%! Let's just put
that into context. What percentage of people

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looking for work, gained employment without
the help of the program? 1%? 2%? Well the

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figures from the same period showed 5.5%...
That's right; if you are assigned to a program

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you are statistically less likely to find
a job. Now, the failure of the work program

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can be largely attributed to the lack of available
jobs, but perhaps there's another factor,

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in joining the program, if you find a job,
you forfeit your right to minimum wage employment

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and in place you are subsidised with an amount
equivalent to job seekers allowance. Making

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the work program essentially a paid slavery
scheme, excused under the guise of gaining

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experience. In late 2012, university graduate
Cait Reilly disputed the legality of the program

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after being assigned to stacking shelves in
Poundland. Initially the appeal was rejected;

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however after further appeal by 2013 three
judges had ruled "the regulations, under

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which most of the back-to-work schemes were
created, are unlawful"

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Whatever the government's response to this
ruling will be, they will not stop in their

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efforts to resolve the threat of unemployment,
but let's face it. Unemployment is not a

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threat to this system for the reasons we are
usually given by mainstream outlets. Forget

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all the noise about the recession, benefit
cheats, immigration or this idea that people

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are simply too lazy to look for a job.

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Atomisation, thus technological unemployment
is a mathematical inevitability of a system

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based on perpetual growth. And this pending
eventuality is vastly misunderstood by the

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majority. And not just the majority of voters,
there isn't a single politician who acknowledges

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let alone understands the implications of
technological unemployment. And what's worse,

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when human beings don't understand something,
that's where fear comes from. We fear what

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we don't understand, and we fight what we
don't understand.

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Ok I have a very concrete question for you
because you're getting wrapped up in this

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money and regulators and who is at fault.
Technological automation is replacing jobs

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at the moment and it has been forever, it's
doubling every year, that's the rate regardless

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of what financial system you have and what
regulators you put in their place. So, without

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jobs as a basis for the economy, it's not
really a question more of a statement, your

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00:14:20,519 --> 00:14:22,420
system is going to be obsolete and in fact
your very lucky that you've been working

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this long because you get to get out at the
last floor, its going away.

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Yeah but on the other side of the coin I fear
for my children. Absolutely, absolutely so

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why are you a fan of the banks then?

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Retail
High-street

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In recent times high street shops have been
disappearing at staggering rates, taking thousands

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of jobs with them.
1998 - 2009 First Quench Retailing

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1909 - 2009 Woolworths
1973 - 2011 Hawkin's Bazaar

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00:15:06,499 --> 00:15:08,689
1999 - 2011 D2 Jeans
1990 - 2011 Officers Club

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00:15:08,689 --> 00:15:10,600
1987 - 2011 Focus DIY
1931 - 2012 Blacks

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1990 - 2012 La Senza
2008 - 2012 Best Buy Europe

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1968 - 2012 Clinton Cards
1903 - 2012 Barratts

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00:15:14,290 --> 00:15:15,569
1993 - 2012 Gamestation
1933 - 2012 Comet

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00:15:15,569 --> 00:15:17,269
1991 - 2012 Optical Express
1971 - 2012 JJB Sports

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1963 - 2012 Oddbins
1992 - 2012 Game Group

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1921 - 2012 HMV
1935 - 2013 Jessops

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1934 - 2013 Ethel Austin
1985 - 2013 Blockbuster and more.

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Now, it's obvious some of these stores have
not disappeared entirely. Many have moved

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into warehouse distribution and their stores
still exist in the form of websites; you may

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also be wondering why I have included companies
like Game in this list, since there are in

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fact GAME stores on the high street today.
Well I do so to make a point, see in 2012

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when GAME went bust, the Swedish "Nordic Games"
acquiesced the GAME Group, they acquired the

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brand as well as the companies stores and
employee contracts. But this is actually a

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different company altogether. GAME wasn't
resurrected through strategical advertising,

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00:16:02,629 --> 00:16:09,629
market booms or stern administrative decisions.
The company we all knew as "GAME" went

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bust... It lost. But GAME still had brand
status. If it didn't, these shops fronts

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would read "Nordic Games".

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00:16:20,519 --> 00:16:26,110
So why is there so much failure in retail?
Are we merely witnessing the natural boom

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and bust cycles of free market economics?
Or are we actually witnessing a retail transition?

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Looking back, our high streets were consisted
of small family owned businesses, but the

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more companies grows, mergers and acquisitions
become inevitable and the smaller stores get

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phased out as they struggle to compete for
market share, eventually being replaced by

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conglomerates.
In much the same way, a natural evolution

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00:16:54,069 --> 00:16:59,860
of retail is occurring again. Only this time
the shops are being phased out and the replacement

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is coming in the form of websites. And software
applications, which are conveniently accessible

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with smart phones, are subsequently reduce
our dependency on outlets such as high-street

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banks, betting shops and travel agencies.
You've probably already witnessed technological

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unemployment on some level. For camera and
film orientated shops like Jessops, it's

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not so hard to understand. Barely anyone with
a modern phone is going to buy a disposable

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00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:34,890
camera and pay money to have film developed;
and there probably aren't too many people

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00:17:34,890 --> 00:17:41,890
with 8-megapixle camera phones who also require
digital cameras. Due to advancing technology

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these stores had suddenly become "specialist
stores" their customers now having to mainly

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consist of serious photographers.

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Entertainment
For music, video and games stores, there are

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five main threats here.
One -- Supermarkets, supermarkets are selling

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00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:15,190
a lot of the same products and most of the
time cheaper.

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Two - On-line Stores like Amazon, they also
offer good deals with the added comfort twenty

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four hour browsing and of course, item delivery.
Three - Pawn shops like cash converters, they

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get away with selling entertainment at a second
hand rate making them even cheaper than the

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supermarkets.
Four -- On-line digital downloads and streaming,

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with apps like iTunes and Netflix conveniently
accessible through smart TV's, gaming consoles,

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PC, and most phone and tablet devices. But
let's not forget about five. Good old fashion

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piracy. With the advancements of fibre optic
broadband, you can now download entire movies

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in a matter of minutes. Not that I'm suggesting
you do that of course. That would be illegal.

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I'm just saying it's easier and faster
than going to the shops, waiting on the post

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man or signing in the Netflix account on the
PS3. As an aside, if any part of you is enraged

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at the thought of all these immoral people
illegally sharing media. Why not aim some

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of that authentic aggression at the idea of
a society which distributes digital entertainment

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in physical form. The wastefulness of this
would be equivalent to having a unique physical

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address in order to access each and every
website in existence. But perhaps you li the

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plastic cases... and what's wrong with the
plastic cases? Well, the case itself is made

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from polypropylene, while the clear film sleeve
is made from polyester. By bonding these different

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plastic materials together, it makes them
almost impossible to properly recycle on large

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scale, so when the plastic rips, breaks or
even just gets old and wasted.. They have

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to be either buried in landfills or incinerated
which of course produces toxic chemicals.

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and this is the system we support by the way
we choose to purchase entertainment, despite

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having had the possibility of digital alternatives
for over a decade.

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Asking people to shop in these stores is asking
us to live in an unnatural counter progressive

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way.
So perhaps the failure of these stores is

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a good thing. But good or bad, a digital acquisition
is upon us and the failures of these stores

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00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:55,820
are simply a matter of time. And yes, even
if they sell their brand status, they are

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failing. Nordic GAME won't be too far behind
either.

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But what about book stores like Waterstones?
Well the increase of tablets and e-book readers

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certainly poses a threat. However I can imagine
the feel of a book, which people are oh so

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nostalgic about, will be used as a "justification"
argument for the continued stifling of a successful

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00:21:19,149 --> 00:21:25,639
digital transition. But, even without a digital
alternative, Waterstone's in particular

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is facing the same threat of on-line distribution
as well as competition from supermarkets.

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As are almost all product based stores - products
to do with body care, cosmetics, clothing,

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mobile phones, electronic appliances and even
musical equipment. However there is an argument

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to be made that physical stores are different,
perhaps better than a website or a supermarket,

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in that they provide "knowledgeable staff".
Perhaps you're not sure what product is

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best for you. In these shops, you can interact
with friendly sales people who are qualified

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00:22:01,220 --> 00:22:07,370
to offer advice and help you make the right
decision. Well, while it is true that retail

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employees are trained to help customers and
they are required to have a certain level

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of knowledge about the product. They also
have something which no one really questions.

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Sales targets, either the staff or the store
itself will have target requirements. If i

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wandered into a phone shop unsure of what
to buy and make the mistake of telling the

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sales person that I'm not too familiar with
the differences I leave myself open to a product

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sale bias, in this scenario the store has
no problems selling the "best" products.

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So instead I might be presented with an inferior
product which the store is struggling to offload,

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the sales person's job here becomes distorted,
and I the customer will most likely be subjected

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00:22:52,460 --> 00:22:56,299
to an eager sales pitch as opposed to honest
insight.

242
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You are going to get whats ever in this box
for ВЈ24.99 Oh No! NO! He's put three bottles

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of "sex in the City" for twenty six pounds
ninety nine! At thirty six quid each! You

244
00:23:09,669 --> 00:23:13,929
need to buy...
Boys please! Please!

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00:23:13,929 --> 00:23:20,320
No! NO! No! NO! You need to buy now.

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In our current system, money is the driving
force and as such the advice and intent to

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00:23:27,750 --> 00:23:34,260
help a consumer make the right decision, is
only a conditionality when required. But the

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main priority is always profit.
I know this is designed for kids, we've...

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I've had some fun with this thing.
This is amazing, whats so great about this

250
00:23:44,450 --> 00:23:49,889
is kids love tablets, they love playing with
tablets, they love the games, the love the

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00:23:49,889 --> 00:23:54,309
educational games but mom and dad want them
to be safe, they want them they want to do,

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00:23:54,309 --> 00:24:01,309
ya know everything on, but ya know... its...mmmm
You ok? Ok...

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00:24:04,210 --> 00:24:11,009
What it does is it gives us an opportunity
for us to be able to offer a piece of electronic

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equipment that is simple for children to operate
but also, mom and dad can operate it as well.

255
00:24:17,909 --> 00:24:23,909
At ВЈ149.94 the secret of it is that it has
all the technology that mom and dad's tablet

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has, it's got the android operating system
4.0, it's got all.

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Now, had we instead used the internet as a
guide, either through social media or public

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forums, we would obtain better and more accurate
advice. The usefulness of these "sales people"

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00:24:41,929 --> 00:24:47,899
which we have all grown accustomed to, pale
in comparison to the advice found on-line...

260
00:24:47,899 --> 00:24:53,080
The rating systems found on public forums
are in fact designed to weed out any bad or

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00:24:53,080 --> 00:25:00,080
incorrect information and without it we are
all vulnerable to the biases, lies and manipulation

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00:25:00,700 --> 00:25:05,330
of self-righteous profit seekers.

263
00:25:05,330 --> 00:25:09,450
But perhaps there's another element to the
physical shopping experience that I'm missing?

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What about the clothing shops? I have to admit
even I thought they wouldn't be as affected

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by on-line alternatives for the simple fact
that most people like to try before they buy.

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Who buys clothes without trying them on first?
Well, I mean... I do but maybe that's because

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I'm a guy... When i buy a t-shirt i look
for the ones with the big "L" and they

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never let me down... Maybe being male i don't
have to account for boob size when evaluating

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comfort. But surly women don't prefer buying
on-line without getting to try the clothes

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on first? Well, surprisingly when women's
clothing store "Internacionale" launched their

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on-line store in 2012. They took in more profit
in that one day from the website than all

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00:25:55,320 --> 00:26:02,320
their retail outlets combined. That surprised
me. Clothing doesn't seem to have any intrinsic

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00:26:03,090 --> 00:26:09,840
immunity to the threat of on-line alternatives.

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Taking a look at retail outside of on-line
threats, perhaps there is also something to

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be said about specialist shops in times of
recession, shops which specialise in ties

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00:26:20,120 --> 00:26:27,120
for instance or underwear, shoes, jeans, suits,
exercise clothing and outdoor clothing. If

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00:26:28,710 --> 00:26:35,279
we had a store dedicated to just socks. would
that work? Maybe in these hard times it's

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not surprising why all-in-one stores like
Primark seem to be staying afloat. You want

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00:26:40,870 --> 00:26:47,870
a shirt? Primark. You want a dress? Primark.
shoes, costume jewellery, candles, cushions,

280
00:26:49,659 --> 00:26:55,210
towels....even a mankini!? And the comfort
of finding everything under one roof also

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00:26:55,210 --> 00:27:00,610
stretches out to supermarkets. And speaking
of supermarkets, what happened when they began

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00:27:00,610 --> 00:27:07,600
to implement self-service tills? In this Tesco's
the nine items or less section has been completely

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00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:13,860
replaced with self-scanning. So now, only
one job is required to assist those unfamiliar

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00:27:13,860 --> 00:27:20,269
with the process or those trying to purchase
items which require age verification. When

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00:27:20,269 --> 00:27:25,769
this technology extends to the larger conveyor
belt sections as it has been in pockets. or

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00:27:25,769 --> 00:27:31,230
more importantly, when high street stores
like Primark adopt self-serving systems, Retail

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00:27:31,230 --> 00:27:36,590
will undergo yet another transitionary phase
resulting in thousands of redundancies and

288
00:27:36,590 --> 00:27:42,049
these job losses will not be temporary, for
once this process is in place there is no

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00:27:42,049 --> 00:27:47,820
reasonable argument to go back to having lines
of paid humans who are in fact now more expensive

290
00:27:47,820 --> 00:27:54,820
in the long run... and this new self-service
revolution doesn't end there...

291
00:28:00,419 --> 00:28:03,320
Vending

292
00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:08,440
General convenience stores are now entirely
replaceable with vending machine kiosks.

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A company called "Shop 24" has over 190
locations in Europe and they have already

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00:28:14,389 --> 00:28:21,389
begun UK implementation, and as the name suggests,
these vending stores are open all hours, giving

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00:28:21,700 --> 00:28:27,980
them an even greater advantage over conventional
human required methods. Vending machine stores

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00:28:27,980 --> 00:28:33,200
will also start to crop up in the form of
sweet shops and "on-the-go" cuisine, offering

297
00:28:33,200 --> 00:28:40,200
hot drinks, soft drinks, desserts, chips,
noodles, hot dogs and even pizza. Complete

298
00:28:41,580 --> 00:28:47,799
vending machine integration of cafГ©s and
lunch bars are on the horizon, as well as

299
00:28:47,799 --> 00:28:54,100
local pubs consisting of alcohol, cigarette
and "pub food" vending. The only human

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00:28:54,100 --> 00:29:01,100
required job here would be a moderator/bouncer
hybrid, ensuring no one under the legal drinking

301
00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:08,440
age gains access. But even the need for human
age verification is threatened by technology.

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00:29:08,879 --> 00:29:14,590
Today we have the "iSample", a vending
machine developed by Intel & Krafts with built

303
00:29:14,590 --> 00:29:21,269
in optical sensors it is capable of reading
the face and determining gender and age, all

304
00:29:21,269 --> 00:29:22,809
within a fraction of a second.

305
00:29:22,809 --> 00:29:26,620
Pawn Shops
Earlier I mentioned pawn shops such as Cash

306
00:29:26,620 --> 00:29:30,990
Converters and it's interesting to know
how these shops actually tend to profit in

307
00:29:30,990 --> 00:29:36,509
times of economic recession, for the more
we struggle to get by, the more likely we

308
00:29:36,509 --> 00:29:42,350
are to entertain leasing our goods at interest,
despite the risk of losing them if we fail

309
00:29:42,350 --> 00:29:48,090
to buy them back within a certain time constraint.
However there are items which we would pawn

310
00:29:48,090 --> 00:29:54,070
with no intention of buying back and I guess
for that area of sales more and more people

311
00:29:54,070 --> 00:29:55,720
are now turning to eBay.

312
00:29:55,720 --> 00:30:02,720
But how about charity shops? I believe they
have longevity as they provide a unique service.

313
00:30:03,059 --> 00:30:07,669
If you have old clothes or trinkets which
you no longer need, but don't feel they

314
00:30:07,669 --> 00:30:12,740
are valuable enough for the likes of eBay,
charity shop donations are a morally viable

315
00:30:12,740 --> 00:30:18,039
way of discarding items no longer needed.
And this product "recycling" process is

316
00:30:18,039 --> 00:30:23,889
far less wasteful than taking your old things
to the skip. However, we are focusing on the

317
00:30:23,889 --> 00:30:28,919
relevance of a job loss and its effects on
the economy. Since most charity shops are

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00:30:28,919 --> 00:30:34,720
run by volunteers and their profits are in
some part donated to charity, I fail to see

319
00:30:34,720 --> 00:30:37,379
their economic relevance here.

320
00:30:37,379 --> 00:30:43,909
Throughout the high street the only shops
which seem to have immunity are the ones which

321
00:30:43,909 --> 00:30:50,909
require actual human performed services, such
as tattooing or hair dressing. But just for

322
00:30:51,820 --> 00:30:57,179
fun, let's see if tattoo artists really
are impervious to automation. In 2012, a guy

323
00:30:57,179 --> 00:31:03,870
named Chris Eckert developed the Auto Ink
tattoo machine. Now, for demonstration purposes

324
00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:10,450
it uses a ball point pen instead of a needle,
however the implication of this machines potential

325
00:31:10,450 --> 00:31:15,759
is obvious. If it were ever to take off pre-programmed
designs could eliminate the need for any human

326
00:31:15,759 --> 00:31:19,519
involvement in the tattooing process.

327
00:31:19,519 --> 00:31:26,120
Earlier I highlighted the fact that a lot
of high street stores now occupy warehouses

328
00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:31,070
and sell their products on-line. This may
lead some of you to assume that the economy

329
00:31:31,070 --> 00:31:37,470
will at least be helped in some part with
all these new warehouse jobs. Well it seems

330
00:31:37,470 --> 00:31:44,470
even these jobs are under attack, for example,
Amazon is the world's largest online retailer

331
00:31:44,539 --> 00:31:51,360
and currently has twelve fulfilment centres
across the UK. But in May of 2012 Amazon purchased

332
00:31:51,360 --> 00:31:56,379
the American "Kiva Systems" for seven
hundred and seventy five million dollars.

333
00:31:56,379 --> 00:32:03,059
What is Kiva? Kiva is an autonomous robot
which uses optical sensors to navigate through

334
00:32:03,059 --> 00:32:08,940
a warehouse. It reads inventory items as bits
of digital information which is then organised

335
00:32:08,940 --> 00:32:13,950
through complex algorithms in much the same
way that Google organizes web pages. They

336
00:32:13,950 --> 00:32:20,950
can pick, pack, and ship anything sold online
faster and for a lot less money than a human.

337
00:32:21,559 --> 00:32:26,889
These efficiencies allow Kiva to gather goods
within minutes of an order, allowing the remaining

338
00:32:26,889 --> 00:32:33,450
human workers to ship up to four times more
packages in an hour. Similarly, the Spanish

339
00:32:33,450 --> 00:32:38,779
"Bonnysa" Group have incorporated two
automised facilities. The first stores products

340
00:32:38,779 --> 00:32:43,749
directly as they are unloaded from delivery
vehicles, guaranteeing complete control and

341
00:32:43,749 --> 00:32:49,419
traceability of goods, and in the second,
once products have been calibrated and classified,

342
00:32:49,419 --> 00:32:54,200
they are placed on double depth shelving which
allows for twice the storage capacity without

343
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:58,799
having to increase the amount of stacker cranes
used. Since Bonnysa switched to using the

344
00:32:58,799 --> 00:33:04,590
high-speed automised facilities they have
eliminated the need for human operator intervention

345
00:33:04,590 --> 00:33:09,590
and have increased their product control and
warehouse security to the extent that output

346
00:33:09,590 --> 00:33:16,590
is now five times the amount of a conventional
warehouse.

347
00:33:25,009 --> 00:33:32,009
Manufacturing
According to the Organisation for Economic

348
00:33:39,309 --> 00:33:45,490
Co-operation and Development the manufacturing
sector's share of both employment and GDP

349
00:33:45,490 --> 00:33:50,210
has gradually declined since the sixty's,
although manufacturing output in terms of

350
00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:56,850
both production and value has steadily increased
since 1945. The reason of course is technology,

351
00:33:56,850 --> 00:34:02,929
and looking at the production of an automobile
it's easy to see why we prefer using machines.

352
00:34:02,929 --> 00:34:08,629
If these trends continue it is not far-fetched
to think most if not all factory workers will

353
00:34:08,629 --> 00:34:14,530
eventually be replaced by machines. Now, there's
three main reasons as to why factory automation

354
00:34:14,530 --> 00:34:17,340
has yet to be fully integrated across the
board.

355
00:34:17,340 --> 00:34:23,969
One: Vulnerability: An automated system usually
has to be pre-programed for each specific

356
00:34:23,969 --> 00:34:28,899
task which makes them susceptible to committing
errors outside of their immediate scope of

357
00:34:28,899 --> 00:34:35,010
knowledge. This makes them typically unable
to apply simple rules of logic to general

358
00:34:35,010 --> 00:34:41,309
propositions. However, machines today have
far more mobility and dexterity than ever

359
00:34:41,309 --> 00:34:48,040
imagined and instead of having to be preprogramed
for each motion, machines are gradually gaining

360
00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:55,040
autonomy, being able to detect objects and
predict movement. The second reason is due

361
00:34:55,139 --> 00:35:01,180
to unpredictable, excessive developmental
costs. The research and development cost of

362
00:35:01,180 --> 00:35:06,720
automating a specific task, can often exceed
the cost saved by the automation itself. The

363
00:35:06,720 --> 00:35:13,030
third reason also has to do with affordability,
high initial costs. Automating a new product

364
00:35:13,030 --> 00:35:17,880
requires an initial investment which is usually
quite expensive when compared with the unit

365
00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:22,410
cost of the product, even though the cost
of automation may be spread among many products

366
00:35:22,410 --> 00:35:28,430
over time. The decision to automate is therefore
reserved for products which have proven to

367
00:35:28,430 --> 00:35:33,790
be profitable and unlikely to change, as any
alterations could require the re-programing

368
00:35:33,790 --> 00:35:38,760
of machines.
These three problems have been an issue since

369
00:35:38,760 --> 00:35:45,010
factory automation began, but as time goes
on, the machines improve and the cost of automating

370
00:35:45,010 --> 00:35:49,579
declines. For simple assembly line tasks,
it's certainly been cheaper to have human

371
00:35:49,579 --> 00:35:55,980
workers. However, in mid-2012, an American
company called "Rethink Robotics" launched

372
00:35:55,980 --> 00:36:02,140
the Baxter robot. Baxter is a revolution in
assembly line manufacturing as it can be programed

373
00:36:02,140 --> 00:36:08,960
to perform a multitude of tasks and the best
part is you don't even have to be a programmer.

374
00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:13,000
Simply grab his arms, guide him through the
motions of the required task and then leave

375
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:18,700
him to get on with it. If another task is
required later on, simply grab his arms again

376
00:36:18,700 --> 00:36:23,859
and re-program the motions. Baxter is currently
on the market for around fourteen thousand

377
00:36:23,859 --> 00:36:29,010
pounds which is an extremely affordable initial
investment cost and taking into account the

378
00:36:29,010 --> 00:36:34,619
average life span it works for less than three
pounds an hour, twenty four hours a day, seven

379
00:36:34,619 --> 00:36:41,329
days a week and doesn't require tea breaks.
This robot is set to revolutionise the entire

380
00:36:41,329 --> 00:36:44,200
manufacturing industry.

381
00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:49,309
Application
Aside from factory jobs being replaced by

382
00:36:49,309 --> 00:36:54,720
machines, there are many products today which
are quickly becoming altogether irrelevant.

383
00:36:54,720 --> 00:36:59,680
For those of us with smart phones and tablets,
the following examples may appear too obvious

384
00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:05,700
to require a detailed analysis. But for those
of you who have yet to acknowledge this trend,

385
00:37:05,700 --> 00:37:11,450
let's take a look at the implied future
of the smart phone "App". Currently Apps

386
00:37:11,450 --> 00:37:16,300
are in the process of killing a vast range
of physical products. Most obviously, paper

387
00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:23,280
products; novels, comic books, cook books,
puzzle books, phone books & yellow pages,

388
00:37:23,280 --> 00:37:28,260
dictionaries, encyclopaedias, magazines, newspapers,
shopping catalogues, road maps, photo albums,

389
00:37:28,260 --> 00:37:34,730
calendars, diaries and of course, many products
associated with stationary. Then there are

390
00:37:34,730 --> 00:37:40,520
electrical products such as calculators, radios,
alarm clocks, camcorders, voice recorders,

391
00:37:40,520 --> 00:37:46,490
remote controls, karaoke machines, guitar
tuners, amplifiers and effects peddles, GPS

392
00:37:46,490 --> 00:37:51,410
navigation, video game cartridges and even
board games are having their physical necessity

393
00:37:51,410 --> 00:37:53,339
challenged by software.

394
00:37:53,339 --> 00:38:00,339
Personal Computer
Now what about desktop computers? Most people

395
00:38:01,079 --> 00:38:06,770
only really use their PC's for surfing the
web, socialising, listening to music and watching

396
00:38:06,770 --> 00:38:13,050
videos. All of which can now be done on those
same smart phones and tablets. PC's, while

397
00:38:13,050 --> 00:38:18,599
not disappearing entirely, will decline in
numbers because of this, effecting many jobs

398
00:38:18,599 --> 00:38:23,280
associated with producing not only the computers
themselves, but think of all those peripheral

399
00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:29,920
devices associated with them, the keyboard,
mouse and webcam. As well as hardware components

400
00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:36,920
such as ram chips and graphics cards.
Now, this might seem overly pessimistic. However

401
00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:43,230
a survey by the International Data Corporation
showed tablets to account for a third of all

402
00:38:43,230 --> 00:38:48,670
computing sales in 2012 and even Microsoft
are acknowledging the inevitable outcome,

403
00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:53,869
and with the advent of 4G wireless networking
which allows for high speed internet on our

404
00:38:53,869 --> 00:38:59,750
mobile devices, we can now use applications
like Skype and Face time to make phone calls

405
00:38:59,750 --> 00:39:05,900
to and from anywhere in the world for free,
the implication being the demise of traditional

406
00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:12,190
land line phones and mobile tariffs. British
Telecom has been preparing for this and have

407
00:39:12,190 --> 00:39:18,670
already launched their cloud network.
Now, digital alternatives may not yet be adopted

408
00:39:18,670 --> 00:39:24,059
by the majority, perhaps mostly because of
nostalgia rather than efficiency. But the

409
00:39:24,059 --> 00:39:29,670
children of the future are not going to care
about the toys of the past.

410
00:39:29,670 --> 00:39:36,670
Media Products & Appliances
VHS, CD and DVD players as well as free-view,

411
00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:46,710
sky and virgin media boxes are all facing
redundancy by the advancements of the smart

412
00:39:46,710 --> 00:39:53,710
TV. Why? Because smart TV's stream content
from the internet, making it possible for

413
00:39:54,200 --> 00:40:01,200
Sky and virgin media to exist entirely in
app form. So what of all those lavish book,

414
00:40:03,020 --> 00:40:09,640
CD and DVD collections which most of us equate
to our status and identity? These erroneous

415
00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:14,940
collections are no longer optimal as we now
have digital media libraries, with the likes

416
00:40:14,940 --> 00:40:21,420
of iTunes and iBooks. And when digital libraries
are rehomed to our TV's as well as our phones

417
00:40:21,420 --> 00:40:27,420
and tablets. Just as VHS collections were
phased out by the improved format of the DVD,

418
00:40:27,420 --> 00:40:34,420
our current wasteful, vanity orientated physical
media collections will be phased out and replaced

419
00:40:35,660 --> 00:40:42,660
with non-physical digital formats, alongside
their required physical media players. In

420
00:40:42,869 --> 00:40:49,869
fact, in January of 2013, tech giant "Philips"
gave in and sold their home entertainment

421
00:40:49,970 --> 00:40:55,930
appliances division and now only producing
coffee machines, juicer's, toasters and

422
00:40:55,930 --> 00:40:57,309
electric razors.

423
00:40:57,309 --> 00:41:02,130
The rise of high speed fibre optic broadband
will also extend the extinction of irrelevant

424
00:41:02,130 --> 00:41:08,420
peripherals to Blu-ray players and video game
consoles. That's right, even video games

425
00:41:08,420 --> 00:41:14,440
will be played via internet streaming. Sound
far-fetched? Well Sony entertainment doesn't

426
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:20,859
think so. In July of 2012 they spent $380
million purchasing the cloud-based video game

427
00:41:20,859 --> 00:41:27,609
streaming network "Gaika". Even Xbox co-founder
Nat Brown has expressed his concerns over

428
00:41:27,609 --> 00:41:33,109
the implications of Apple entering the games
industry, acknowledging the potential of their

429
00:41:33,109 --> 00:41:39,540
already established infrastructure to easily
replace the Xbox, Playstation and Nintendo

430
00:41:39,540 --> 00:41:41,900
consoles.

431
00:41:41,900 --> 00:41:48,250
3D-Printing
Now, obviously there are many physical products

432
00:41:48,250 --> 00:41:53,319
on the market which aren't threatened by
digital downloading.

433
00:41:53,319 --> 00:41:58,890
However in October of 2012, the city of London
was host to the world's first-ever consumer

434
00:41:58,890 --> 00:42:05,790
3D print show, displaying how 3D printing
can allow consumers to download and print

435
00:42:05,790 --> 00:42:12,280
a vast range of products as and when they
need them. This is not merely a glimpse into

436
00:42:12,280 --> 00:42:18,920
a hypothetical future; 3D printers can already
build products from a range of materials including

437
00:42:18,920 --> 00:42:25,920
plastic, chocolate, glass, concrete and even
metal. So what products could be printed?

438
00:42:27,130 --> 00:42:32,980
Well, just about any basic household items
from plates, bowls, mugs, bottles, cutlery,

439
00:42:32,980 --> 00:42:39,980
tupperware, lamp shades, photo frames, furniture,
musical instruments, figurines, even a wrench

440
00:42:42,270 --> 00:42:48,299
printed with fully moving parts. So you may
be wondering just how far in the future 3D

441
00:42:48,299 --> 00:42:53,099
printing is, and how expensive these things
are going to be? Well let's look at the

442
00:42:53,099 --> 00:42:59,770
Rep-Rap project. Rep-Rap is a self-replicating
3D printer. Meaning it can print most of its

443
00:42:59,770 --> 00:43:04,500
own parts, so if you have one, you can make
another one. And the great thing about rep-rap

444
00:43:04,500 --> 00:43:10,790
is that it is open source, meaning its design
is not owned or constrained by copy write.

445
00:43:10,790 --> 00:43:17,059
It's completely free for anyone to use and
improve. Today, 3D printers can be purchased

446
00:43:17,059 --> 00:43:24,059
from open source groups like reprap and fab@home,
or commercially through pp3dp.com & cubify.

447
00:43:26,240 --> 00:43:31,599
Perhaps you don't have the room for a home
3D printer? Well there is the option of ordering

448
00:43:31,599 --> 00:43:38,599
3D printed products online through services
such as shapeways, sculpteo and i.materialise.

449
00:43:38,900 --> 00:43:43,170
Companies can also employ the mass producing
of 3D printed products through organizations

450
00:43:43,170 --> 00:43:46,740
such as Thingiverse and kraftwurx.

451
00:43:46,740 --> 00:43:52,460
The world of 3D printing is huge and it's
here today. And just like every other technological

452
00:43:52,460 --> 00:43:58,049
advancement - as time goes on these things
will become more and more affordable. And

453
00:43:58,049 --> 00:44:03,079
every company which currently produces all
those house hold items will simply become

454
00:44:03,079 --> 00:44:10,079
financially unsustainable.
Pay It Forward

455
00:44:10,420 --> 00:44:17,420
A group called PIF3D aim to exploit the replicating
ability of RepRap by taking the machine to

456
00:44:17,640 --> 00:44:22,240
universities and hosting twenty-four hour
3D printing parties, where they give people

457
00:44:22,240 --> 00:44:27,140
the skills to build one of these things. The
objective being that those people can "Pay

458
00:44:27,140 --> 00:44:32,740
it forward". Once they have built two or
three RepRap printers, they repeat the process

459
00:44:32,740 --> 00:44:38,440
of taking it to schools and showing others
how to make their own, and the process repeats.

460
00:44:38,440 --> 00:44:44,290
The idea of paying it forward could easily
spread like wildfire. Meaning just about everyone

461
00:44:44,290 --> 00:44:51,020
in the world could own a 3D printer for next
to nothing. Now, as 3D-Printers become more

462
00:44:51,020 --> 00:44:55,930
mainstream, there will most likely be attempts
to patent certain design elements and sell

463
00:44:55,930 --> 00:45:02,930
each downloadable product commercially. However
once a product is on a CAD file, there's

464
00:45:03,290 --> 00:45:10,290
no real reason 3D designs would be immune
to internet piracy.

465
00:45:10,670 --> 00:45:13,210
Transport

466
00:45:13,210 --> 00:45:20,210
Around 2.5% of the UK population have jobs
which require a driving licence.

467
00:45:42,540 --> 00:45:48,319
The first autonomous driverless vehicle was
developed by, Sebastian Thrun director of

468
00:45:48,319 --> 00:45:48,569
the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
and co-inventor of Google Street View. In

469
00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:55,400
2005 the Google car won the DARPA Grand Challenge
and since then, Google have been developing

470
00:46:06,609 --> 00:46:13,609
a commercial system.
However progress has been held back due to

471
00:46:20,609 --> 00:46:22,369
legal liabilities, for example if there was
an accident, who would be at fault? The car

472
00:46:22,369 --> 00:46:27,750
owner? the manufacturer? What if the accident
was a result of a lost signal? Would the internet

473
00:46:27,750 --> 00:46:32,599
providers be accountable? Filtering through
legislation is a lengthy process, but they've

474
00:46:32,599 --> 00:46:36,250
come a long way.
In August 2012, the Google team announced

475
00:46:36,250 --> 00:46:41,290
that they have completed over 300,000 miles
of autonomous-driving, all without a single

476
00:46:41,290 --> 00:46:43,940
accident. Nevada, Florida and California all
passed laws allowing driverless cars.

477
00:46:43,940 --> 00:46:44,190
Although it's hard to invasion a timeline,
the remaining united states and the UK will

478
00:46:44,020 --> 00:46:51,020
eventually pass similar legislations, and
driverless cars will explode on to the market.

479
00:46:54,079 --> 00:47:01,079
As well as the American based Google car which
most of us are probably aware of, there is

480
00:47:04,270 --> 00:47:08,369
also a German creation from "autonomous
labs" at the Free University of Berlin.

481
00:47:08,369 --> 00:47:10,290
The project has already been given approval
to run a driverless taxi services throughout

482
00:47:10,290 --> 00:47:11,040
Berlin and Brandenburg.
For those of you who feel hesitant about assigning

483
00:47:11,040 --> 00:47:18,040
the control of your vehicle to a machine,
know that the kiva systems mentioned earlier

484
00:47:20,579 --> 00:47:27,579
have essentially the same autonomy, and they
too have yet to witness a single accident.

485
00:47:29,010 --> 00:47:36,010
Compare that with the UK's current yearly
rates of 3,000 motor vehicle incidents resulting

486
00:47:36,170 --> 00:47:43,170
in fatalities, 35,000 resulting serious accidents
and a total 276,000 severities. Clearly it

487
00:47:44,880 --> 00:47:51,880
would be societally irresponsible to maintain
human drivers while the safer option is available.

488
00:47:55,589 --> 00:48:02,589
And in making a safer society all jobs associated
with public transport and delivery of goods,

489
00:48:11,630 --> 00:48:18,630
could be achieved without human involvement.

490
00:48:25,069 --> 00:48:29,549
Agriculture
Dairy

491
00:48:29,549 --> 00:48:36,549
GEA farm technologies' provides technological
solutions to livestock farming, including

492
00:48:39,619 --> 00:48:45,559
the development of a fully automatic milking
system for dairy farms. Dairy cows are guided

493
00:48:45,559 --> 00:48:52,160
into these Mi1 milking units, the cows electronic
tag is identified and their pre-allocated

494
00:48:52,160 --> 00:48:59,160
amount of food is dispensed. A 3D camera scans
and identifies the udders, then attaches to

495
00:49:00,329 --> 00:49:07,180
the t-cups. It washes dries and pre-milks
the cows. This amazing technology reduces

496
00:49:07,180 --> 00:49:13,849
labour, increases milk production, lowers
stress of both the cows and farmers, and electric

497
00:49:13,849 --> 00:49:20,849
tagging allows for the ability to manage cows
individually. So when is this technology being

498
00:49:22,170 --> 00:49:29,170
implemented? Well looking at the UK alone,
it's actually already been in use since

499
00:49:32,109 --> 00:49:33,289
2011.

500
00:49:33,289 --> 00:49:40,289
Precision Farming
EGNOS Precision Farming is a system which

501
00:49:41,809 --> 00:49:47,770
uses GPS guidance technology for crop cultivation.
The auto track technology sends signals to

502
00:49:47,770 --> 00:49:54,299
the tractors steering system via a GPS receiver.
The resulting navigation is so precise that

503
00:49:54,299 --> 00:50:00,589
Farmers can actually treat soil and crops
in a site specific manner and ensure optimum

504
00:50:00,589 --> 00:50:06,030
chemical doses are applied to the right places.
The system has been shown to cut costs on

505
00:50:06,030 --> 00:50:12,900
fertilisation and fuel, reducing the environmental
impact, and because the tractors steer themselves

506
00:50:12,900 --> 00:50:18,289
it also reduces operator fatigue. As you've
probably already guessed, it is only a matter

507
00:50:18,289 --> 00:50:24,260
of time before these tractors are also equipped
with autonomous driving technology, spelling

508
00:50:24,260 --> 00:50:30,010
the end of this particular human required
task and allowing for the full automation

509
00:50:30,010 --> 00:50:31,609
of crop cultivation.

510
00:50:31,609 --> 00:50:38,609
Vertical farming
But why limit crop cultivation to fields?

511
00:50:40,460 --> 00:50:45,440
In 1999 a professor of environmental health
sciences at Columbia University in New York,

512
00:50:45,440 --> 00:50:50,130
Dickson Despommier challenged his students
to feed the entire population of Manhattan

513
00:50:50,130 --> 00:50:57,130
using 13 acres of usable rooftop gardens.
The class calculated that only 2% of all the

514
00:50:57,319 --> 00:51:02,930
people could be fed using this method. Unsatisfied
with the results, Despommier made an off-the-cuff

515
00:51:02,930 --> 00:51:09,930
suggestion of growing plants indoors and vertically.
The idea sparked interests and by 2001 the

516
00:51:10,789 --> 00:51:17,789
first outline of a vertical farm was introduced.
Today scientists, architects, and 
investors worldwide are working together to

517
00:51:24,049 --> 00:51:31,049
make the concept of vertical farming a reality.
Unlike, traditional agriculture, a controlled

518
00:51:44,880 --> 00:51:50,109
indoor environment is not susceptible to crop
loss from severe weather conditions nor is

519
00:51:50,109 --> 00:51:54,420
it limited by seasonal crop production.

520
00:51:54,420 --> 00:51:59,530
Using the method of hydroponics which doesn't
require soil, water is preserved in a closed

521
00:51:59,530 --> 00:52:06,530
loop system, eliminating the concern of agricultural
runoff, and since it is continually recycled,

522
00:52:07,760 --> 00:52:13,140
the total water usage is 70% less than current
requirements. Without soil this system is

523
00:52:13,140 --> 00:52:18,079
immune to pesticides, meaning we could also
do away with having to spray agrochemicals

524
00:52:18,079 --> 00:52:22,000
on our food.

525
00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:28,010
For those of you sceptical about the limitations
of hydroponic farming, here is a list of already

526
00:52:28,010 --> 00:52:35,010
commercially available products from hydroponically
produced plants.

527
00:52:39,960 --> 00:52:46,960
Health Care
Cardiology

528
00:53:05,339 --> 00:53:10,630
Up next it sounds like science fiction but
Dr Nancy Snyderman reports on how your smart

529
00:53:10,630 --> 00:53:17,630
phone may change medicine including warning
you of a heart attack. By modifying an iPhone

530
00:53:21,640 --> 00:53:28,640
with this ECG attachment and using the AliveECG
app, your heart rate, temperature, oxygen

531
00:53:29,190 --> 00:53:34,940
and fluid levels can all be recorded with
the results directly upload able to your Cardiologist.

532
00:53:34,940 --> 00:53:40,420
Blood, saliva, urine and even sweat can all
be tested with this device. Combined with

533
00:53:40,420 --> 00:53:47,089
a wireless ultrasound, full physical check-ups
can be carried out remotely from anywhere

534
00:53:47,089 --> 00:53:50,809
in the world.
There's twenty million, over twenty million

535
00:53:50,809 --> 00:53:55,380
echocardiograms done a year. That's twenty
million times eight hundred dollars that's

536
00:53:55,380 --> 00:54:00,690
a lot of money. Probably seventy to eighty
percent we can get rid of, just by having

537
00:54:00,690 --> 00:54:04,359
this part of the physical exam.

538
00:54:04,359 --> 00:54:08,349
Medicine
As for prescription medicine, perhaps the

539
00:54:08,349 --> 00:54:14,539
biggest threat is not with technology but
rather in the curing of illnesses. Fifteen

540
00:54:14,539 --> 00:54:19,200
year veteran of the pharmaceutical industry
Gwen Olsen, stated "the pharmaceutical industry

541
00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:24,250
is in the business of disease maintenance
and symptoms management, The are not in the

542
00:54:24,250 --> 00:54:30,089
business of curing cancer, Alzheimer's or
heart disease, because if they were, they

543
00:54:30,089 --> 00:54:34,539
would be in the business of putting themselves
out of business."

544
00:54:34,539 --> 00:54:38,670
For those of you who doubt the medical establishment
would knowingly put profitability ahead of

545
00:54:38,670 --> 00:54:44,559
actually helping people, you need look for
no further evidence than a 2002 UK clinical

546
00:54:44,559 --> 00:54:50,880
trial which found most anti-depressants to
be as effective as sugar pills, giving the

547
00:54:50,880 --> 00:54:55,450
effects of a working drug through nothing
more than a placebo.

548
00:54:55,450 --> 00:55:01,670
It's not hard to see why the medical industry
would chose to promote the constant reselling

549
00:55:01,670 --> 00:55:07,380
of pharmaceuticals. If for example a cure
for cancer was discovered and adopted by the

550
00:55:07,380 --> 00:55:13,130
mainstream, it would cause considerable losses
in profits generated through radiotherapy,

551
00:55:13,130 --> 00:55:19,770
chemotherapy, hormone therapy, gene therapy
and Immunotherapy. Not to mention the surgical

552
00:55:19,770 --> 00:55:25,349
costs of removing tumours. So, what does it
mean for their industry when a fifteen year

553
00:55:25,349 --> 00:55:30,000
old boy from Maryland, discovers a new way
of detecting cancer? Which studies have shown

554
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:37,000
to be potentially 99% accurate, 168 times
faster and 26,000 times cheaper than our current

555
00:55:38,640 --> 00:55:45,279
methods? Make no mistake, this amazing achievement,
will be seen by the cancer profiteers as a

556
00:55:45,279 --> 00:55:51,720
blow to the industry. But regardless of their
somewhat corrupt profit driven mentality,

557
00:55:51,720 --> 00:55:58,720
technology moves on and even when pharmaceuticals
are the only option. Technology is yet again

558
00:55:58,839 --> 00:56:05,839
providing solutions.
Organic Chemists make molecules very complicated

559
00:56:09,190 --> 00:56:13,579
molecules by chopping up a big molecule into
smaller molecules and doing reverse engineering.

560
00:56:13,579 --> 00:56:20,140
As a chemist one of the things I wanted to
ask my research group a couple of years ago

561
00:56:20,140 --> 00:56:26,319
is, could we make a really cool universal
chemistry set? In essence could we "App"

562
00:56:26,319 --> 00:56:31,099
chemistry?
Well to start to do this we took a 3D printer

563
00:56:31,099 --> 00:56:37,710
and we started to print our beakers and our
test tubes on one side and then print the

564
00:56:37,710 --> 00:56:41,720
molecule at the same time on the other side
and combine them together in what we call

565
00:56:41,720 --> 00:56:46,819
"Reaction ware" and so by printing the
vessel and doing the chemistry at the same

566
00:56:46,819 --> 00:56:52,950
time we may start to access this universal
toolkit of chemistry. Now what could this

567
00:56:52,950 --> 00:56:59,710
mean? Well if we can bed biological and chemical
networks like a search engine, so if you have

568
00:56:59,710 --> 00:57:05,000
a cell that's ill that you need to cure
or bacteria you want to kill, if you have

569
00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:10,160
this embedded in your device at the same time
and you do the chemistry, you make be able

570
00:57:10,160 --> 00:57:16,720
to make drugs in a new way.
So how are we doing this in the lab? Well

571
00:57:16,720 --> 00:57:21,119
it requires software, it requires hardware,
and it requires chemical inks, and so the

572
00:57:21,119 --> 00:57:26,849
really cool bit is the idea to have a universal
set of inks which we put out with the printer

573
00:57:26,849 --> 00:57:32,849
and you download the blue print, the organic
chemistry for that molecule and you make it

574
00:57:32,849 --> 00:57:39,849
in the device. So you can make your molecule
in the printer using this software. So what

575
00:57:40,960 --> 00:57:46,430
could this mean? You don't have to go to
the chemist anymore. We can print drugs at

576
00:57:46,430 --> 00:57:52,119
point of need. We can download new diagnostics,
say a new superbug has emerged; you put it

577
00:57:52,119 --> 00:57:57,690
in your search engine and you create the drug
to treat the threat. So this allows you on

578
00:57:57,690 --> 00:58:03,059
the fly molecular assembly but perhaps for
me the cool bit going in to the future is

579
00:58:03,059 --> 00:58:08,589
this idea of taking your own stem cells with
your genes and your environment and you print

580
00:58:08,589 --> 00:58:15,420
your own personal medicine. And if that doesn't
seem fanciful enough where do u think we're

581
00:58:15,420 --> 00:58:22,420
goanna go? Ur goanna have your own personal
matter fabricator.

582
00:58:22,480 --> 00:58:28,520
As well as using bio-printing for binding
molecules into medicine, bio-printing is also

583
00:58:28,520 --> 00:58:35,520
being used to construct organs.
Today we can print an entire lung.

584
00:58:38,329 --> 00:58:45,329
Hospitals
Now looking at hospital care, I'm sure most

585
00:58:48,770 --> 00:58:53,799
of you are now aware of these "tele presence"
robots which allows intensive care specialists

586
00:58:53,799 --> 00:58:59,250
to remotely communicate with patients across
multiple hospitals and as the robots have

587
00:58:59,250 --> 00:59:04,940
the ability to transmit information regarding
the heart and breathing, examinations can

588
00:59:04,940 --> 00:59:11,010
occur much faster, while actually reducing
the work load of hospital staff since it eliminates

589
00:59:11,010 --> 00:59:17,539
the need for patients to be transferred to
intensive care units in some cases. The hospital's

590
00:59:17,539 --> 00:59:23,210
workload is also being reduced by "Aethon"
TUG System in which an Autonomous robotic

591
00:59:23,210 --> 00:59:29,329
courier can make their rounds, carrying prescriptions,
medical waste, food trays and up to two hundred

592
00:59:29,329 --> 00:59:36,329
pounds of laundry.

593
00:59:36,760 --> 00:59:43,760
Home Care
As for home care, meet Asimo, Asimo is a humanoid

594
00:59:46,819 --> 00:59:53,819
robot created by Honda, with the aspiration
of helping people who lack full mobility.

595
00:59:54,420 --> 01:00:01,420
Since he was first introduced in 2000, he
has gradually improved in mobility and communication.

596
01:00:15,260 --> 01:00:22,260
(Thank you)
Eventually Asimo will be capable of performing

597
01:00:49,440 --> 01:00:53,369
most takes typically required of home-care
staff.

598
01:00:53,369 --> 01:00:59,119
Now, there are many people who irrationally
fear technology, with their frame of reference

599
01:00:59,119 --> 01:01:05,119
limited to what they see in movies. But in
reality technology is the provider of many

600
01:01:05,119 --> 01:01:09,400
solutions across the full spectrum of health
and illnesses.

601
01:01:09,400 --> 01:01:16,359
When she was born her legs were up by her
ears and her shoulders were internally rotated

602
01:01:16,359 --> 01:01:23,230
and she had ulnar deviation on her hands and
rocker bottom feet. The geneticist came upstairs

603
01:01:23,230 --> 01:01:27,230
and told us that she had arthrogryposis multiplex
congenital. They brought her legs down and

604
01:01:27,230 --> 01:01:34,230
they casted her and slowly and surly she started
to develop. Our first year with Emma we found

605
01:01:41,270 --> 01:01:45,430
out that there was goanna be a conference
and it was in Philadelphia.

606
01:01:45,430 --> 01:01:50,779
It was an arthrogryposis family meeting in
Philadelphia where I described the WREX.

607
01:01:50,779 --> 01:01:57,210
We watched a presentation on the WREX.
And that's how it all started. We ended

608
01:01:57,210 --> 01:02:03,380
up in Terick and Whitney's workshop.
The WREX was attached to a stand and she was

609
01:02:03,380 --> 01:02:09,549
able to put her arms into the WREX and for
the first time be able to lift her hand up

610
01:02:09,549 --> 01:02:13,420
towards her mouth.
She just started throwing her hands around

611
01:02:13,420 --> 01:02:16,210
and playing.
We were bringing candy up for her to eat and

612
01:02:16,210 --> 01:02:20,990
we were bringing toys up there and it was
so fun for us to go up there and see her play

613
01:02:20,990 --> 01:02:27,990
The existing WREX is all metal parts and it's
kinda big and Emma was too small for that

614
01:02:28,980 --> 01:02:34,980
so we required something light and small and
would attach to her body and go with her.

615
01:02:34,980 --> 01:02:38,220
So that's where we had this "Stratasys
3D printing machine" and we thought well

616
01:02:38,220 --> 01:02:44,670
we could print it out for her.
And he did it and the weight difference is

617
01:02:44,670 --> 01:02:49,960
significant and for a child who only weight
twenty five pounds it makes a big difference.

618
01:02:49,960 --> 01:02:55,630
Whitney and Terick put their minds together
and came up with a jacket and they would put

619
01:02:55,630 --> 01:03:00,170
the WREX on that and were on our second jacket,
she outgrew the first one and now we're

620
01:03:00,170 --> 01:03:06,579
on our second one and its still evolving it's
still growing into this incredible prosthetic

621
01:03:06,579 --> 01:03:13,579
which helps her to use her arms.
Without the 3D printer we would not be in

622
01:03:13,950 --> 01:03:18,839
a position we're in with these younger kids
making them a WREX device that can go with

623
01:03:18,839 --> 01:03:23,420
them.
This is one of those industries that matches

624
01:03:23,420 --> 01:03:29,190
perfectly with 3D printing additive manufacturing
because we need custom everything.

625
01:03:29,190 --> 01:03:34,700
I think 3D scanning and printing technology
is the future for this field.

626
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:40,210
The ABS plastic that they use is the same
plastic they use in LEGO its human friendly

627
01:03:40,210 --> 01:03:45,190
if you will, its really strong and durable
to handle the abuse, we can answer a need

628
01:03:45,190 --> 01:03:47,539
in a heartbeat.
If the WREX breaks all I have to do is take

629
01:03:47,539 --> 01:03:53,279
a picture and email it to whiney, he knows
exactly what the piece is, he prints it out

630
01:03:53,279 --> 01:03:55,880
I go to the hospital or he's even mailed
them.

631
01:03:55,880 --> 01:04:01,900
I don't have to worry about D-time to machine
something or order supplies. I can just basically

632
01:04:01,900 --> 01:04:04,519
go back to my program and print out another
one.

633
01:04:04,519 --> 01:04:11,430
And it's back together and it's working.
When she started to express herself we would

634
01:04:11,430 --> 01:04:16,190
go upstairs and we would say Emma ya know
were gonna put the WREX on and she called

635
01:04:16,190 --> 01:04:20,450
them her magic arms and everyone in the room
cried.

636
01:04:20,450 --> 01:04:24,960
We took it off of her on this one occasion
to make some adjustments to it and as we took

637
01:04:24,960 --> 01:04:31,589
it off she cried out "I want that" and
we didn't think all that much of it but

638
01:04:31,589 --> 01:04:38,400
when mom started to cry and uh. We look over
and ask mom why she's crying and she kind

639
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:45,150
of takes a moment to recompose herself and
tell us that that was her first complete sentence.

640
01:04:45,150 --> 01:04:52,150
To be a part of that made it a little special
moment for somebody else ya know can't help

641
01:05:08,920 --> 01:05:15,920
but uh kinda tug at your heart strings.

642
01:05:26,019 --> 01:05:27,579
Food & Accommodation
The fast food industry for one is heavily

643
01:05:27,579 --> 01:05:34,250
under threat by the same self-serving processes
mentioned earlier. In May of 2011, McDonald's

644
01:05:34,250 --> 01:05:39,579
announced its plans to install touch-screen
technology across 7,000 restaurants in Europe.

645
01:05:39,579 --> 01:05:46,579
Parts of the UK have already begun implementation
and in some states in America, voice recognition

646
01:05:47,390 --> 01:05:53,799
has replaced the drive thru.
Can I get, can I get a twenty piece?

647
01:05:53,799 --> 01:05:59,410
A twenty piece chicken nugget, what kind of
sauces would you like?

648
01:05:59,410 --> 01:06:04,750
Uh what is it?
What kind of sauce do we have?

649
01:06:04,750 --> 01:06:11,140
We got that honey mustard barbecue sweet and
source we got honey style hot sauce that burns

650
01:06:11,140 --> 01:06:18,140
for hours, we got that buffalo ranch if you
need more ask chipotle barbecue ask me for

651
01:06:19,809 --> 01:06:20,059
more and I'll tell you.

652
01:06:19,809 --> 01:06:25,950
As for the kitchen staff, automated systems
are already being used such processes as draining

653
01:06:25,950 --> 01:06:32,339
and refilling deep fat fryers, making many
human tasks redundant. But perhaps the largest

654
01:06:32,339 --> 01:06:37,089
implied threat has to do with the American
robotics company, "Momentum Machines"

655
01:06:37,089 --> 01:06:41,839
which is predicted to revolutionise the fast
food industry. They are currently preparing

656
01:06:41,839 --> 01:06:46,559
to open the world's first "smart restaurant"
with its automated burger machine. Capable

657
01:06:46,559 --> 01:06:51,410
of dispensing around three hundred and sixty
burgers an hour. Not only does their machine

658
01:06:51,410 --> 01:06:57,069
construct and cook patties but it also slices
the toppings to order and the technology even

659
01:06:57,069 --> 01:07:01,880
allows for customisation, composed of meat
ground to order and assembled in whatever

660
01:07:01,880 --> 01:07:07,140
combination the customer desires.

661
01:07:07,140 --> 01:07:13,349
Restaurants
Restaurant jobs are also threated by atomisation,

662
01:07:13,349 --> 01:07:20,349
whether it's assisting chefs 
or replacing them completely.

663
01:07:36,920 --> 01:07:43,920
Waiters
What about the job of the restaurant waiter?

664
01:08:23,750 --> 01:08:29,229
Well aside from using robots, Germany is pioneering
a different approach. You make your order

665
01:08:29,229 --> 01:08:33,170
from a touch screen situated at your table
and the food is dispensed via a railing system

666
01:08:33,170 --> 01:08:39,520
and delivered to your table when ready.

667
01:08:39,520 --> 01:08:46,520
Hotels
Hotel services are a little harder to automate,

668
01:08:50,600 --> 01:08:54,988
but obviously there are elements of automation
which do reduce the workload.

669
01:08:54,988 --> 01:09:01,988
Straight away you have automatic check in
and a restaurant which turns into a dance

670
01:09:05,399 --> 01:09:12,399
floor.
Were at Yotel New York which opened in June

671
01:09:12,509 --> 01:09:18,939
2011, Yotel is a fun and futuristic brand.
Some of the things we have in the hotel are

672
01:09:18,939 --> 01:09:20,750
motorised beds in the rooms and we have Yobot
which is our answer to futuristic luggage

673
01:09:20,750 --> 01:09:27,750
handling. At the moment what we do is we take
people's luggage and they store it in the

674
01:09:34,238 --> 01:09:39,089
bins provided and Yobot takes it and stores
it up on the wall. What we've done now is

675
01:09:39,089 --> 01:09:42,420
we've agreed with the airports for example
like the jet-blue terminal you'll be able

676
01:09:42,420 --> 01:09:46,658
to choose which airport you want to go to,
say JFK or Newark, the bin will come down,

677
01:09:46,658 --> 01:09:51,799
you'll put the luggage in there and then
Yobot will shift your luggage through tunnels

678
01:09:51,799 --> 01:09:58,799
in new York and you'll be able to pick it
up at each of the airport terminals. Also

679
01:10:05,010 --> 01:10:10,060
were looking at a luggage tracker which we'll
be able to download on our mobile app so youll

680
01:10:10,060 --> 01:10:15,090
be able to follow your luggage form its journey
here at the hotel all the way to the airport

681
01:10:15,090 --> 01:10:20,080
and were also even looking at being able to
sip people and the luggage for yotel new York

682
01:10:20,080 --> 01:10:23,620
to one of our airport hotels in the future.

683
01:10:23,620 --> 01:10:28,000
Even cleaning and maintenance is potentially
threatened by a series of robots such as the

684
01:10:28,000 --> 01:10:35,000
Roomba autonomous hoover and the Winbot autonomous
window cleaner. But perhaps there are some

685
01:10:37,219 --> 01:10:44,000
non-automated threats to the traditional process
of accommodation. Couchsurfing.com is a sort

686
01:10:44,000 --> 01:10:49,570
of social network community, where people
register their hospitality. The idea being,

687
01:10:49,570 --> 01:10:54,630
if you want to travel, you simply type where
you want to go, specify how many of you are

688
01:10:54,630 --> 01:11:00,380
going, and then search from a list of willing
participants. Within this type of community,

689
01:11:00,380 --> 01:11:07,380
you could potentially travel the world without
any need for paid accommodation.

690
01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:16,800
Mining and Quarrying
The Sandvik Group are currently the leading

691
01:11:28,790 --> 01:11:33,989
global suppliers of service and technical
solutions for the mining industry. Sandvik

692
01:11:33,989 --> 01:11:39,340
Automine has focused its efforts on developing
a comprehensive solution for improving the

693
01:11:39,340 --> 01:11:45,530
safety, efficiency and productivity of underground
mining operations, using autonomous trucks

694
01:11:45,530 --> 01:11:49,820
for loading and hauling they have created
a flexible system which can be adapted to

695
01:11:49,820 --> 01:11:54,880
the unique working environment of individual
operations, even processing ore to high grade

696
01:11:54,880 --> 01:12:00,960
copper concentrate on site. Through automation
they have eliminated many human required jobs,

697
01:12:00,960 --> 01:12:04,900
while increasing production with improved
drilling accuracy which has also been shown

698
01:12:04,900 --> 01:12:11,190
to lower the risk of damage incurred by machines.
Currently Sandvik Automine are optimistic

699
01:12:11,190 --> 01:12:18,190
about achieving 100% automation of mining.
Similarly, since 2009 the Australian mining

700
01:12:19,380 --> 01:12:25,280
company Rio Tinto has been using a fleet of
Komatsu trucks. The trucks are over twenty

701
01:12:25,280 --> 01:12:32,130
feet tall, weigh over ten tons, and are capable
of carrying over three hundred tons of material.

702
01:12:32,130 --> 01:12:36,590
The trucks are fitted with Komatsu's Autonomous
Haulage System which allows navigation from

703
01:12:36,590 --> 01:12:43,590
loading units to dump locations, including
waste dumps, stockpiles and crushers.

704
01:12:43,679 --> 01:12:49,030
However let's take a step back. Looking
at the end product of a mining operation,

705
01:12:49,030 --> 01:12:54,500
the reason we associate gold and silver with
such a high value, is because of the difficulty

706
01:12:54,500 --> 01:12:59,920
in obtaining and processing these materials
coupled with the time it takes for the earth

707
01:12:59,920 --> 01:13:06,239
to naturally produce a diamond for example.
The ability to produce a diamond in a lab

708
01:13:06,239 --> 01:13:12,389
has been around for a long time; however gem-quality
results have only been achievable in the last

709
01:13:12,389 --> 01:13:18,370
few years. Specifically the American company
"Gemesis" have made huge advancement in

710
01:13:18,370 --> 01:13:24,800
the production of synthetic diamonds, with
an output of up to forty rare gems each day.

711
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:30,300
As for the cost, a one-carat yellow diamond
from nature equates to about thirteen point

712
01:13:30,300 --> 01:13:36,570
five thousand pounds whereas and a synthetic
replica costs just four thousand pounds.

713
01:13:36,570 --> 01:13:42,090
So when we begin to speculate about the future
of synthetic materials perhaps it's not

714
01:13:42,090 --> 01:13:48,090
too farfetched to think we could create copper,
coltan, gold and silver and bring these materials

715
01:13:48,090 --> 01:13:53,179
to market for a much lower cost than they
are today, which would, invariably reduce

716
01:13:53,179 --> 01:14:00,179
the costs of all technological applications
which depend on these materials.

717
01:14:10,239 --> 01:14:17,239
Construction
Construction employs over 2 million people

718
01:14:24,900 --> 01:14:31,900
in the UK and accounts for just under seven
pecent of the nation's GDP.

719
01:14:31,900 --> 01:14:38,900
Firstly let's look at construction as it
is today. Because of all the different trades

720
01:14:39,330 --> 01:14:45,730
involved, Construction is prone to management
inefficiency and corruption. The actual process

721
01:14:45,730 --> 01:14:52,520
itself is slow, labour intensive & inefficient
as well as being costly and usually over budget

722
01:14:52,520 --> 01:14:58,050
it is also highly wasteful of resources and
responsible for producing vast amounts of

723
01:14:58,050 --> 01:15:04,630
carbon emission. As far as safety is concerned,
construction is more dangerous than both mining

724
01:15:04,630 --> 01:15:10,380
and agriculture. Each year an average of sixty
workers are fatally injured with seventy four

725
01:15:10,380 --> 01:15:17,380
thousand non-fatal injuries.
Now let's look at the alternative. Contour

726
01:15:20,030 --> 01:15:25,590
Crafting is a process developed by the University
of Southern California's Information Sciences

727
01:15:25,590 --> 01:15:30,960
Institute. Though initially conceived as a
method to construct moulds for industrial

728
01:15:30,960 --> 01:15:36,650
parts, the technology of rapid home construction
was proposed as a way to rebuild cities after

729
01:15:36,650 --> 01:15:41,989
natural disasters occurred. Currently it uses
a computer-controlled crane to distribute

730
01:15:41,989 --> 01:15:48,150
concrete layer by layer incorporating, plumbing
and electrical network installation. With

731
01:15:48,150 --> 01:15:53,840
Contour Crafting buildings are rapidly and
efficiently constructed with zero manual labour,

732
01:15:53,840 --> 01:15:59,969
zero waste and little emission. It is estimated
an average family home could be built in less

733
01:15:59,969 --> 01:16:06,340
than twenty hours. However the homes of the
future will not be constrained by today's

734
01:16:06,340 --> 01:16:12,550
architectural limitations for these machines
can extrude intricate and complex designs.

735
01:16:12,550 --> 01:16:18,900
Perhaps the design of your home will only
be limited by your imagination. Now Contour

736
01:16:18,900 --> 01:16:25,190
Crafting is still relatively new, however,
it is easy to see how in the near future this

737
01:16:25,190 --> 01:16:31,320
project could be commercialized as a means
of streamlining the entire construction industry.

738
01:16:31,320 --> 01:16:38,320
Destroying a numbers of not only those associated
with construction but also those of plumbers,

739
01:16:39,239 --> 01:16:46,239
electricians and perhaps even architects.

740
01:16:48,909 --> 01:16:55,909
Education
Today

741
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:10,000
The mainstream method of education currently
requires an all knowing authority figure fulfilling

742
01:17:21,320 --> 01:17:26,870
the role of teacher and relaying imperial
information to student's after which said

743
01:17:26,870 --> 01:17:31,639
teacher will then review and grade the work
of the students. This traditional approach

744
01:17:31,639 --> 01:17:37,730
to learning has been widely criticised throughout
recent years, as it relies on rote memorisation,

745
01:17:37,730 --> 01:17:42,969
teaching students what to think as opposed
to how to think. And using the grading system

746
01:17:42,969 --> 01:17:49,969
has also been shown to create structural classism.
Sugata Mitra is a Professor of Educational

747
01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:04,150
Technology at the University of Newcastle.
His first experiment in child learning began

748
01:18:04,150 --> 01:18:08,710
in 1999 with the hole in the wall project.
Initially, a computer was placed in a kiosk

749
01:18:08,710 --> 01:18:13,900
built within a wall in a slum at New Delhi
and children were allowed to use the computer

750
01:18:13,900 --> 01:18:19,489
freely. The experiment aimed to show that
kids could be taught by computers very easily

751
01:18:19,489 --> 01:18:24,840
without any formal training and independent
of adult supervision. Mitra termed this approach

752
01:18:24,840 --> 01:18:31,840
"Minimally Invasive Education". The experiment
grew and was repeated in many places, currently

753
01:18:31,989 --> 01:18:37,670
there are more than twenty three hole in the
wall kiosks in rural India and in 2004 was

754
01:18:37,670 --> 01:18:44,239
extended to Cambodia. The results have now
demonstrated that groups of children, irrespective

755
01:18:44,239 --> 01:18:49,380
of who they are or where they are, can learn
to use computers and the Internet on their

756
01:18:49,380 --> 01:18:54,920
own, using public computers in open spaces
such as streets and playgrounds, even without

757
01:18:54,920 --> 01:19:01,920
initially knowing any English.
I wanted to test the limits of this system.

758
01:19:02,070 --> 01:19:06,810
The first experiment I did out of Newcastle
was actually done in India and I set myself

759
01:19:06,810 --> 01:19:13,810
an impossible target. Can Tamel speaking twelve
year old children in a south Indian village

760
01:19:16,699 --> 01:19:23,139
teach themselves biotechnology in English
on their own? I thought I'll test them,

761
01:19:23,139 --> 01:19:26,760
they'll get a zero, I'll give them material,
I'll come back and test them, they'll

762
01:19:26,760 --> 01:19:32,760
get another zero, I'll go back and say yes
we need teachers for certain things. I called

763
01:19:32,760 --> 01:19:37,320
in twenty six children they all came in there,
I told them that there's some really difficult

764
01:19:37,320 --> 01:19:41,400
stuff on this computer I wouldn't be surprised
if you didn't understand anything. It's

765
01:19:41,400 --> 01:19:47,300
all in English and I'm going. I came back
after two months, the twenty six children

766
01:19:47,300 --> 01:19:52,170
marched in looking very, very quiet. I said
well, did you look at any of the steps, they

767
01:19:52,170 --> 01:19:59,090
said yes we did, did you understand anything,
they said no, nothing. So I said, well, how

768
01:19:59,090 --> 01:20:03,570
long did you practice on it before you decided
you understood nothing, they said we look

769
01:20:03,570 --> 01:20:07,600
at it every day, so I said for two months
you are looking at stuff you didn't understand,

770
01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:13,260
so a twelve year old girl raises her hand
and says, apart from the fact improper replication

771
01:20:13,260 --> 01:20:17,239
of the DNA molecule causes genetic disease
we've understood nothing else (crowd laughs).

772
01:20:17,239 --> 01:20:24,239
So the schools have gone up from 0% to 30%
which is an educational impossibility under

773
01:20:30,370 --> 01:20:36,219
the circumstances, but 30% is not a pass.
So I found that they had a friend, a local

774
01:20:36,219 --> 01:20:41,600
accountant, a young girl, and they play football
with her. I asked that girl if they would

775
01:20:41,600 --> 01:20:45,190
teach them enough Biotechnology to pass and
she said how would I do that, I don't know

776
01:20:45,190 --> 01:20:48,010
the subject, and I said no, use the method
of the Grandmother, she said what's that

777
01:20:48,010 --> 01:20:55,010
and I said what you've got to do is stand
behind them, and admire them all the time

778
01:20:55,510 --> 01:21:00,090
(crowd laughs), just say to them, that's
cool, that's fantastic, what is that, can

779
01:21:00,090 --> 01:21:04,280
you do that again, can you show me some more.
She did that for 2 months, the score went

780
01:21:04,280 --> 01:21:10,130
up to 50% which is what the posh schools of
New Dehli with the trained Biotechnology teachers

781
01:21:10,130 --> 01:21:17,130
were getting. So I came back to Newcastle
with these results and decided that there

782
01:21:17,360 --> 01:21:24,050
was something happening here that definitely
was getting very serious. Across the River

783
01:21:24,050 --> 01:21:29,320
Thames, five thousand miles from Dehli, is
the little town of Gateshead, in Gateshead

784
01:21:29,320 --> 01:21:36,320
I took thirty two children and I started to
fine tune the method, I made them into groups

785
01:21:36,389 --> 01:21:41,170
of four, I said you make your own groups of
four, each group of four can use one computer,

786
01:21:41,170 --> 01:21:46,699
and not four computers. You can exchange groups,
you can walk across to another group if you

787
01:21:46,699 --> 01:21:51,760
don't like your group etc. You can go to
another group, peer over their shoulder, see

788
01:21:51,760 --> 01:21:58,760
what they're doing, come back to your own
group and claim it as your own work. The children

789
01:21:58,860 --> 01:22:01,590
enthusiastically got up to me and said what
do you want us to do? I gave them six GCSE

790
01:22:01,590 --> 01:22:08,590
questions. The first group, the best one solved
everything, in twenty minutes, the worst,

791
01:22:09,429 --> 01:22:14,360
in forty five, they used everything that they
knew: Newsgroups, Google, Wikipedia, Ask Jeeves

792
01:22:14,360 --> 01:22:21,090
etc. The teachers said, is this deep learning,
I said well, let's try it. I'll come back

793
01:22:21,090 --> 01:22:26,409
after two months, we'll give them a paper
test, no computers, no talking to each other

794
01:22:26,409 --> 01:22:30,310
etc. The average score when I done it with
the computers and the groups was 76%. When

795
01:22:30,310 --> 01:22:37,310
I did the experiment, when I did the test
after two months, the score was... 76%. There

796
01:22:39,540 --> 01:22:45,130
was photographic recall inside the children;
I suspect because they were discussing with

797
01:22:45,130 --> 01:22:51,250
each other, a single child in front of a single
computer will not do that, I have further

798
01:22:51,250 --> 01:22:57,239
results which are, almost unbelievable of
scores which go up with time, because the

799
01:22:57,239 --> 01:23:02,360
teachers say after the session is over, the
children continue to Google further. Here

800
01:23:02,360 --> 01:23:09,360
in Britain I've put in a call for British
Grandmothers, after my Kupum experiment, the

801
01:23:09,780 --> 01:23:16,699
deal was they would give me one hour of broadband
time sitting at their homes, one day in a

802
01:23:16,699 --> 01:23:23,540
week. So they did that and over the last two
years, over six hundred hours of instructions

803
01:23:23,540 --> 01:23:29,699
have been over Skype, using what my students
call, the Granny Cloud. (Girl in class talking)

804
01:23:29,699 --> 01:23:36,699
Back in Gateshead, a ten year old girl gets
into the heart of Hinduism, in fifteen minutes,

805
01:23:37,280 --> 01:23:44,280
you know stuff which don't know, anything
about (crowd laughs), Two children watch a

806
01:23:44,739 --> 01:23:50,830
TED talk, they wanted to be footballers before,
after watching eight TED talks, he wants to

807
01:23:50,830 --> 01:23:57,830
become Leonardo Da Vinci (crowd laughs) (applause),
it's pretty simple stuff. This is what I'm

808
01:24:00,389 --> 01:24:07,389
building now, they are called SOLEs, Self-Organised
Learning Environments, the furniture is designed

809
01:24:07,900 --> 01:24:13,909
so children can sit in front of big, powerful
screens, big broadband connections but in

810
01:24:13,909 --> 01:24:19,830
groups. If they want they can call the Granny
Cloud, this is a SOLE in Newcastle, the mediator

811
01:24:19,830 --> 01:24:26,830
is from Umea, India. So how far can we go,
I think we've just stumbled across a self-organising

812
01:24:27,150 --> 01:24:32,909
system. A self-organising system is one where
a structure appears without explicit intervention

813
01:24:32,909 --> 01:24:38,369
from the outside, self-organising systems
also always show emergence, which is when

814
01:24:38,369 --> 01:24:43,570
the system starts to do things which it was
never designed for, which is why you react

815
01:24:43,570 --> 01:24:49,969
the way you do because it looks impossible.
I think I can make a guess now, education

816
01:24:49,969 --> 01:24:54,940
is organising system, where learning is an
emergent phenomenon, it will take a few years

817
01:24:54,940 --> 01:24:59,380
to prove it experimentally but I'm going
to try but in the meanwhile there is a method

818
01:24:59,380 --> 01:25:04,239
available. One billion children, we will need
one hundred million mediators, there are many

819
01:25:04,239 --> 01:25:09,550
more than that on the planet, ten million
SOLEs, one hundred and eighty billion dollars

820
01:25:09,550 --> 01:25:13,030
and ten years, we could change everything!

821
01:25:13,030 --> 01:25:20,030
So, children left to their own devices are
capable of self-learning, perhaps limited

822
01:25:20,719 --> 01:25:27,360
only by their ability to search for information.
But what if this process was made easier?

823
01:25:27,360 --> 01:25:33,480
What if there was a website which consolidated
a vast range of subjects with short educational

824
01:25:33,480 --> 01:25:39,820
explanatory videos, detailing almost every
aspect of mathematics, history, healthcare,

825
01:25:39,820 --> 01:25:46,820
medicine, finance, physics, chemistry, biology,
astronomy, economics, cosmology, civics and

826
01:25:47,960 --> 01:25:53,619
computer science. Well that website exists;
it's called the Kahn academy, developed

827
01:25:53,619 --> 01:25:59,170
by Salman Kahn in 2006. The site currently
has more than 4,000 micro lectures and has

828
01:25:59,170 --> 01:26:05,000
delivered over two hundred and forty million
lessons worldwide. In fact the Kahn academy

829
01:26:05,000 --> 01:26:11,440
has been so successful it is likely the primary
inspiration behind Academic Earth, which has

830
01:26:11,440 --> 01:26:17,580
evolved the concept to include actual lectures
form more than forty top US colleges including

831
01:26:17,580 --> 01:26:24,580
Harvard, MIT, Princeton, Stanford, and Yale.
Since Academic Earth, a group of educators

832
01:26:24,610 --> 01:26:31,050
from Stanford University have formed Coursea.
Adopting the same premise as Kahn and Academic

833
01:26:31,050 --> 01:26:38,050
Earth, However, with Coursea upon the completion
of on-line courses, students are awarded certificates

834
01:26:38,270 --> 01:26:44,199
which can and indeed have been used to gain
employment and in some cases, as a substitute

835
01:26:44,199 --> 01:26:51,199
for credit in real world educational institutions.

836
01:26:54,179 --> 01:27:01,179
Arts & Entertainment
Incentive

837
01:27:06,850 --> 01:27:13,850
In looking at the future of the arts in relation
to jobs, I feel an important distinction must

838
01:27:15,100 --> 01:27:18,570
be drawn.
There are really two concepts of employment

839
01:27:18,570 --> 01:27:25,449
which tends to go unacknowledged. The first
is driven by financial necessity. This version

840
01:27:25,449 --> 01:27:30,770
makes employment something we submit to in
order to gain access to our life supporting

841
01:27:30,770 --> 01:27:36,500
needs; the other is driven by passion, making
employment a creative outlet where financial

842
01:27:36,500 --> 01:27:43,500
stability is a by-product and not the primary
motivation. In fact when it comes to art,

843
01:27:43,760 --> 01:27:50,760
or any process involving creativity, monetary
rewards are actually in-verse to productivity.

844
01:27:55,940 --> 01:28:01,440
Our motivations are unbelievably interesting.
The science is really surprising. The science

845
01:28:01,440 --> 01:28:08,290
is a little bit freaky, okay. We are not as
endlessly manipulable and predictable as you

846
01:28:08,290 --> 01:28:13,139
would think. There's a whole set of unbelievably
interesting studies. I want to give you two

847
01:28:13,139 --> 01:28:17,159
that call into question this whole idea that
if you reward something you get more of the

848
01:28:17,159 --> 01:28:19,520
behaviour you want, if you punish something
you get less of it.

849
01:28:19,520 --> 01:28:25,920
So let's go from London to the mean streets
of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the northeastern

850
01:28:25,920 --> 01:28:29,260
part of the United States, and let's talk
about a study done at MIT -- Massachusetts

851
01:28:29,260 --> 01:28:33,280
Institute of Technology. Here's what they
did: they took a whole group of students and

852
01:28:33,280 --> 01:28:39,330
gave them a set of challenges. Things like
memorizing a string of digits, solving word

853
01:28:39,330 --> 01:28:43,600
puzzles, other kinds of spatial puzzles, even
physical tasks like throwing a ball through

854
01:28:43,600 --> 01:28:48,239
a hoop. They gave 'em these challenges and
they said to incentivize their performance,

855
01:28:48,239 --> 01:28:53,010
they gave them three levels of rewards, okay.
So if you did pretty well you got a small

856
01:28:53,010 --> 01:28:58,580
monetary reward, if you did medium well you
got a medium reward, and if you did really

857
01:28:58,580 --> 01:29:03,630
well, if you were one of the top performers,
you got a large cash prize. We've seen this

858
01:29:03,630 --> 01:29:09,210
movie before. This is a typical motivation
scheme within organizations. Right? We reward

859
01:29:09,210 --> 01:29:14,960
the very top performers, we ignore the low
performers, and the folks in the middle...okay,

860
01:29:14,960 --> 01:29:20,639
you get a little. So what happens? They do
the test, they have these incentives, and

861
01:29:20,639 --> 01:29:25,820
here's what they found out:
(1) As long as the task involved only mechanical

862
01:29:25,820 --> 01:29:31,610
skill, bonuses worked as would be expected:
the higher the pay, the better the performance.

863
01:29:31,610 --> 01:29:37,719
That makes sense. But here's what happened:
once the test called for even rudimentary

864
01:29:37,719 --> 01:29:44,719
cognitive skill, a larger reward led to poorer
performance! Now this is strange...a larger

865
01:29:45,469 --> 01:29:50,070
reward led to poorer performance. How can
that possibly be? Now what's interesting about

866
01:29:50,070 --> 01:29:55,420
this is that the folks who did it are all
economists -- two at MIT, one at the University

867
01:29:55,420 --> 01:29:59,440
of Chicago, one at Carnegie Mellon -- okay,
the top tier of the economics profession,

868
01:29:59,440 --> 01:30:04,650
and they're reaching this conclusion that
seems contrary to what most of us learned

869
01:30:04,650 --> 01:30:08,699
in economics, which is that the higher the
reward, the better the performance. And they're

870
01:30:08,699 --> 01:30:15,699
saying, once you get above rudimentary cognitive
skill, it's the other way around. The idea

871
01:30:16,159 --> 01:30:21,650
that these rewards don't work that way seems
vaguely left wing and socialist, doesn't it?

872
01:30:21,650 --> 01:30:26,880
It's this weird, socialist conspiracy. For
those of you who have those conspiracy theories,

873
01:30:26,880 --> 01:30:32,230
I want to point out the notoriously left-wing
socialist group that financed the research:

874
01:30:32,230 --> 01:30:37,489
the Federal Reserve Bank -- the most mainstream
of the mainstream coming to a conclusion that

875
01:30:37,489 --> 01:30:43,219
seems to defy the laws of behavioural physics!
So this is strange, strange findings. So what

876
01:30:43,219 --> 01:30:49,860
do they do? They say let's go test it somewhere
else. Maybe that $50, $60 prize isn't sufficiently

877
01:30:49,860 --> 01:30:56,770
motivating for MIT students. Let's go to a
place where $50 is more significant relatively.

878
01:30:56,770 --> 01:31:00,659
So we're gonna take the experiment and go
to Madurai, India -- rural India -- where

879
01:31:00,659 --> 01:31:05,810
$50, $60, whatever the number was is actually
a significant sum of money. So they replicated

880
01:31:05,810 --> 01:31:11,020
the experiment in India roughly as follows:
the small rewards were roughly the equivalent

881
01:31:11,020 --> 01:31:18,020
of two weeks' salary; medium performance,
about a month's salary; high performance,

882
01:31:20,320 --> 01:31:25,780
about two months' salary. Those are good incentives,
so you're probably goanna get a different

883
01:31:25,780 --> 01:31:31,409
result here. But what happened was that, the
people offered the medium reward did no better

884
01:31:31,409 --> 01:31:35,280
than the people offered the small reward.
But this time around the people offered the

885
01:31:35,280 --> 01:31:40,139
highest reward did worst of all! Higher incentives
led to worse performances. What's interesting

886
01:31:40,139 --> 01:31:44,540
about this is it isn't all that anomalous.
This has been replicated over and over and

887
01:31:44,540 --> 01:31:51,130
over again by psychologists, by sociologists,
and by economists -- over and over and over

888
01:31:51,130 --> 01:31:55,540
again. For simple, straightforward tasks,
these kinds of incentives -- "If you do

889
01:31:55,540 --> 01:31:59,780
this then you get that" -- they're great.
For tasks that are algorithmic, you just follow

890
01:31:59,780 --> 01:32:06,780
a set of rules; get a right answer, if then,
carrots and sticks...outstanding. But when

891
01:32:09,340 --> 01:32:13,840
a task gets more complicated, when it requires
some conceptual, creative thinking, those

892
01:32:13,840 --> 01:32:20,840
kinds of motivators demonstrably don't work.
Fact: money is a motivator at work, but in

893
01:32:21,030 --> 01:32:25,639
a slightly strange way. If you don't pay people
enough they won't be motivated. What's curious

894
01:32:25,639 --> 01:32:30,030
is there's another paradox here, that the
best use of money as a motivator is to pay

895
01:32:30,030 --> 01:32:34,630
people enough to take the issue of money off
the table. Pay people enough that they're

896
01:32:34,630 --> 01:32:38,330
not thinking about money, they're thinking
about the work. Once you do that, it turns

897
01:32:38,330 --> 01:32:44,080
out there are three factors that science shows
lead to better performance, not to mention

898
01:32:44,080 --> 01:32:48,389
personal satisfaction: autonomy, mastery,
and purpose.

899
01:32:48,389 --> 01:32:53,110
Autonomy is our desire to be self-directed
-- to direct our own lives. In many ways,

900
01:32:53,110 --> 01:32:57,650
traditional notions of management runs afoul
of that. Management is great if you want compliance;

901
01:32:57,650 --> 01:33:01,119
but if you want engagement, which is what
we want in the workplace today as people are

902
01:33:01,119 --> 01:33:06,210
doing more complicated, sophisticated things,
self-direction is better. Let me give you

903
01:33:06,210 --> 01:33:10,540
some examples of this. One of the most radical
forms of self-direction in the workplace that

904
01:33:10,540 --> 01:33:16,500
leads to good results. Let's start with Atlassian
-- an Australian software company, and they

905
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:20,520
do something really cool. Once a
quarter on a Thursday afternoon, they say

906
01:33:20,520 --> 01:33:25,550
to their developers, "For the next 24 hours
you can work anything you want. You can work

907
01:33:25,550 --> 01:33:29,190
on it the way you want, you can work on it
with whoever you want. All we ask is that

908
01:33:29,190 --> 01:33:33,280
you show those results to the company at the
end of the 24 hours." And it's a fun kind

909
01:33:33,280 --> 01:33:40,139
of meeting, with beer and cake, and fun, and
other things like that. It turns out that

910
01:33:40,139 --> 01:33:46,790
that one day of pure, undiluted autonomy has
led to a whole array of fixes for existing

911
01:33:46,790 --> 01:33:51,840
software, a whole array of ideas for new products
that otherwise would have never emerged. One

912
01:33:51,840 --> 01:33:54,119
day!
Now this is not an "if then" incentive.

913
01:33:54,119 --> 01:33:57,139
This is not the sort of thing I would have
done three years ago, before I heard this

914
01:33:57,139 --> 01:34:01,969
research. I would've said, you want people
to be creative and innovative? Give 'em a

915
01:34:01,969 --> 01:34:05,460
freakin innovation bonus. "If you can do
something cool, I'll give you $2,500." They're

916
01:34:05,460 --> 01:34:09,429
not doing this at all. They're essentially
saying, you probably wanna do something interesting,

917
01:34:09,429 --> 01:34:13,989
let me just get out of your way. One day of
autonomy produces things that would never

918
01:34:13,989 --> 01:34:16,730
emerge.
Now let's talk about mastery. Mastery is our

919
01:34:16,730 --> 01:34:21,739
urge to get better at stuff. We like to get
better at stuff. This is why people play musical

920
01:34:21,739 --> 01:34:27,369
instruments on the weekend. These people act
in ways that don't make any sense economically.

921
01:34:27,369 --> 01:34:33,179
They play musical instruments on the weekends.
Why? It's not gonna make them any money. 'Cause

922
01:34:33,179 --> 01:34:38,040
it's fun. 'Cause you get better at it, and
that's satisfying. Go back in time a little

923
01:34:38,040 --> 01:34:42,949
bit. Imagine. I imagine if I went to my first
economics professor, a woman named Mary Alice

924
01:34:42,949 --> 01:34:49,489
Shulman, if I went to her in 1983 and said,
"Professor Shulman, can I talk to you after

925
01:34:49,489 --> 01:34:54,020
class a minute? I got this inkling...I've
got this idea for a business model; I just

926
01:34:54,020 --> 01:34:59,790
wanna run it past you. Here's how it would
work: you get a bunch of people around the

927
01:34:59,790 --> 01:35:06,060
world that are doing highly skilled work,
but they're willing to do it for free and

928
01:35:06,060 --> 01:35:11,119
volunteer their time -- twenty, sometimes
thirty hours a week." She's looking at me

929
01:35:11,119 --> 01:35:16,770
somewhat skeptically now. "Oh, but I'm not
done! Then, what they create, they give it

930
01:35:16,770 --> 01:35:23,770
away rather than sell it. It's gonna be huge!"
She would have thought I was insane. It seems

931
01:35:24,719 --> 01:35:30,449
to fly in the face of so many things. But
you have Linux powering servers in one out

932
01:35:30,449 --> 01:35:36,010
of four Fortune 500 companies. You have Apache
powering more than the majority of web servers.

933
01:35:36,010 --> 01:35:40,949
You have Wikipedia. What's going on? Why are
people doing this? Why are these people, many

934
01:35:40,949 --> 01:35:46,989
of whom are technically sophisticated, highly
skilled people--who have jobs, they have jobs,

935
01:35:46,989 --> 01:35:53,989
they're working at jobs for pay doing sophisticated
technical work -- and yet, during their limited

936
01:35:54,239 --> 01:36:00,510
discretionary time, they do equally if not
more technically sophisticated work, not for

937
01:36:00,510 --> 01:36:06,219
their employer, but for someone else for free!
That's a strange economic behavior! Economists

938
01:36:06,219 --> 01:36:12,070
have looked into it: why are they doing this?
It's overwhelmingly clear: challenge and mastery,

939
01:36:12,070 --> 01:36:15,360
along with making a contribution, that's it.
What you're seeing, more and more, what's

940
01:36:15,360 --> 01:36:21,090
arising is what you might call the purpose
motive. Organizations want to have some kind

941
01:36:21,090 --> 01:36:25,239
of transcendent purpose -- partly because
it makes coming to work better, partly because

942
01:36:25,239 --> 01:36:31,530
that's the way to get better talent. And what
we're seeing now is when the profit motive

943
01:36:31,530 --> 01:36:37,540
becomes unmoored from the purpose motive,
bad things happen. Bad things ethically sometimes,

944
01:36:37,540 --> 01:36:44,540
but also bad things like just like not good
stuff. Like crappy products, like lame services,

945
01:36:45,020 --> 01:36:50,489
like uninspiring places to work. When the
profit motive is paramount or when it becomes

946
01:36:50,489 --> 01:36:56,040
completely unhitched from the purpose motive,
people don't do great things.

947
01:36:56,040 --> 01:36:59,830
More and more organizations are realizing
this, sort of disturbing the categories between

948
01:36:59,830 --> 01:37:05,489
what's profit and what's purpose. And I think
that heralds something interesting. I think

949
01:37:05,489 --> 01:37:09,940
the companies that are flourishing, whether
they're non-profit, for profit, or somewhere

950
01:37:09,940 --> 01:37:13,800
in between, are animated by this purpose model.
Let me give you a few examples: Here's the

951
01:37:13,800 --> 01:37:18,639
founder of Skype. He says our goal is to be
disruptive but in the cause of making the

952
01:37:18,639 --> 01:37:25,400
world a better place, pretty good purpose.
Here's Steve Jobs. I wanna put a ding in the

953
01:37:25,400 --> 01:37:29,580
universe. Alright, that's the kind of thing
that might get you up in the morning racing

954
01:37:29,580 --> 01:37:35,139
to go to work.
So I think we are purpose maximizers, not

955
01:37:35,139 --> 01:37:40,460
only profit maximizers. The science shows
that we care very, very deeply about mastery,

956
01:37:40,460 --> 01:37:44,489
and the science shows that we want to be self-
directed. So I think the big takeaway here

957
01:37:44,489 --> 01:37:50,969
is that if we start treating people like people,
and not assuming they're simply horses -- slower,

958
01:37:50,969 --> 01:37:56,110
smaller, better smelling horses -- if we
get past this ideology of carrots and sticks

959
01:37:56,110 --> 01:38:01,280
and look at the science, I think we can actually
build organizations and work lives that make

960
01:38:01,280 --> 01:38:04,940
us better off, and I think we also have the
promise to make our world just a little bit

961
01:38:04,940 --> 01:38:06,909
better.

962
01:38:06,909 --> 01:38:13,909
So, while the all the mundane repetitive jobs
are being assigned to machines, the jobs which

963
01:38:17,199 --> 01:38:24,179
exist outside of a computer's creative capabilities,
are in fact jobs which would exist regardless

964
01:38:24,179 --> 01:38:30,530
of financial reward and in fact produce better
results without the incentive.

965
01:38:30,530 --> 01:38:37,530
Media
Earlier we looked at the possibility of certain

966
01:38:38,969 --> 01:38:43,380
media companies becoming exclusive to app
form, but what would the future of media look

967
01:38:43,380 --> 01:38:49,560
like if a website such as Youtube, decided
to adopt the same feature of paid-subscription

968
01:38:49,560 --> 01:38:56,560
viewing? Incorporating say, an embedded planner
interface? Well for one, YouTube would have

969
01:38:57,010 --> 01:39:02,330
an immediate advantage as their planer could
be customizable, and rather than having pay

970
01:39:02,330 --> 01:39:07,929
for an entire package of channels, users would
have the option of paying for individual programing.

971
01:39:07,929 --> 01:39:12,010
The programs themselves would no longer be
constrained by the time slot limitations of

972
01:39:12,010 --> 01:39:19,010
a typical TV network, for each program could
have its own channel. But this is all merely

973
01:39:19,010 --> 01:39:25,810
speculation right? Well no, turns out YouTube
are currently preparing to switch on live

974
01:39:25,810 --> 01:39:28,969
stream subscription viewing.

975
01:39:28,969 --> 01:39:34,489
Film
The most profitable sector in the entertainment

976
01:39:34,489 --> 01:39:40,610
business is the film industry. One of the
reasons is due to just how expensive it is

977
01:39:40,610 --> 01:39:46,409
to actually make a film, accounting for the
sheer amount of people involved in production.

978
01:39:46,409 --> 01:39:51,540
But many production elements are quickly becoming
redundant by the ever improving capabilities

979
01:39:51,540 --> 01:39:58,540
of GCI. If filming outside; you only have
a few of hours of light each day to maintain

980
01:40:03,469 --> 01:40:10,469
continuity. With CGI, backdrops and lighting
can be controlled in a green lit studio. As

981
01:40:13,909 --> 01:40:20,909
far as on screen performance, movies tend
to have dozens of actors each requiring multiple

982
01:40:21,020 --> 01:40:28,020
takes of a scene and character CGI has typically
been reserved for cartoonish features. Well,

983
01:40:30,780 --> 01:40:36,969
as the technology advances CGI is getting
ever closer to reflecting reality.

984
01:40:36,969 --> 01:40:43,969
Ok first thing smile, frown, look mean, eyebrows
up, eyebrows down, move your mouth around

985
01:40:48,989 --> 01:40:55,989
like this, now go A, A, E, E, I, I, O, U,
very good.

986
01:41:00,219 --> 01:41:07,119
With CGI an actor could perform every scene
of a movie inside a green lit studio and since

987
01:41:07,119 --> 01:41:13,659
his image is rendered, you could have a single
actor performing multiple rolls. perhaps every

988
01:41:13,659 --> 01:41:20,070
roll in the entire movie could be performed
by just 4 or 5 actors and since their emotions

989
01:41:20,070 --> 01:41:25,090
would be captured and stored on the computers,
in the future, rather than having to shoot

990
01:41:25,090 --> 01:41:31,440
a scene over and over until finally getting
the desired emotional response, perhaps directors

991
01:41:31,440 --> 01:41:37,400
will have the option of choosing from a database
of preprogramed actions.

992
01:41:37,400 --> 01:41:42,679
All of this implying mass reduction in the
volume of people needed to make a film. Now,

993
01:41:42,679 --> 01:41:47,330
I'm sure many will see the lump of labour
fallacy here, and point out that new jobs

994
01:41:47,330 --> 01:41:54,330
would emerge in the form building the CGI,
however, video games are entirely CGI, and

995
01:41:54,560 --> 01:42:01,560
the development of a game currently cost between
$500k--$5M compared that with the starting

996
01:42:02,489 --> 01:42:08,389
price of two hundred million dollars for a
Hollywood movie. And then there's the open

997
01:42:08,389 --> 01:42:14,400
source community. Blender for one is an open
source 3D modelling program. Since the blender

998
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:19,889
project began, a community of volunteers have
downloaded the source code and over time,

999
01:42:19,889 --> 01:42:25,570
made gradual improvements to the programs
functionality. Today blender is capable of

1000
01:42:25,570 --> 01:42:29,520
producing this.
Why don't you just admit that you're freaked

1001
01:42:29,520 --> 01:42:36,520
out by my robot hand?
Ahggg c'mon

1002
01:42:41,500 --> 01:42:48,500
Human!
This is pretty freaky

1003
01:42:59,460 --> 01:43:06,460
"Tears of Steel"

1004
01:43:10,239 --> 01:43:17,239
Professional, Scientific & Technical

1005
01:43:21,020 --> 01:43:25,489
This sector covers a vast range of jobs and
I feel it would be far too time consuming

1006
01:43:25,489 --> 01:43:31,469
to address each in great detail. So let's
run through these quickly. The workload typically

1007
01:43:31,469 --> 01:43:35,690
required with legal advice and representation,
is now being diminished through the use of

1008
01:43:35,690 --> 01:43:41,699
e-discovery, which enables 1 lawyer to do
the work of 500

1009
01:43:41,699 --> 01:43:45,830
Accounting services are being replaced with
software such as KashFlow which can actually

1010
01:43:45,830 --> 01:43:52,830
track bank transactions, obviating the need
for manual input accounting.

1011
01:43:53,969 --> 01:43:58,710
Translation and interpretation services are
also replaceable with software such as Lingual

1012
01:43:58,710 --> 01:44:05,710
which uses apple's Siri technology to translate
between 35 languages in real-time.

1013
01:44:18,050 --> 01:44:22,349
Architectural work may over time become less
of a specialist subject. As computers grew

1014
01:44:22,349 --> 01:44:26,889
throughout the 90's necessity demanded the
majority of us familiarize ourselves with

1015
01:44:26,889 --> 01:44:32,520
operating systems. I believe the advancements
in 3D printing will demand that people become

1016
01:44:32,520 --> 01:44:38,469
failure with computer aided design. And as
the software improves, much of the architectural

1017
01:44:38,469 --> 01:44:45,469
process could be constructed in a program
similar to a Sims game.

1018
01:44:46,219 --> 01:44:53,219
Engineering, Computer system design, Photography
and Scientific research all seem to fall under

1019
01:44:55,270 --> 01:45:02,270
the umbrella of creativity which as demonstrated
earlier would exist regardless of paid employment.

1020
01:45:04,690 --> 01:45:09,150
Advertising services may be under threat if
YouTube were to eliminate their competition

1021
01:45:09,150 --> 01:45:16,150
and also incorporate a paid viewing feature
which disables advertising.

1022
01:45:16,420 --> 01:45:23,420
Consulting services I think can easily be
replaced with advanced voice recognition software.

1023
01:45:27,690 --> 01:45:34,690
Administrative & Support Services

1024
01:45:47,679 --> 01:45:54,679
The core job of an administrator is to process,
filter, organize and categorise personal data.

1025
01:45:55,080 --> 01:46:00,960
Facebook has recently shown the potential
of account synchronization. Instead of having

1026
01:46:00,960 --> 01:46:06,550
to fill out a form every time we register
to a new website, Now we have the single click

1027
01:46:06,550 --> 01:46:11,639
option of "register through Facebook",
where all the user has to do I click this

1028
01:46:11,639 --> 01:46:18,010
button and the website dose the rest. Of course
Facebook is a social network and likely contains

1029
01:46:18,010 --> 01:46:24,360
information not necessarily relevant to third
party organizations. But if the government

1030
01:46:24,360 --> 01:46:29,719
were to further the train of thought here,
we could instate a nationalised social HUB,

1031
01:46:29,719 --> 01:46:34,750
whereby those of us with say a national insurance
number, could at least have the option of

1032
01:46:34,750 --> 01:46:39,710
having our relevant details authenticated
and synced with our national insurance accounts,

1033
01:46:39,710 --> 01:46:45,110
and once the information has been submitted
and synced, applying for government benefits,

1034
01:46:45,110 --> 01:46:50,199
bank loans, college placements or even making
a dentist appointment, could all be achieved

1035
01:46:50,199 --> 01:46:56,500
much faster through the on-line hub, reducing
our dependency on the processing requirements

1036
01:46:56,500 --> 01:47:02,380
of these time consuming middlemen, and having
a regulated information HUB could also extend

1037
01:47:02,380 --> 01:47:07,429
to the elimination or at the very least a
downgrading of the postal service, for all

1038
01:47:07,429 --> 01:47:14,429
forms of documentation could be securely transferred
electronically to authenticated email addresses.

1039
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:30,400
Financial & Insurance

1040
01:47:43,940 --> 01:47:49,219
The world of finances and insurance is obviously
dependent upon the circulation of money. So

1041
01:47:49,219 --> 01:47:54,500
rather than address specific elements of this
sector, it's perhaps easier to simply look

1042
01:47:54,500 --> 01:48:00,659
at the root cause of our pending financial
collapse. Far from automated systems the fall

1043
01:48:00,659 --> 01:48:07,659
of the global financial economy, will result
from simple causation principles in mathematics.

1044
01:48:08,219 --> 01:48:12,199
Almost every form of trade in the world is
represented through currency. Currency is

1045
01:48:12,199 --> 01:48:19,199
a proclamation where a certain value is identified
by a number. One pound will represent a value,

1046
01:48:20,090 --> 01:48:25,409
which can differ slightly between traders
but generally holds an accepted range, and

1047
01:48:25,409 --> 01:48:31,210
this ranging value is not determined or decided
by politicians or bankers, it's a value

1048
01:48:31,210 --> 01:48:38,030
derived from the market. When calculating
the cost of housing, energy, transportation,

1049
01:48:38,030 --> 01:48:43,780
as well as goods and services, we are presented
with a consumer price index and thus derive

1050
01:48:43,780 --> 01:48:50,110
the overall market value of the pound. The
markets themselves are predicated on consumer

1051
01:48:50,110 --> 01:48:55,770
spending. So if all consumers continually
spend the same amount, the markets prices

1052
01:48:55,770 --> 01:49:02,770
would stabilize and the economy could potentially
function harmoniously, neither growing nor

1053
01:49:03,070 --> 01:49:07,900
contracting. But let's step back and look
at where money actually comes from in the

1054
01:49:07,900 --> 01:49:14,900
first place. All money in circulation was
created by and is the property of the central

1055
01:49:16,300 --> 01:49:23,060
bank, in our case the bank of England. This
bank loans money to the commercial and investment

1056
01:49:23,060 --> 01:49:29,590
banks, which then issue loans themselves to
rival banks, consumers and businesses, so

1057
01:49:29,590 --> 01:49:35,880
since we are all trading borrowed money, cyclical
consumption is not only a necessity for ensuring

1058
01:49:35,880 --> 01:49:42,650
the integrity of the pound, it is also a requirement
for the banks, thus the currency, to remain

1059
01:49:42,650 --> 01:49:49,650
operational. Only one problem with this, this
borrowing from the banks process isn't quite

1060
01:49:50,060 --> 01:49:54,880
the same as a game of Monopoly where a friend
might loan you some cash until you pass go!

1061
01:49:54,880 --> 01:50:00,239
All the money borrowed from both the central
and commercial banks, has to be paid back

1062
01:50:00,239 --> 01:50:06,929
with interest, but since the interest is in
fact NOT created alongside the initial loan,

1063
01:50:06,929 --> 01:50:12,670
the ability to pay back more money than exists
in principle is a mathematical impossibility

1064
01:50:12,670 --> 01:50:19,670
if the goal was maintaining economic harmony.
So instead we try to resolve the problem generated

1065
01:50:20,739 --> 01:50:26,449
with interest, through a process called quantitative
easing, in which the banks may temporarily

1066
01:50:26,449 --> 01:50:31,310
lower interest rates and the government will
often borrow even more money at interest,

1067
01:50:31,310 --> 01:50:36,329
in an effort to grow the economy.
See rather than address the fundamental flaw

1068
01:50:36,329 --> 01:50:43,329
of this system, we instead perpetuate an infinite
growth paradigm, which of course, is ultimately

1069
01:50:44,199 --> 01:50:50,949
unsustainable on a finite planet, and in looking
at the numbers it doesn't seem this quantitative

1070
01:50:50,949 --> 01:50:57,340
easing has had much effect, here's the average
monthly consumer costs in 2008, compared with

1071
01:50:57,340 --> 01:51:04,340
today, we have an overall price increase of
25% while wages during the same time only

1072
01:51:04,840 --> 01:51:11,840
rose by 6%. These results are simply because
perpetual growth is unsustainable and Bankruptcy,

1073
01:51:13,469 --> 01:51:19,300
redundancy, foreclosure, administrations,
liquidations, loan defaults and the raising

1074
01:51:19,300 --> 01:51:24,219
of a country's debt ceiling, are all built
in consequential and we should expect nothing

1075
01:51:24,219 --> 01:51:31,219
ells of this system.

1076
01:51:39,460 --> 01:51:46,460
Other
Having looked at each sector of employment,

1077
01:51:56,500 --> 01:52:02,239
it appears we are heading towards a fully
automated economy, some might say this would

1078
01:52:02,239 --> 01:52:08,179
still require lots of human workers? Machines
after all do have at least one constraint,

1079
01:52:08,179 --> 01:52:13,949
while they can work without a monetary incentive,
the do require energy.

1080
01:52:13,949 --> 01:52:19,150
Our current methods of energy cultivation
result in the depletion of natural oil and

1081
01:52:19,150 --> 01:52:25,000
the burning of CO2 emitting fossil fuels,
but these methods are wasteful, cumbersome

1082
01:52:25,000 --> 01:52:30,349
and quite frankly out-dated. Solutions to
the energy crisis are often cited in the form

1083
01:52:30,349 --> 01:52:36,260
of nuclear power, but after the disasters
in Japan, perhaps we should be looking to

1084
01:52:36,260 --> 01:52:41,730
cleaner, safer solutions.
Solar energy is gradually becoming more and

1085
01:52:41,730 --> 01:52:45,949
more accepted by the mainstream, even the
government are incentivising home owners to

1086
01:52:45,949 --> 01:52:51,530
adopt solar panels with the Feed-In Tariffs
scheme, where participants will be compensated

1087
01:52:51,530 --> 01:52:57,650
for any surplus energy generated. While an
initial solar panel investment may deter some

1088
01:52:57,650 --> 01:53:02,929
of us, it's reassuring to know that the
cost of solar is currently dropping at a rate

1089
01:53:02,929 --> 01:53:09,929
of 30% per year. But could we really sustain
our energy needs on solar panels alone? Well

1090
01:53:10,440 --> 01:53:14,320
firstly, solar technology is not limited to
buildings.

1091
01:53:14,320 --> 01:53:19,909
An American company called solar roadways
are developing photovoltaic solar roads. With

1092
01:53:19,909 --> 01:53:24,989
current technology it is estimated that full
integration of solar roads across the US,

1093
01:53:24,989 --> 01:53:30,000
would generate enough power to satisfy the
current energy usage of the entire planet.

1094
01:53:30,000 --> 01:53:35,579
These roads also incorporate LED displays
which could probably be programed to coincide

1095
01:53:35,579 --> 01:53:40,730
with autonomous vehicles ensuring even greater
road safety. The roads in colder climates

1096
01:53:40,730 --> 01:53:45,679
would be installed with embedded heating elements,
eliminating ice and snow hazards as well as

1097
01:53:45,679 --> 01:53:52,679
the required jobs of snow ploughs and gritters.
Solar energy aside, how about wind? According

1098
01:53:55,070 --> 01:54:00,820
to the US department of energy, if wind turbines
were fully harvested in just 3 of Americas

1099
01:54:00,820 --> 01:54:07,679
50 states, the energy cultivated would be
enough to power the whole of the USA. But

1100
01:54:07,679 --> 01:54:13,150
wind farming is also not limited to the gigantic
turbines which most of us are aware of. We

1101
01:54:13,150 --> 01:54:19,260
could be utilizing vertical axis wind turbines
with magnetic bearings, which cause the wind

1102
01:54:19,260 --> 01:54:24,960
vain to levitate. Reducing the friction and
cut-in wind speed usually hindered by gears.

1103
01:54:24,960 --> 01:54:29,150
You could literally blow on these things and
create energy,

1104
01:54:29,150 --> 01:54:35,880
So what happens when we placed vertical axis
turbines inside street lamps? Well, when a

1105
01:54:35,880 --> 01:54:40,980
vehicle drives past it creates a gust of wind
and in turn powers the lights.

1106
01:54:40,980 --> 01:54:47,980
Then we have tidal power. According to Crown
Estate, the UK has the potential to harness

1107
01:54:48,310 --> 01:54:55,310
up to 153 gigawatts, accounting for more than
20% of our current energy usage. They also

1108
01:54:55,500 --> 01:55:02,500
found a potential 27 gigawatts from wave energy.
And then of course we have geothermal power.

1109
01:55:04,099 --> 01:55:09,389
So here's the earth, in countries like Canada
and the United States seasons come and go.

1110
01:55:09,389 --> 01:55:13,090
In the summer months it can be quite warm
and in the winter very cold, while the temperature

1111
01:55:13,090 --> 01:55:16,810
of the surface for the earth changes with
the seasons, the temperature of the ground

1112
01:55:16,810 --> 01:55:21,290
below the surface does not. Even at just two
meters or six feet under the ground it is

1113
01:55:21,290 --> 01:55:26,690
about fifteen degrees Celsius or sixty degrees
farenheight all year round. Geothermal takes

1114
01:55:26,690 --> 01:55:31,290
advantage of this consistent temperature and
uses it to heat and cool homes. So how does

1115
01:55:31,290 --> 01:55:35,260
it work? First, a large hole is made into
the ground and filled with a series of pipes

1116
01:55:35,260 --> 01:55:39,940
a special heat absorbing fluid constantly
runs through the pipes. In the winter, heat

1117
01:55:39,940 --> 01:55:43,739
from the ground is absorbed into the pipes
and pushed upwards where it can be circulated

1118
01:55:43,739 --> 01:55:48,599
throughout the house. In the summer the process
is reversed, heat from the house is absorbed

1119
01:55:48,599 --> 01:55:52,510
into the pipes and pushed downwards where
it can be stores within the cooler earth.

1120
01:55:52,510 --> 01:55:57,719
So what are the benefits of geothermal heating?
Well for one you can save a lot of money geothermal

1121
01:55:57,719 --> 01:56:02,010
uses way less energy to operate and this means
a heating bill that is up to eighty percent

1122
01:56:02,010 --> 01:56:06,719
lower than that of a traditional heating system,
secondly geothermal doesn't run on fossil

1123
01:56:06,719 --> 01:56:11,699
fuels like oil or gas and therefore produces
significantly less greenhouse gasses. So,

1124
01:56:11,699 --> 01:56:18,699
look into geothermal today for a cleaner and
sustainable source of energy.

1125
01:56:21,369 --> 01:56:28,079
As well as heating homes, geothermal is being
used to convert heat in to energy. And in

1126
01:56:28,079 --> 01:56:34,429
a 2006 MIT study, geothermal was found to
have an energy potential of two thousand zenojules.

1127
01:56:34,429 --> 01:56:40,790
The total global energy consumption is currently
around one half a zenejule per year, signifying

1128
01:56:40,790 --> 01:56:47,239
four thousand years of planetary power from
geothermal alone. Meaning the powering of

1129
01:56:47,239 --> 01:56:53,670
an automated economy is simply a non-issue.
But then there's the other argument regarding

1130
01:56:53,670 --> 01:57:00,670
machine maintenance. It is now a general assumption
that all machines are in constant need repairs.

1131
01:57:00,820 --> 01:57:07,739
And well, this is true, at least with respects
to market products. See within the market

1132
01:57:07,739 --> 01:57:13,639
there is planned obsolescence, in order to
maintain cyclical consumption of goods, it

1133
01:57:13,639 --> 01:57:20,639
is crucial that products have a short lifespan.
The biggest issue or potential flaw to me

1134
01:57:20,929 --> 01:57:27,929
over this invention is the fact, that it's
not an invention or a product that actually

1135
01:57:27,969 --> 01:57:33,800
will be purchased more than once, you kind
of almost want your product to break occasionally.

1136
01:57:33,800 --> 01:57:40,800
If we were to removed our dependency on cyclical
consumption we could create products to last,

1137
01:57:42,010 --> 01:57:48,840
and the only threat to a machines lifespan,
would be atmospheric erosion. This is why

1138
01:57:48,840 --> 01:57:55,159
in the future all machine parts will be treated
with a super hydrophobic coating, which uses

1139
01:57:55,159 --> 01:58:02,159
nanotechnology to repel water and refined
oils.

1140
01:58:38,770 --> 01:58:45,770
Problem

1141
01:59:19,099 --> 01:59:24,050
Even when we do recognize the implications
of mass mechanisation, people tend to think

1142
01:59:24,050 --> 01:59:30,659
"not my job, not the job I happen to have
spent four years studying for, the business

1143
01:59:30,659 --> 01:59:36,770
my family left me, the product I invested
my life savings in, that job will be around

1144
01:59:36,770 --> 01:59:43,770
forever". I'm sorry to tell you that is
merely wishful thinking, and yes your job

1145
01:59:44,070 --> 01:59:51,070
is vulnerable; even if not directly threatened
by atomisation; we are all affected by the

1146
01:59:53,380 --> 01:59:53,630
mechanisms of causation.

1147
01:59:53,380 --> 01:59:59,639
When a store fails the products on those shelves
thus manufacturing is affected, just as when

1148
01:59:59,639 --> 02:00:06,639
a product becomes obsolete, the stores in
turn suffer. Also, when 50% of household products

1149
02:00:07,270 --> 02:00:12,810
are either redundant or freely downloadable,
what do you think will happen to the world

1150
02:00:12,810 --> 02:00:18,079
of advertising? Autonomous cars eliminate
the need for a driving licences thus the need

1151
02:00:18,079 --> 02:00:24,329
for driving schools and instructors, and since
accidents are near impossible, there will

1152
02:00:24,329 --> 02:00:30,449
be a reduction in time with car insurance
companies, repair shops and of course, taxable

1153
02:00:30,449 --> 02:00:37,449
offenses relating to speeding fines and the
like. And as the overall state of the economy

1154
02:00:37,500 --> 02:00:43,380
weakens, commercial banks, real estate and
government funded institutions such as education

1155
02:00:43,380 --> 02:00:45,949
and healthcare all be affected.

1156
02:00:45,949 --> 02:00:52,949
If by now you are asking "what's the real
solution to the unemployment problem?" Well

1157
02:00:54,270 --> 02:01:00,780
my question is what's the problem? The loss
of a job is historically synonymous with degradation

1158
02:01:00,780 --> 02:01:06,690
and poverty. Yet we are looking at a future
in which organic food and clean energy are

1159
02:01:06,690 --> 02:01:12,440
cultivated with levels of abundance never
before seen. Homes can be constructed within

1160
02:01:12,440 --> 02:01:19,440
a day without any human involvement. All tools,
aesthetic objects and even medicine are designed,

1161
02:01:20,000 --> 02:01:26,320
downloaded, customized and printed on demand,
either made from in your in the home or delivered

1162
02:01:26,320 --> 02:01:32,790
via autonomous vehicles, which have improved
road safety and reduced travel time. Then

1163
02:01:32,790 --> 02:01:38,239
of course there's better healthcare, free
education, less waste and this is all to say

1164
02:01:38,239 --> 02:01:45,239
nothing of the explosion in entertainment.
The real solution would have nothing to do

1165
02:01:45,940 --> 02:01:51,860
with capitalism, socialism, communism, the
free enterprise system or any other sub related

1166
02:01:51,860 --> 02:01:58,860
group. For these are market economies. And
as the financial market dies, we need to transition

1167
02:01:59,460 --> 02:02:05,920
into a new sustainable economy, one which
is designed around ensuring our survival,

1168
02:02:05,920 --> 02:02:12,000
meaning we must all have equal access to life
supporting needs without the ridiculous number

1169
02:02:12,000 --> 02:02:18,610
game or any monetary exchange.
We have the technology and the understanding

1170
02:02:18,610 --> 02:02:25,610
today of how to scientifically orient our
resource distribution. But of course transitions

1171
02:02:26,630 --> 02:02:33,630
are never easy. There is nothing preventing
a period of mass poverty and starvation. In

1172
02:02:34,679 --> 02:02:40,500
fact there is nothing preventing us from holding
on to this out-dated, competition based, infinite

1173
02:02:40,500 --> 02:02:44,010
growth market economy, until we have nothing
left.

1174
02:02:44,010 --> 02:02:50,280
By raising awareness of our technological
potential and having the population understand

1175
02:02:50,280 --> 02:02:56,849
the imminent need to transition, we can alleviate
the fear usually generated through ignorance

1176
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and allow the change to happen with little
opposition. Luckily for us, I don't have

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02:03:03,349 --> 02:03:10,349
to sit here and propose setting up a mass
awareness raising campaign, it already exists.

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With over half a million members and hundreds
of chapter's world-wide the zeitgeist movement

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is the largest grassroots movement in history,
and has set out to raise awareness as to our

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true potential on this planet while at the
same time advocating a transition in to a

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new sustainable global paradigm.