WEBVTT 00:00:00.471 --> 00:00:02.955 The great texts of the ancient world 00:00:02.955 --> 00:00:06.270 don't survive to us in their original form. 00:00:06.270 --> 00:00:09.789 They survive because medieval scribes copied them 00:00:09.789 --> 00:00:11.788 and copied them and copied them. 00:00:11.788 --> 00:00:14.438 And so it is with Archimedes, 00:00:14.438 --> 00:00:16.204 the great Greek mathematician. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:16.204 --> 00:00:19.206 Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician 00:00:19.206 --> 00:00:21.904 we know about because of just three books, 00:00:21.904 --> 00:00:23.820 and they're called A, B and C. 00:00:23.820 --> 00:00:28.653 And A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564. 00:00:28.653 --> 00:00:31.456 And B was last heard of in the Pope's Library 00:00:31.456 --> 00:00:37.288 about a hundred miles north of Rome in Viterbo in 1311. 00:00:37.288 --> 00:00:41.585 Now Codex C was only discovered in 1906, 00:00:41.585 --> 00:00:44.134 and it landed on my desk in Baltimore 00:00:44.134 --> 00:00:48.260 on the 19th of January, 1999. 00:00:48.260 --> 00:00:50.678 And this is Codex C here. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:50.678 --> 00:00:55.847 Now Codex C is actually buried in this book. 00:00:55.847 --> 00:00:57.297 It's buried treasure. 00:00:57.297 --> 00:00:59.632 Because this book is actually a prayer book. 00:00:59.632 --> 00:01:02.596 It was finished by a guy called Johannes Myrones 00:01:02.596 --> 00:01:06.213 on the 14th of April, 1229. 00:01:06.213 --> 00:01:08.698 And to make his prayer book he used parchment. 00:01:08.698 --> 00:01:11.113 But he didn't use new parchment, 00:01:11.113 --> 00:01:14.427 he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts, 00:01:14.427 --> 00:01:16.164 and there were seven of them. 00:01:16.164 --> 00:01:19.647 And Archimedes Codex C was just one of those seven. 00:01:19.647 --> 00:01:25.114 He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts. 00:01:25.114 --> 00:01:28.497 He erased all of their texts, 00:01:28.497 --> 00:01:30.915 and then he cut the sheets down in the middle, 00:01:30.915 --> 00:01:33.159 he shuffled them up, 00:01:33.159 --> 00:01:35.077 and he rotated them 90 degrees, 00:01:35.077 --> 00:01:37.129 and he wrote prayers on top of these books. 00:01:37.129 --> 00:01:38.826 And essentially these seven manuscripts 00:01:38.826 --> 00:01:43.174 disappeared for 700 years, and we have a prayer book. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:43.174 --> 00:01:46.423 The prayer book was discovered by this guy, 00:01:46.423 --> 00:01:49.150 Johan Ludvig Heiberg, in 1906. 00:01:49.150 --> 00:01:50.591 And with just a magnifying glass, 00:01:50.591 --> 00:01:53.475 he transcribed as much of the text as he could. 00:01:53.475 --> 00:01:56.657 And the thing is that he found two texts in this manuscript 00:01:56.657 --> 00:01:58.425 that were unique texts. 00:01:58.425 --> 00:02:00.025 They weren't in A and B at all; 00:02:00.025 --> 00:02:01.723 they were completely new texts by Archimedes, 00:02:01.723 --> 00:02:04.958 and they were called "The Method" and "The Stomachion." 00:02:04.958 --> 00:02:07.227 And it became a world famous manuscript. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:07.227 --> 00:02:09.042 Now it should be clear by now 00:02:09.042 --> 00:02:11.756 that this book is in bad condition. 00:02:11.756 --> 00:02:15.226 It got in worse condition in the 20th century 00:02:15.226 --> 00:02:16.958 after Heiberg saw it. 00:02:16.958 --> 00:02:18.475 Forgeries were painted over it, 00:02:18.475 --> 00:02:21.558 and it suffered very badly from mold. 00:02:21.558 --> 00:02:25.308 This book is the definition of a write-off. 00:02:25.308 --> 00:02:27.042 It's the sort of book 00:02:27.042 --> 00:02:29.707 that you thought would be in an institution. 00:02:29.707 --> 00:02:31.893 But it's not in an institution, 00:02:31.893 --> 00:02:36.525 it was bought by a private owner in 1998. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:36.525 --> 00:02:38.275 Why did he buy this book? 00:02:38.275 --> 00:02:41.812 Because he wanted to make that which was fragile safe. 00:02:41.812 --> 00:02:45.058 He wanted to make that which was unique ubiquitous. 00:02:45.058 --> 00:02:49.724 He wanted to make that which was expensive free. 00:02:49.724 --> 00:02:52.859 And he wanted to do this as a matter of principle. 00:02:52.859 --> 00:02:57.391 Because not many people are really going to read Archimedes in ancient Greek, 00:02:57.391 --> 00:03:00.075 but they should have the chance to do it. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:00.075 --> 00:03:03.374 So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes, 00:03:03.374 --> 00:03:05.510 and he promised to pay for all the work. 00:03:05.510 --> 00:03:07.208 And it was an expensive job, 00:03:07.208 --> 00:03:10.678 but actually it wouldn't be as much as you think 00:03:10.678 --> 00:03:12.843 because these people, they didn't come from money, 00:03:12.843 --> 00:03:14.662 they came from Archimedes. 00:03:14.662 --> 00:03:16.378 And they came from all sorts of different backgrounds. 00:03:16.378 --> 00:03:18.561 They came from particle physics, 00:03:18.561 --> 00:03:20.127 they came from classical philology, 00:03:20.127 --> 00:03:22.095 they came from book conservation, 00:03:22.095 --> 00:03:24.677 they came from ancient mathematics, 00:03:24.677 --> 00:03:26.594 they came from data management, 00:03:26.594 --> 00:03:29.511 they came from scientific imaging and program management. 00:03:29.511 --> 00:03:33.067 And they got together to work on this manuscript. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:33.067 --> 00:03:36.878 The first problem was a conservation problem. 00:03:36.878 --> 00:03:39.311 And this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with: 00:03:39.311 --> 00:03:41.511 There was glue on the spine of the book. 00:03:41.511 --> 00:03:43.712 And if you look at this photograph carefully, 00:03:43.712 --> 00:03:45.760 the bottom half of this is rather brown. 00:03:45.760 --> 00:03:47.128 And that glue is hide glue. 00:03:47.128 --> 00:03:48.513 Now if you're a conservator, 00:03:48.513 --> 00:03:50.645 you can take off this glue reasonably easily. 00:03:50.645 --> 00:03:54.010 The top half is Elmer's wood glue. 00:03:54.010 --> 00:03:56.127 It's polyvinyl acetate emulsion 00:03:56.127 --> 00:03:58.794 that doesn't dissolve in water once it's dry. 00:03:58.794 --> 00:04:01.960 And it's much tougher than the parchment that it was written on. 00:04:01.960 --> 00:04:05.311 And so before we could start imaging Archimedes, 00:04:05.311 --> 00:04:06.760 we had to take this book apart. 00:04:06.760 --> 00:04:09.611 So it took four years to take apart. 00:04:09.611 --> 00:04:13.144 And this is a rare action shot, ladies and gentlemen. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:13.144 --> 00:04:15.915 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:04:15.915 --> 00:04:20.181 Another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax, 00:04:20.181 --> 00:04:22.416 because this was used in the liturgical services 00:04:22.416 --> 00:04:24.157 of the Greek Orthodox Church 00:04:24.157 --> 00:04:25.468 and they'd used candle wax. 00:04:25.468 --> 00:04:27.331 And the candle wax was dirty, 00:04:27.331 --> 00:04:28.564 and we couldn't image through the wax. 00:04:28.564 --> 00:04:31.899 So very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:31.899 --> 00:04:33.801 It's hard to tell you exactly 00:04:33.801 --> 00:04:36.515 how bad this condition of this book is, 00:04:36.515 --> 00:04:39.281 but it came out in little bits very often. 00:04:39.281 --> 00:04:41.631 And normally in a book, you wouldn't worry about the little bits, 00:04:41.631 --> 00:04:44.631 but these little bits might contain unique Archimedes text. 00:04:44.631 --> 00:04:46.930 So, tiny fragments 00:04:46.930 --> 00:04:51.671 we actually managed to put back in the right place. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:51.671 --> 00:04:55.381 Then, having done that, we started to image the manuscript. 00:04:55.381 --> 00:04:56.881 And we imaged the manuscript 00:04:56.881 --> 00:04:58.909 in 14 different wavebands of light. 00:04:58.909 --> 00:05:02.815 Because if you look at something in different wavebands of light, 00:05:02.815 --> 00:05:04.031 you see different things. 00:05:04.031 --> 00:05:05.598 And here is an image of a page 00:05:05.598 --> 00:05:08.115 imaged in 14 different wavebands of light. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:08.115 --> 00:05:10.248 But none of them worked. 00:05:10.248 --> 00:05:14.665 So what we did was we processed the images together, 00:05:14.665 --> 00:05:17.965 and we put two images into one blank screen. 00:05:17.965 --> 00:05:20.798 And here are two different images of the Archimedes manuscript. 00:05:20.798 --> 00:05:22.614 And the image on the left 00:05:22.614 --> 00:05:23.965 is the normal red image. 00:05:23.965 --> 00:05:25.877 And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image. 00:05:25.877 --> 00:05:27.017 And in the image on the right 00:05:27.017 --> 00:05:29.465 you might be able to see some of the Archimedes writing. 00:05:29.465 --> 00:05:32.447 If you merge them together into one digital canvas, 00:05:32.447 --> 00:05:35.265 the parchment is bright in both images 00:05:35.265 --> 00:05:37.140 and it comes out bright. 00:05:37.140 --> 00:05:40.156 The prayer book is dark in both images 00:05:40.156 --> 00:05:41.853 and it comes out dark. 00:05:41.853 --> 00:05:45.204 The Archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another. 00:05:45.204 --> 00:05:47.604 And it'll come out dark but red, 00:05:47.604 --> 00:05:49.871 and then you can start to read it rather clearly. 00:05:49.871 --> 00:05:52.713 And that's what it looks like. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:52.713 --> 00:05:56.055 Now that's a before and after image, 00:05:56.055 --> 00:05:59.037 but you don't read the image on the screen like that. 00:05:59.037 --> 00:06:01.656 You zoom in and you zoom in 00:06:01.656 --> 00:06:05.204 and you zoom in and you zoom in, 00:06:05.204 --> 00:06:07.272 and you can just read it now. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:07.272 --> 00:06:13.620 (Applause) NOTE Paragraph 00:06:13.620 --> 00:06:17.200 If you process the same two images in a different way, 00:06:17.200 --> 00:06:19.770 you can actually get rid of the prayer book text. 00:06:19.770 --> 00:06:20.788 And this is terribly important, 00:06:20.788 --> 00:06:23.771 because the diagrams in the manuscript 00:06:23.771 --> 00:06:26.238 are the unique source for the diagrams 00:06:26.238 --> 00:06:29.055 that Archimedes drew in the sand in the fourth century B.C. 00:06:29.055 --> 00:06:32.094 And there we are, I can give them to you. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:32.094 --> 00:06:34.438 With this kind of imaging -- 00:06:34.438 --> 00:06:37.104 this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging -- 00:06:37.104 --> 00:06:39.704 we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries. 00:06:39.704 --> 00:06:41.557 How were we going to do that? 00:06:41.557 --> 00:06:43.520 Well we took the manuscript, 00:06:43.520 --> 00:06:47.807 and we decided to image it in X-ray fluorescence imaging. 00:06:47.807 --> 00:06:50.821 So an X-ray comes in in the diagram on the left 00:06:50.821 --> 00:06:54.673 and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom. 00:06:54.673 --> 00:06:56.671 And that electron disappears. 00:06:56.671 --> 00:07:00.306 And as it disappears, an electron from a shell farther out 00:07:00.306 --> 00:07:02.788 jumps in and takes its place. 00:07:02.788 --> 00:07:04.221 And when it takes its place, 00:07:04.221 --> 00:07:07.055 it sheds electromagnetic radiation. 00:07:07.055 --> 00:07:08.487 It sheds an X-ray. 00:07:08.487 --> 00:07:11.138 And this X-ray is specific in its wavelength 00:07:11.138 --> 00:07:13.020 to the atom that it hits. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:13.020 --> 00:07:15.188 And what we wanted to get 00:07:15.188 --> 00:07:16.921 was the iron. 00:07:16.921 --> 00:07:18.788 Because the ink was written in iron. 00:07:18.788 --> 00:07:20.471 And if we can map 00:07:20.471 --> 00:07:23.055 where this X-ray that comes out, where it comes from, 00:07:23.055 --> 00:07:25.121 we can map all the iron on the page, 00:07:25.121 --> 00:07:27.720 then theoretically we can read the image. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:27.720 --> 00:07:32.055 The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this. 00:07:32.055 --> 00:07:35.429 So we took it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory 00:07:35.429 --> 00:07:36.871 in California, 00:07:36.871 --> 00:07:38.439 which is a particle accelerator. 00:07:38.439 --> 00:07:40.171 Electrons go around one way, 00:07:40.171 --> 00:07:41.788 positrons go around the other. 00:07:41.788 --> 00:07:43.104 They meet in the middle, 00:07:43.104 --> 00:07:45.540 and they create subatomic particles 00:07:45.540 --> 00:07:47.770 like the charm quark and the tau lepton. 00:07:47.770 --> 00:07:50.792 Now we weren't actually going to put Archimedes in that beam. 00:07:50.792 --> 00:07:54.340 But as the electrons go round at the speed of light, 00:07:54.340 --> 00:07:55.607 they shed X-rays. 00:07:55.607 --> 00:07:58.257 And this is the most powerful light source in the solar system. 00:07:58.257 --> 00:08:00.206 This is called synchrotron radiation, 00:08:00.206 --> 00:08:02.024 and it's normally used to look at things 00:08:02.024 --> 00:08:03.691 like proteins and that sort of thing. 00:08:03.691 --> 00:08:07.688 But we wanted it to look at atoms, at iron atoms, 00:08:07.688 --> 00:08:10.557 so that we could read the page from before and after. 00:08:10.557 --> 00:08:12.855 And lo and behold, we found that we could do it. 00:08:12.855 --> 00:08:16.303 It took about 17 minutes to do a single page. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:16.303 --> 00:08:18.958 So what did we discover? 00:08:18.958 --> 00:08:21.140 Well one of the unique texts in Archimedes 00:08:21.140 --> 00:08:22.943 is called "The Stomachion." 00:08:22.943 --> 00:08:25.357 And this didn't exist in Codices A and B. 00:08:25.357 --> 00:08:27.776 And we knew that it involved this square. 00:08:27.776 --> 00:08:29.569 And this is a perfect square, 00:08:29.569 --> 00:08:31.590 and it's divided into 14 bits. 00:08:31.590 --> 00:08:34.373 But no one knew what Archimedes was doing with these 14 bits. 00:08:34.373 --> 00:08:36.557 And now we think we know. 00:08:36.557 --> 00:08:38.324 He was trying to work out 00:08:38.324 --> 00:08:40.857 how many ways you can recombine those 14 bits 00:08:40.857 --> 00:08:43.184 and still make a perfect square. 00:08:43.184 --> 00:08:46.686 Anyone want to guess the answer? 00:08:46.686 --> 00:08:52.048 It's 17,152 divided into 536 families. 00:08:52.048 --> 00:08:54.415 And the important point about this 00:08:54.415 --> 00:08:58.129 is that it's the earliest study in combinatorics in mathematics. 00:08:58.129 --> 00:09:01.893 And combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:01.893 --> 00:09:05.128 The really astonishing thing though about this manuscript 00:09:05.128 --> 00:09:07.497 is that we looked at the other manuscripts 00:09:07.497 --> 00:09:08.915 that the palimpsester had made, 00:09:08.915 --> 00:09:11.481 the scribe had made his book out of, 00:09:11.481 --> 00:09:14.413 and one of them was a manuscript containing text by Hyperides. 00:09:14.413 --> 00:09:18.781 Now Hyperides was an Athenian orator from the fourth century B.C. 00:09:18.781 --> 00:09:21.198 He was an exact contemporary of Demosthenes. 00:09:21.198 --> 00:09:25.597 And in 338 B.C. he and Demosthenes together 00:09:25.597 --> 00:09:27.281 decided that they wanted to stand up 00:09:27.281 --> 00:09:29.281 to the military might of Philip of Macedon. 00:09:29.281 --> 00:09:32.930 So Athens and Thebes went out to fight Philip of Macedon. 00:09:32.930 --> 00:09:34.198 This was a bad idea, 00:09:34.198 --> 00:09:37.631 because Philip of Macedon had a son called Alexander the Great, 00:09:37.631 --> 00:09:39.914 and they lost the battle of Chaeronea. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:39.914 --> 00:09:42.632 Alexander the Great went on to conquer the known world; 00:09:42.632 --> 00:09:45.382 Hyperides found himself on trial for treason. 00:09:45.382 --> 00:09:48.982 And this is the speech that he gave when he was on trial -- 00:09:48.982 --> 00:09:50.130 and it's a great speech: 00:09:50.130 --> 00:09:52.398 "Best of all," he says, "is to win. 00:09:52.398 --> 00:09:54.132 But if you can't win, 00:09:54.132 --> 00:09:56.173 then you should fight for a noble cause, 00:09:56.173 --> 00:09:57.748 because then you'll be remembered. 00:09:57.748 --> 00:09:59.346 Consider the Spartans. 00:09:59.346 --> 00:10:01.214 They won enumerable victories, 00:10:01.214 --> 00:10:03.046 but no one remembers what they are 00:10:03.046 --> 00:10:05.181 because they were all fought for selfish ends. 00:10:05.181 --> 00:10:08.747 The one battle that the Spartans fought that everybody remembers 00:10:08.747 --> 00:10:10.463 is the the battle of Thermopylae 00:10:10.463 --> 00:10:12.466 where they were butchered to a man, 00:10:12.466 --> 00:10:14.398 but fought for the freedom of Greece." 00:10:14.398 --> 00:10:16.663 It was such a great speech 00:10:16.663 --> 00:10:20.398 that the Athenian law courts let him off. 00:10:20.398 --> 00:10:22.464 He lived for another 10 years, 00:10:22.464 --> 00:10:25.115 then the Macedonian faction caught up with him. 00:10:25.115 --> 00:10:27.699 They cut out his tongue in mockery of his oratory, 00:10:27.699 --> 00:10:31.130 and no one knows what they did with his body. 00:10:31.130 --> 00:10:34.281 So this is the discovery of a lost voice from antiquity, 00:10:34.281 --> 00:10:36.263 speaking to us, not from the grave, 00:10:36.263 --> 00:10:37.741 because his grave doesn't exist, 00:10:37.741 --> 00:10:39.514 but from the Athenian law courts. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:39.514 --> 00:10:41.163 Now I should say at this point 00:10:41.163 --> 00:10:43.930 that normally when you're looking 00:10:43.930 --> 00:10:45.926 at medieval manuscripts that have been scraped off, 00:10:45.926 --> 00:10:47.412 you don't find unique texts. 00:10:47.412 --> 00:10:50.514 And to find two in one manuscript is really something. 00:10:50.514 --> 00:10:53.731 To find three is completely weird. 00:10:53.731 --> 00:10:55.412 And we found three. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:55.412 --> 00:10:56.678 Aristotle's "Categories" 00:10:56.678 --> 00:10:59.131 is one of the foundational texts of Western philosophy. 00:10:59.131 --> 00:11:03.547 And we found a third century A.D. commentary on it, 00:11:03.547 --> 00:11:06.731 possibly by Galen and probably by Porphyry. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:06.731 --> 00:11:08.929 Now all this data that we collected, 00:11:08.929 --> 00:11:11.464 all the images, all the raw images, 00:11:11.464 --> 00:11:13.814 all the transcriptions that we made and that sort of thing 00:11:13.814 --> 00:11:17.300 have been put online under a Creative Commons license 00:11:17.300 --> 00:11:20.214 for anyone to use for any commercial purpose. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:20.214 --> 00:11:26.747 (Applause) NOTE Paragraph 00:11:26.747 --> 00:11:30.051 Why did the owner of the manuscript do this? 00:11:30.051 --> 00:11:33.797 He did this because he understands data as well as books. 00:11:33.797 --> 00:11:35.132 Now the thing to do with books, 00:11:35.132 --> 00:11:37.263 if you want to ensure their long-term utility, 00:11:37.263 --> 00:11:39.479 is to hide them away in closets 00:11:39.479 --> 00:11:41.279 and let very few people look at them. 00:11:41.279 --> 00:11:43.698 The thing to do with data, if you want it to survive, 00:11:43.698 --> 00:11:46.999 is to let it out and have everybody have it 00:11:46.999 --> 00:11:50.098 with as little control on that data as possible. 00:11:50.098 --> 00:11:51.262 And that's what he did. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:51.262 --> 00:11:54.690 And institutions can learn from this. 00:11:54.690 --> 00:11:57.242 Because institutions at the moment 00:11:57.242 --> 00:12:00.299 confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing. 00:12:00.299 --> 00:12:02.491 And if you want to look at medieval manuscripts on the Web, 00:12:02.491 --> 00:12:05.962 at the moment you have to go to the National Library of Y's site 00:12:05.962 --> 00:12:08.630 or the University Library of X's site, 00:12:08.630 --> 00:12:10.529 which is about the most boring way 00:12:10.529 --> 00:12:12.306 in which you can deal with digital data. 00:12:12.306 --> 00:12:15.299 What you want to do is to aggregate it all together. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:15.299 --> 00:12:18.396 Because the Web of the ancient manuscripts of the future 00:12:18.396 --> 00:12:20.682 isn't going to be built by institutions. 00:12:20.682 --> 00:12:23.790 It's going to be built by users, 00:12:23.790 --> 00:12:25.564 by people who get this data together, 00:12:25.564 --> 00:12:29.099 by people who want to aggregate all sorts of maps 00:12:29.099 --> 00:12:30.731 from wherever they come from, 00:12:30.731 --> 00:12:32.531 all sorts of medieval romances 00:12:32.531 --> 00:12:34.080 from wherever they come from, 00:12:34.080 --> 00:12:37.863 people who just want to curate their own glorious selection 00:12:37.863 --> 00:12:39.380 of beautiful things. 00:12:39.380 --> 00:12:40.997 And that is the future of the Web. 00:12:40.997 --> 00:12:44.180 And it's an attractive and beautiful future, 00:12:44.180 --> 00:12:45.782 if only we can make it happen. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:45.782 --> 00:12:48.963 Now we at the Walters Art Museum have followed this example, 00:12:48.963 --> 00:12:52.313 and we have put up all our manuscripts on the Web 00:12:52.313 --> 00:12:53.996 for people to enjoy -- 00:12:53.996 --> 00:12:56.580 all the raw data, all the descriptions, all the metadata. 00:12:56.580 --> 00:12:59.463 under a Creative Commons license. 00:12:59.463 --> 00:13:00.981 Now the Walters Art Museum is a small museum 00:13:00.981 --> 00:13:02.529 and it has beautiful manuscripts, 00:13:02.529 --> 00:13:04.547 but the data is fantastic. 00:13:04.547 --> 00:13:06.330 And the result of this 00:13:06.330 --> 00:13:09.348 is that if you do a Google search on images right now 00:13:09.348 --> 00:13:12.680 and you type in "Illuminated manuscript Koran" for example, 00:13:12.680 --> 00:13:17.097 24 of the 28 images you'll find come from my institution. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:17.097 --> 00:13:22.647 (Applause) NOTE Paragraph 00:13:22.647 --> 00:13:27.680 Now, let's think about this for a minute. 00:13:27.680 --> 00:13:29.663 What's in it for the institution? 00:13:29.663 --> 00:13:32.259 There are all sorts of things that are in it for the institution. 00:13:32.259 --> 00:13:34.382 You can talk about the Humanities and that sort of thing, 00:13:34.382 --> 00:13:36.263 but let's talk about selfish things. 00:13:36.263 --> 00:13:40.131 Because what's really in it for the institution is this: 00:13:40.131 --> 00:13:43.187 Now why do people go to the Louvre? 00:13:43.187 --> 00:13:46.171 They go to see the Mona Lisa. 00:13:46.171 --> 00:13:49.230 Why do they go to see the Mona Lisa? 00:13:49.230 --> 00:13:51.612 Because they already know what she looks like. 00:13:51.612 --> 00:13:53.946 And they know what she looks like 00:13:53.946 --> 00:13:58.648 because they've seen pictures of her absolutely everywhere. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:58.648 --> 00:14:03.097 Now, there is no need 00:14:03.097 --> 00:14:05.376 for these restrictions at all. 00:14:05.376 --> 00:14:07.463 And I think that institutions should stand up 00:14:07.463 --> 00:14:10.597 and release all their data under unrestricted licenses, 00:14:10.597 --> 00:14:12.813 and it would be a great benefit to everybody. 00:14:12.813 --> 00:14:15.979 Why don't we just let everybody have access to this data 00:14:15.979 --> 00:14:18.315 and curate their own collection 00:14:18.315 --> 00:14:20.480 of ancient knowledge and wonderful and beautiful things 00:14:20.480 --> 00:14:23.568 and increase the beauty and the cultural significance 00:14:23.568 --> 00:14:24.796 of the Internet. NOTE Paragraph 00:14:24.796 --> 00:14:26.313 Thank you very much indeed. NOTE Paragraph 00:14:26.313 --> 00:14:30.746 (Applause)