[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.47,0:00:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The great texts of the ancient world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.96,0:00:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't survive to us in their original form.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.27,0:00:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They survive because medieval scribes copied them
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.79,0:00:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and copied them and copied them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.79,0:00:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it is with Archimedes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.44,0:00:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the great Greek mathematician.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.20,0:00:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.21,0:00:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know about because of just three books,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.90,0:00:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're called A, B and C.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.82,0:00:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.65,0:00:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And B was last heard of in the Pope's Library
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.46,0:00:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a hundred miles north of Rome in Viterbo in 1311.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.29,0:00:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Codex C was only discovered in 1906,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.58,0:00:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it landed on my desk in Baltimore
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.13,0:00:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 19th of January, 1999.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.26,0:00:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is Codex C here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.68,0:00:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Codex C is actually buried in this book.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.85,0:00:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's buried treasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.30,0:00:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this book is actually a prayer book.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.63,0:01:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was finished by a guy called Johannes Myrones
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.60,0:01:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 14th of April, 1229.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.21,0:01:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to make his prayer book he used parchment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.70,0:01:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he didn't use new parchment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.11,0:01:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.43,0:01:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there were seven of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.16,0:01:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Archimedes Codex C was just one of those seven.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.65,0:01:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.11,0:01:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He erased all of their texts,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.50,0:01:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he cut the sheets down in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.92,0:01:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he shuffled them up,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.16,0:01:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he rotated them 90 degrees,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.08,0:01:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he wrote prayers on top of these books.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.13,0:01:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And essentially these seven manuscripts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.83,0:01:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disappeared for 700 years, and we have a prayer book.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.17,0:01:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prayer book was discovered by this guy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.42,0:01:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Johan Ludvig Heiberg, in 1906.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.15,0:01:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with just a magnifying glass,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.59,0:01:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he transcribed as much of the text as he could.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.48,0:01:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing is that he found two texts in this manuscript
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.66,0:01:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were unique texts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.42,0:02:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They weren't in A and B at all;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.02,0:02:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were completely new texts by Archimedes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.72,0:02:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were called "The Method" and "The Stomachion."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.96,0:02:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it became a world famous manuscript.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.23,0:02:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it should be clear by now
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.04,0:02:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this book is in bad condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.76,0:02:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It got in worse condition in the 20th century
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.23,0:02:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after Heiberg saw it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.96,0:02:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forgeries were painted over it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.48,0:02:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it suffered very badly from mold.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.56,0:02:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This book is the definition of a write-off.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.31,0:02:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the sort of book
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.04,0:02:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you thought would be in an institution.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.71,0:02:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not in an institution,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.89,0:02:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was bought by a private owner in 1998.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.52,0:02:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did he buy this book?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.28,0:02:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because he wanted to make that which was fragile safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.81,0:02:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wanted to make that which was unique ubiquitous.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.06,0:02:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wanted to make that which was expensive free.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.72,0:02:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he wanted to do this as a matter of principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.86,0:02:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because not many people are really going to read Archimedes in ancient Greek,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.39,0:03:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they should have the chance to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.08,0:03:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.37,0:03:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he promised to pay for all the work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.51,0:03:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was an expensive job,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.21,0:03:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually it wouldn't be as much as you think
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.68,0:03:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these people, they didn't come from money,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.84,0:03:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from Archimedes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.66,0:03:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they came from all sorts of different backgrounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.38,0:03:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They came from particle physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.56,0:03:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from classical philology,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.13,0:03:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from book conservation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.10,0:03:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from ancient mathematics,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.68,0:03:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from data management,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.59,0:03:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from scientific imaging and program management.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.51,0:03:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they got together to work on this manuscript.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.07,0:03:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first problem was a conservation problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.88,0:03:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.31,0:03:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was glue on the spine of the book.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.51,0:03:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at this photograph carefully,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.71,0:03:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bottom half of this is rather brown.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.76,0:03:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that glue is hide glue.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.13,0:03:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you're a conservator,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.51,0:03:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can take off this glue reasonably easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.64,0:03:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top half is Elmer's wood glue.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.01,0:03:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's polyvinyl acetate emulsion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.13,0:03:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doesn't dissolve in water once it's dry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.79,0:04:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's much tougher than the parchment that it was written on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.96,0:04:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so before we could start imaging Archimedes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.31,0:04:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had to take this book apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.76,0:04:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it took four years to take apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.61,0:04:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a rare action shot, ladies and gentlemen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.14,0:04:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.92,0:04:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.18,0:04:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this was used in the liturgical services
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.42,0:04:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Greek Orthodox Church
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.16,0:04:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'd used candle wax.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.47,0:04:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the candle wax was dirty,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.33,0:04:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we couldn't image through the wax.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.56,0:04:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.90,0:04:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's hard to tell you exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.80,0:04:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how bad this condition of this book is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.52,0:04:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it came out in little bits very often.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.28,0:04:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And normally in a book, you wouldn't worry about the little bits,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.63,0:04:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these little bits might contain unique Archimedes text.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.63,0:04:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, tiny fragments
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.93,0:04:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually managed to put back in the right place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.67,0:04:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, having done that, we started to image the manuscript.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.38,0:04:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we imaged the manuscript
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.88,0:04:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 14 different wavebands of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.91,0:05:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if you look at something in different wavebands of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.82,0:05:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see different things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.03,0:05:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here is an image of a page
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.60,0:05:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imaged in 14 different wavebands of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.12,0:05:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But none of them worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.25,0:05:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did was we processed the images together,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.66,0:05:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we put two images into one blank screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.96,0:05:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here are two different images of the Archimedes manuscript.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.80,0:05:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the image on the left
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.61,0:05:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the normal red image.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.96,0:05:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.88,0:05:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the image on the right
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.02,0:05:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might be able to see some of the Archimedes writing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.46,0:05:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you merge them together into one digital canvas,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.45,0:05:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the parchment is bright in both images
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.26,0:05:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it comes out bright.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.14,0:05:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prayer book is dark in both images
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.16,0:05:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it comes out dark.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.85,0:05:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.20,0:05:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it'll come out dark but red,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.60,0:05:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you can start to read it rather clearly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.87,0:05:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what it looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.71,0:05:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's a before and after image,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.06,0:05:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you don't read the image on the screen like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.04,0:06:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You zoom in and you zoom in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.66,0:06:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you zoom in and you zoom in,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.20,0:06:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can just read it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.27,0:06:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.62,0:06:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you process the same two images in a different way,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.20,0:06:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can actually get rid of the prayer book text.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.77,0:06:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is terribly important,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.79,0:06:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the diagrams in the manuscript
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.77,0:06:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the unique source for the diagrams
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.24,0:06:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Archimedes drew in the sand in the fourth century B.C.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.06,0:06:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there we are, I can give them to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.09,0:06:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this kind of imaging --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.44,0:06:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.10,0:06:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.70,0:06:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How were we going to do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.56,0:06:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well we took the manuscript,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.52,0:06:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we decided to image it in X-ray fluorescence imaging.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.81,0:06:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an X-ray comes in in the diagram on the left
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.82,0:06:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.67,0:06:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that electron disappears.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.67,0:07:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as it disappears, an electron from a shell farther out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.31,0:07:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jumps in and takes its place.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.79,0:07:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it takes its place,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.22,0:07:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sheds electromagnetic radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.06,0:07:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sheds an X-ray.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.49,0:07:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this X-ray is specific in its wavelength
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.14,0:07:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the atom that it hits.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.02,0:07:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we wanted to get
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.19,0:07:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the iron.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.92,0:07:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the ink was written in iron.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.79,0:07:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we can map
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.47,0:07:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where this X-ray that comes out, where it comes from,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.06,0:07:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can map all the iron on the page,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.12,0:07:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then theoretically we can read the image.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.72,0:07:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.06,0:07:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we took it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.43,0:07:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in California,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.87,0:07:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a particle accelerator.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.44,0:07:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Electrons go around one way,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.17,0:07:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,positrons go around the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.79,0:07:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They meet in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.10,0:07:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they create subatomic particles
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.54,0:07:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the charm quark and the tau lepton.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.77,0:07:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we weren't actually going to put Archimedes in that beam.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.79,0:07:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as the electrons go round at the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.34,0:07:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they shed X-rays.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.61,0:07:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the most powerful light source in the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.26,0:08:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called synchrotron radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.21,0:08:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's normally used to look at things
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.02,0:08:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like proteins and that sort of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.69,0:08:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we wanted it to look at atoms, at iron atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.69,0:08:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we could read the page from before and after.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.56,0:08:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And lo and behold, we found that we could do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.86,0:08:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took about 17 minutes to do a single page.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.30,0:08:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what did we discover?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.96,0:08:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well one of the unique texts in Archimedes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.14,0:08:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called "The Stomachion."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.94,0:08:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this didn't exist in Codices A and B.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.36,0:08:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we knew that it involved this square.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.78,0:08:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a perfect square,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.57,0:08:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's divided into 14 bits.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.59,0:08:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But no one knew what Archimedes was doing with these 14 bits.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.37,0:08:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we think we know.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.56,0:08:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was trying to work out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.32,0:08:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many ways you can recombine those 14 bits
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.86,0:08:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still make a perfect square.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.18,0:08:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyone want to guess the answer?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.69,0:08:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 17,152 divided into 536 families.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.05,0:08:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the important point about this
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.42,0:08:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it's the earliest study in combinatorics in mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.13,0:09:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.89,0:09:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The really astonishing thing though about this manuscript
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.13,0:09:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we looked at the other manuscripts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.50,0:09:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the palimpsester had made,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.92,0:09:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scribe had made his book out of,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.48,0:09:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of them was a manuscript containing text by Hyperides.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.41,0:09:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Hyperides was an Athenian orator from the fourth century B.C.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.78,0:09:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was an exact contemporary of Demosthenes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.20,0:09:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 338 B.C. he and Demosthenes together
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.60,0:09:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided that they wanted to stand up
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.28,0:09:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the military might of Philip of Macedon.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.28,0:09:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Athens and Thebes went out to fight Philip of Macedon.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.93,0:09:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a bad idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.20,0:09:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Philip of Macedon had a son called Alexander the Great,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.63,0:09:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they lost the battle of Chaeronea.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.91,0:09:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander the Great went on to conquer the known world;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.63,0:09:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hyperides found himself on trial for treason.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.38,0:09:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the speech that he gave when he was on trial --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.98,0:09:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a great speech:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.13,0:09:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Best of all," he says, "is to win.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.40,0:09:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you can't win,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.13,0:09:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you should fight for a noble cause,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.17,0:09:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because then you'll be remembered.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.75,0:09:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider the Spartans.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.35,0:10:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They won enumerable victories,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.21,0:10:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but no one remembers what they are
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.05,0:10:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were all fought for selfish ends.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.18,0:10:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one battle that the Spartans fought that everybody remembers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.75,0:10:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the the battle of Thermopylae
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.46,0:10:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they were butchered to a man,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.47,0:10:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but fought for the freedom of Greece."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.40,0:10:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was such a great speech
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.66,0:10:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Athenian law courts let him off.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.40,0:10:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He lived for another 10 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.46,0:10:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the Macedonian faction caught up with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.12,0:10:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They cut out his tongue in mockery of his oratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.70,0:10:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no one knows what they did with his body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.13,0:10:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the discovery of a lost voice from antiquity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.28,0:10:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,speaking to us, not from the grave,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.26,0:10:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because his grave doesn't exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.74,0:10:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from the Athenian law courts.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.51,0:10:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I should say at this point
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.16,0:10:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that normally when you're looking
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.93,0:10:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at medieval manuscripts that have been scraped off,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.93,0:10:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't find unique texts.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.41,0:10:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to find two in one manuscript is really something.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.51,0:10:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To find three is completely weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.73,0:10:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found three.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.41,0:10:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristotle's "Categories"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.68,0:10:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the foundational texts of Western philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.13,0:11:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found a third century A.D. commentary on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.55,0:11:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibly by Galen and probably by Porphyry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.73,0:11:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now all this data that we collected,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.93,0:11:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the images, all the raw images,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.46,0:11:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the transcriptions that we made and that sort of thing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.81,0:11:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been put online under a Creative Commons license
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.30,0:11:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for anyone to use for any commercial purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.21,0:11:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.75,0:11:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did the owner of the manuscript do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.05,0:11:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did this because he understands data as well as books.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.80,0:11:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the thing to do with books,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.13,0:11:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to ensure their long-term utility,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.26,0:11:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to hide them away in closets
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.48,0:11:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let very few people look at them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.28,0:11:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing to do with data, if you want it to survive,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.70,0:11:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to let it out and have everybody have it
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.100,0:11:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with as little control on that data as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.10,0:11:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what he did.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.26,0:11:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And institutions can learn from this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.69,0:11:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because institutions at the moment
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.24,0:12:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.30,0:12:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you want to look at medieval manuscripts on the Web,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.49,0:12:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the moment you have to go to the National Library of Y's site
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.96,0:12:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the University Library of X's site,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.63,0:12:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is about the most boring way
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.53,0:12:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which you can deal with digital data.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.31,0:12:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you want to do is to aggregate it all together.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.30,0:12:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the Web of the ancient manuscripts of the future
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.40,0:12:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't going to be built by institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.68,0:12:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to be built by users,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.79,0:12:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by people who get this data together,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.56,0:12:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by people who want to aggregate all sorts of maps
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.10,0:12:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from wherever they come from,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.73,0:12:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all sorts of medieval romances
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.53,0:12:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from wherever they come from,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.08,0:12:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who just want to curate their own glorious selection
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.86,0:12:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of beautiful things.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.38,0:12:40.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the future of the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.100,0:12:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's an attractive and beautiful future,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.18,0:12:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if only we can make it happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.78,0:12:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we at the Walters Art Museum have followed this example,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.96,0:12:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have put up all our manuscripts on the Web
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.31,0:12:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people to enjoy --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.100,0:12:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the raw data, all the descriptions, all the metadata.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.58,0:12:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under a Creative Commons license.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.46,0:13:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the Walters Art Museum is a small museum
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.98,0:13:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has beautiful manuscripts,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.53,0:13:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the data is fantastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.55,0:13:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the result of this
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.33,0:13:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that if you do a Google search on images right now
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.35,0:13:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you type in "Illuminated manuscript Koran" for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.68,0:13:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,24 of the 28 images you'll find come from my institution.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.10,0:13:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.65,0:13:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's think about this for a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.68,0:13:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's in it for the institution?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.66,0:13:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are all sorts of things that are in it for the institution.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.26,0:13:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can talk about the Humanities and that sort of thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.38,0:13:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's talk about selfish things.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.26,0:13:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because what's really in it for the institution is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.13,0:13:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now why do people go to the Louvre?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.19,0:13:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They go to see the Mona Lisa.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.17,0:13:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do they go to see the Mona Lisa?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.23,0:13:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they already know what she looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.61,0:13:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they know what she looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.95,0:13:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they've seen pictures of her absolutely everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.65,0:14:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there is no need
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.10,0:14:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for these restrictions at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.38,0:14:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that institutions should stand up
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.46,0:14:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and release all their data under unrestricted licenses,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.60,0:14:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would be a great benefit to everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.81,0:14:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why don't we just let everybody have access to this data
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.98,0:14:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and curate their own collection
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.32,0:14:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of ancient knowledge and wonderful and beautiful things
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.48,0:14:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increase the beauty and the cultural significance
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.57,0:14:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.80,0:14:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much indeed.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.31,0:14:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)