[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The great texts of the ancient world
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't survive to us in their original form.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They survive because Medieval scribes copied them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and copied them and copied them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it is which Archimedes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the great Greek mathematician.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know about because of just three books,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're called A, B and C.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And B was last heard of in the Pope's Library
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a hundred miles north of Rome in [unclear] in 1311.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Codex C was only discovered in 1906,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it landed on my desk in Baltimore
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 19th of January, 1999.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is Codex C here.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Codex C is actually buried in this book.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's buried treasure.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this book is actually a prayer book.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was finished by a guy called Johannes Myrones
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 14th of April, 2029.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to make his prayer book he used parchment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he didn't use new parchment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there were seven of them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Archimedes Codex C was just one of those seven.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He erased all of their texts,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he cut the sheets down in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he shuffled them up,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he rotated them 90 degrees,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he wrote prayers on top of these books.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And essentially these seven manuscripts
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disappeared for 700 years, and we have a prayer book.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prayer book was discovered by this guy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Johan Ludvig Heiberg, in 1906.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with just a magnifying glass,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he transcribed as much of the text as he could.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing is that he found two texts in this manuscript
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were unique texts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They weren't an A and B at all;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were completely new texts by Archimedes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were called "The Method" and "The Stomachion."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it became a world famous manuscript.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it should be clear by now
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this book is in bad condition.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It got in worse condition in the 20th century
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after Heiberg saw it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forgeries were painted over it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it suffered very badly from mold.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This book is the definition of a write-off.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the sort of book
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you thought would be in an institution.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not in an institution,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was bought by a private owner in 1998.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did he buy this book?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because he wanted to make that which was fragile safe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wanted to make that which was unique ubiquitous.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wanted to make that which was expensive free.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he wanted to do this as a matter of principle.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because not many people are really going to read Archimedes in ancient Greek,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they should have the chance to do it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he promised to pay for all the work.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was an expensive job,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually it wouldn't be as much as you think
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these people, they didn't come for money,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came for Archimedes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they came from all sorts of different backgrounds.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They came in from particle physics,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from classical philology,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from book conservation,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from ancient mathematics,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from data management,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came from scientific imaging and program management.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they got together to work on this manuscript.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first problem was a conservation problem.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was glue on the spine of the book.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at this photograph carefully,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bottom half of this rather brown.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that glue is hide glue.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you're a conservator,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can take off this glue reasonably easily.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top half is Elmer's wood glue.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's polyvinyl acetate emulsion.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't dissolve in water once it's dry.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's much tougher than the parchment that it was written on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so before we could start imagining Archimedes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had to take this book apart.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it took four years to take it off.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a rare action shot, ladies and gentlemen.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this was used in the liturgical services
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Greek Orthodox Church
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'd used candle wax.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the candle wax was dirty,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we couldn't image through the wax.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's hard to tell you exactly
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how bad the condition of this book is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it came out in little bits very often.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And normally in a book, you wouldn't worry about the little bits,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these little bits might contain unique Archimedes text.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So tiny fragments
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually managed to put back in the right place.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, having done that, we started to image the manuscript.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we imaged the manuscript
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 14 different wave-bands of light.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if you look at something in different wave-bands of light,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see different things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here is an image of a page
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imaged in 14 different wave-bands of light.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But none of them worked.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did was we processed the images together,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we put two images into one blank screen.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here are two different images of the Archimedes manuscript.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the image on the left
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the normal red image.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the image on the right
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might be able to see some of the Archimedes writing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you merge them together into one digital canvas,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the parchment is brightened in both images
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it comes out bright.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prayer book is dark in both images
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it comes our dark.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it'll come out dark but red,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you can start to read it rather clearly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what it looks like.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's a before and after image,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you don't read the image on the screen like that.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You zoom in and you zoom in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you zoom in and you zoom in,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can just read it now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you process the same two images in a different way,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can actually get rid of the prayer book text.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is terribly important.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the diagrams in the manuscript
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the unique source for the diagrams
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Archimedes drew in the sand in the fourth century B.C.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there we are, I can give them to you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this kind of imaging --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How were we going to to that?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well we took the manuscript,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we decided to image it in X-ray florescence imaging.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an X-ray comes in on the diagram on the left
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that electron disappears.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as it disappears an electron form a shell farther out
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jumps in and takes its place.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it takes its place,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sheds electromagnetic radiation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sheds an X-ray.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this X-ray is specific in its wavelength
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the atom that it hits.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we wanted to get
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the iron.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the ink was written in iron.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we can map
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where this X-ray that comes out, where it comes from,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can map all the iron on the page,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and theoretically we can read the image.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we too it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in California,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a particle accelerator.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Electrons go around one way,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,positrons go around the other.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They meet in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they create subatomic particles
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the [unclear] quark and the [unclear] electron.