[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.52,0:00:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm going to do is to just give a few notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.29,0:00:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is from a book I'm preparing called
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.11,0:00:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Letters to a Young Scientist."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.54,0:00:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd thought it'd be appropriate to
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.69,0:00:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,present it, on the basis that I have had extensive experience
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.78,0:00:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in teaching, counseling scientists across a broad array of fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.47,0:00:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you might like to hear some of the principles that I've developed in doing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.87,0:00:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that teaching and counseling.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.55,0:00:31.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me begin by urging you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.45,0:00:33.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly you on the youngsters' side,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.100,0:00:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this path you've chosen,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.97,0:00:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go as far as you can.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.88,0:00:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world needs you, badly.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.35,0:00:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.86,0:00:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is going to be no turning back.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.34,0:00:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although varying among disciplines -- say, astrophysics,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.27,0:00:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,molecular genetics, the immunology, the microbiology, the public
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.23,0:01:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,health, to the new area of the human body as a symbiont,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.42,0:01:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to public health, environmental science.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.90,0:01:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knowledge in medical science and science overall
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.02,0:01:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is doubling every 15 to 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.16,0:01:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technology is increasing at a comparable rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.25,0:01:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between them, the two already pervade,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.23,0:01:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as most of you here seated realize,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.09,0:01:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every dimension of human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.48,0:01:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So swift is the velocity of the techno-scientific revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.54,0:01:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so startling in its countless twists and turns, that no one can predict
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.26,0:01:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its outcome even a decade from the present moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.71,0:01:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will come a time, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.41,0:01:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the exponential growth of discovery and knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.16,0:01:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which actually began in the 1600s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.29,0:01:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to peak and level off,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.11,0:01:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not going to matter to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.36,0:01:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The revolution is going to continue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.67,0:01:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for at least several more decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.63,0:01:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll render the human condition
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.37,0:01:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,radically different from what it is today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.72,0:02:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.04,0:02:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in so doing, inevitably they will meet and create new disciplines.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.86,0:02:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In time, all of science will come to be
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.71,0:02:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a continuum of description, an explanation of networks, of principles and laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.17,0:02:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why you need not just be training
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.37,0:02:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one specialty, but also acquire breadth in other fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.81,0:02:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,related to and even distant from your own initial choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.49,0:02:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keep your eyes lifted and your head turning.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.44,0:02:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The search for knowledge is in our genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.50,0:02:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was put there by our distant ancestors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.02,0:02:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who spread across the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.64,0:02:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's never going to be quenched.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.33,0:02:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To understand and use it sanely,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.53,0:02:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a part of the civilization yet to evolve
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.49,0:02:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires a vastly larger population of scientifically trained people like you.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.33,0:03:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In education, medicine, law, diplomacy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.37,0:03:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government, business and the media that exist today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.65,0:03:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our political leaders need at least a modest degree of scientific
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.61,0:03:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literacy, which most badly lack today --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.71,0:03:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no applause, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.25,0:03:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will be better for all
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.71,0:03:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they prepare before entering office rather than learning on the job.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.38,0:03:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore you will do well to act on the side,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.54,0:03:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how far into the laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.25,0:03:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may go, to serve as teachers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.57,0:03:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the span of your career.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.57,0:03:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll now proceed quickly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.65,0:03:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and before else, to a subject that is both a vital asset
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.84,0:03:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a potential barrier to a scientific career.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.27,0:03:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are a bit short in mathematical skills,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.75,0:03:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't worry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.08,0:03:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the most successful scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.59,0:03:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at work today are mathematically semi-literate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.79,0:03:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A metaphor will serve here:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.28,0:04:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where elite mathematicians and statisticians
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.28,0:04:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and theorists often serve as architects in the expanding realm
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.34,0:04:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of science, the remaining large majority of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.05,0:04:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basic applied scientists, including a large portion of those who could be
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.76,0:04:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said to be of the first rank, are the ones who map the terrain, they scout
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.11,0:04:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the frontiers, they cut the pathways,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.86,0:04:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they raise the buildings along the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.60,0:04:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some may have considered me foolhardy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.77,0:04:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's been my habit to brush aside the fear of mathematics
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.54,0:04:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when talking to candidate scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.60,0:04:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.40,0:04:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I watched sadly as bright students turned away
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.52,0:04:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the possibility of a scientific career
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.44,0:04:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even from taking non-required courses in science
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.17,0:04:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were afraid of failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.100,0:04:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These math-phobes deprive science and medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.36,0:04:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of immeasurable amounts of badly needed talent.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.61,0:05:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's how to relax your anxieties, if you have them:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.56,0:05:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understand that mathematics is a language
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.15,0:05:07.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ruled like other verbal languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.97,0:05:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or like verbal language generally, by its own grammar
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.97,0:05:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and system of logic.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.88,0:05:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any person with average quantitative intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.74,0:05:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who learns to read and write mathematics
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.88,0:05:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at an elementary level will, as in verbal language, have little difficulty
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.63,0:05:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picking up most of the fundamentals
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.69,0:05:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they choose to master the mathspeak of most disciplines of science.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.03,0:05:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The longer you wait to become at least semi-literate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.81,0:05:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the harder the language of mathematics will be to master, just as again in any verbal
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.82,0:05:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,language, but it can be done at any age.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.80,0:05:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I speak as an authority
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.51,0:05:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on that subject, because I'm an extreme case.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.36,0:05:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't take algebra until my freshman year
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.02,0:05:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University of Alabama.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.05,0:05:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't teach it before then.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.37,0:06:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I finally got around to calculus as a 32-year-old tenured professor at Harvard,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.28,0:06:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I sat uncomfortably in classes with undergraduate students,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.90,0:06:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little more than half my age.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.33,0:06:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of them were students
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.81,0:06:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a course I was giving on evolutionary biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.06,0:06:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I swallowed my pride, and I learned calculus.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.32,0:06:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found out that in science and all its applications,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.41,0:06:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is crucial is not that technical ability,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.38,0:06:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is imagination in all of its applications.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.54,0:06:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ability to form concepts with images of entities and processes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.88,0:06:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pictured by intuition.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.82,0:06:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found out that advances in science rarely come upstream
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.16,0:06:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from an ability to stand at a blackboard
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.19,0:06:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and conjure images from unfolding mathematical propositions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.33,0:06:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and equations.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.18,0:06:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are instead the products of downstream imagination leading to hard work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.61,0:07:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during which mathematical reasoning may or may not prove to be relevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.17,0:07:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ideas emerge when a part of the real or imagined world is studied
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.37,0:07:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for its own sake.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.79,0:07:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of foremost importance is a thorough, well-organized knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.43,0:07:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all that is known of the relevant entities and processes that might be involved in that domain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.08,0:07:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you propose to enter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.52,0:07:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When something new is discovered,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.65,0:07:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's logical then that one of the follow-up steps is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.62,0:07:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the mathematical and statistical methods to move its analysis forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.77,0:07:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that step proves too difficult for
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.32,0:07:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the person or team that made the discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.49,0:07:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mathematician can then be added by them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.79,0:07:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a collaborator.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.09,0:07:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider the following principle,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.25,0:07:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I will modestly call Wilson's Principle Number One:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.45,0:07:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is far easier for scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.85,0:08:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including medical researchers, to require needed collaboration
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.42,0:08:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in mathematics and statistics
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.53,0:08:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it is for mathematicians and statisticians
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.21,0:08:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find scientists able to make use of their equations.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.31,0:08:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is important in choosing the direction to take in science
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.40,0:08:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the subject at your level of competence that interests you deeply,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.15,0:08:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus on that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.79,0:08:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keep in mind, then, Wilson's Second Principle:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.49,0:08:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For every scientist, whether researcher, technician,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.02,0:08:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teacher, manager or businessman,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.12,0:08:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working at any level of mathematical competence,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.10,0:08:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there exists a discipline in science or medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.56,0:08:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for which that level is enough to achieve excellence.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.49,0:08:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to offer quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.05,0:08:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several more principles that will be useful
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.46,0:08:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in organizing your education and career,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.15,0:09:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if you're teaching, how you might
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.54,0:09:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enhance your own teaching and counseling of young scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.42,0:09:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In selecting a subject in which to conduct original research,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.22,0:09:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to develop world-class expertise,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.42,0:09:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take a part of the chosen discipline that is sparsely inhabited.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.75,0:09:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.46,0:09:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are on hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.100,0:09:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not to de-emphasize the essential requirement
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.65,0:09:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of broad training, or the value of apprenticing yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.09,0:09:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ongoing research to programs of high quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.55,0:09:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is important also to acquire older mentors within these successful
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.28,0:09:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,programs, and to make friends and colleagues of your age
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.17,0:09:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for mutual support.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.02,0:09:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But through it all, look for a way to break out,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.71,0:09:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find a field and subject not yet popular.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.65,0:09:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have seen this demonstrated already in the talks preceding mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.42,0:10:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is the quickest way advances are likely to occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.53,0:10:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as measured in discoveries per investigator per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.15,0:10:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may have heard the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.76,0:10:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,military dictum for the gathering of armies:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.52,0:10:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,March to the sound of the guns.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.24,0:10:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In science, the exact opposite is the case: March away from the sound of the guns.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.75,0:10:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Wilson's Principle Number Three:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.45,0:10:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,March away from the sound of the guns.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.80,0:10:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Observe from a distance,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.66,0:10:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but do not join the fray.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.76,0:10:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Make a fray of your own.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.13,0:10:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you have settled on a specialty,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.38,0:10:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the profession you can love, and you've secured opportunity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.66,0:10:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your potential to succeed will be greatly enhanced if you study it
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.94,0:10:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enough to become an expert.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.62,0:10:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are thousands of professionally delimited
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.95,0:10:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subjects sprinkled through physics and chemistry
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.43,0:10:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to biology and medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.34,0:11:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on then into the social sciences,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.24,0:11:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it is possible in short time to acquire
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.44,0:11:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the status of an authority.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.01,0:11:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the subject is still very thinly populated,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.53,0:11:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can with diligence and hard work become
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.15,0:11:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world authority.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.36,0:11:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world needs this kind of expertise,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.32,0:11:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it rewards the kind of people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.49,0:11:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,willing to acquire it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.65,0:11:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The existing information and what you self-discover
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.14,0:11:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may at first seem skimpy and difficult to connect
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.25,0:11:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other bodies of knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.29,0:11:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if that's the case,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.16,0:11:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good. Why hard instead of easy?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.30,0:11:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer deserves to be stated as Principle Number Four.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.16,0:11:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the attempt to make scientific discoveries,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.57,0:11:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every problem is an opportunity,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.57,0:11:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more difficult the problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.06,0:11:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greater will be the importance of its solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.82,0:11:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this brings me to a basic categorization
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.63,0:12:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way scientific discoveries are made.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.50,0:12:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists, pure mathematicians among them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.87,0:12:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,follow one or the other of two pathways:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.14,0:12:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First through early discoveries,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.25,0:12:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a problem is identified
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.39,0:12:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a solution is sought.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.22,0:12:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem may be relatively small;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.75,0:12:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, where exactly in a cruise ship does the norovirus begin to spread?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.17,0:12:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or larger, what's the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.08,0:12:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the answer is sought, other phenomena are typically discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.54,0:12:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other questions are asked.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.18,0:12:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This first of the two strategies is like a hunter,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.20,0:12:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exploring a forest in search of a particular quarry,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.45,0:12:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who finds other quarries along the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.37,0:12:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second strategy of research
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.20,0:12:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to study a subject broadly
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.99,0:12:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,searching for unknown phenomena or patterns of known phenomena
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.77,0:12:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a hunter in what we call "the naturalist's trance,"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.57,0:13:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the researcher of mind is open to anything interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.23,0:13:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any quarry worth taking.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.61,0:13:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The search is not for the solution of the problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.97,0:13:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for problems themselves worth solving.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.17,0:13:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The two strategies of research,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.17,0:13:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,original research, can be stated as follows,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.35,0:13:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the final principle I'm going to offer you:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.64,0:13:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For every problem in a given discipline of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.90,0:13:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there exists a species or entity or phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.48,0:13:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ideal for its solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.42,0:13:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And conversely, for every species or other entity
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.82,0:13:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or phenomenon, there exist important problems
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.76,0:13:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the solution of which, those particular objects of research are ideally suited.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.34,0:13:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Find out what they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.27,0:13:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll find your own way to discover,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.41,0:13:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn, to teach.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.59,0:13:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The decades ahead will see dramatic advances
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.02,0:13:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in disease prevention, general health, the quality of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.59,0:14:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of humanity depends on the knowledge and practice of the medicine and the science
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.62,0:14:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind it you will master.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.20,0:14:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have chosen a calling that will come in steps
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.66,0:14:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give you satisfaction, at its conclusion, of a life well lived.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.07,0:14:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thank you for having me here tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.69,0:14:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.05,0:14:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.33,0:14:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.48,0:14:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I salute you.