0:00:00.896,0:00:02.600
Here's an intriguing fact.

0:00:03.240,0:00:05.016
In the developed world,

0:00:05.040,0:00:10.200
everywhere, women live an average[br]of six to eight years longer than men do.

0:00:10.840,0:00:13.136
Six to eight years longer.

0:00:13.160,0:00:15.040
That's, like, a huge gap.

0:00:16.600,0:00:19.696
In 2015, the "Lancet" published an article

0:00:19.720,0:00:22.176
showing that men in rich countries

0:00:22.200,0:00:25.176
are twice as likely to die as women are

0:00:25.200,0:00:26.400
at any age.

0:00:27.080,0:00:29.976
But there is one place in the world

0:00:30.000,0:00:31.920
where men live as long as women.

0:00:32.479,0:00:34.536
It's a remote, mountainous zone,

0:00:34.560,0:00:35.776
a blue zone,

0:00:35.800,0:00:37.296
where super longevity

0:00:37.320,0:00:39.120
is common to both sexes.

0:00:40.040,0:00:41.856
This is the blue zone in Sardinia,

0:00:41.880,0:00:43.896
an Italian island in the Mediterranean,

0:00:43.920,0:00:46.536
between Corsica and Tunisia,

0:00:46.560,0:00:49.936
where there are six times[br]as many centenarians

0:00:49.960,0:00:51.856
as on the Italian mainland,

0:00:51.880,0:00:53.480
less than 200 miles away.

0:00:53.920,0:00:55.816
There are 10 times as many centenarians

0:00:55.840,0:00:57.640
as there are in North America.

0:00:58.040,0:01:00.560
It's the only place[br]where men live as long as women.

0:01:01.160,0:01:02.456
But why?

0:01:02.480,0:01:04.120
My curiosity was piqued.

0:01:04.720,0:01:08.056
I decided to research the science[br]and the habits of the place,

0:01:08.080,0:01:10.496
and I started with the genetic profile.

0:01:10.520,0:01:12.576
I discovered soon enough

0:01:12.600,0:01:16.616
that genes account for just[br]25 percent of their longevity.

0:01:16.640,0:01:19.160
The other 75 percent is lifestyle.

0:01:20.200,0:01:22.760
So what does it take[br]to live to 100 or beyond?

0:01:23.520,0:01:24.760
What are they doing right?

0:01:25.400,0:01:28.656
What you're looking at[br]is an aerial view of Villagrande.

0:01:28.680,0:01:31.216
It's a village at the epicenter[br]of the blue zone

0:01:31.240,0:01:33.376
where I went to investigate this,

0:01:33.400,0:01:37.120
and as you can see, architectural beauty[br]is not its main virtue,

0:01:38.840,0:01:40.456
density is:

0:01:40.480,0:01:42.456
tightly spaced houses,

0:01:42.480,0:01:45.016
interwoven alleys and streets.

0:01:45.040,0:01:48.640
It means that the villagers' lives[br]constantly intersect.

0:01:49.280,0:01:51.016
And as I walked through the village,

0:01:51.040,0:01:54.176
I could feel hundreds[br]of pairs of eyes watching me

0:01:54.200,0:01:56.816
from behind doorways and curtains,

0:01:56.840,0:01:58.576
from behind shutters.

0:01:58.600,0:02:01.016
Because like all ancient villages,

0:02:01.040,0:02:03.616
Villagrande couldn't have survived

0:02:03.640,0:02:06.896
without this structure,[br]without its walls, without its cathedral,

0:02:06.920,0:02:08.816
without its village square,

0:02:08.840,0:02:13.000
because defense and social cohesion[br]defined its design.

0:02:13.920,0:02:17.896
Urban priorities changed as we moved[br]towards the industrial revolution

0:02:17.920,0:02:20.776
because infectious disease[br]became the risk of the day.

0:02:20.800,0:02:22.000
But what about now?

0:02:22.560,0:02:27.280
Now, social isolation[br]is the public health risk of our time.

0:02:27.960,0:02:30.456
Now, a third of the population says

0:02:30.480,0:02:33.080
they have two or fewer people to lean on.

0:02:33.960,0:02:36.736
But let's go to Villagrande[br]now as a contrast

0:02:36.760,0:02:38.816
to meet some centenarians.

0:02:38.840,0:02:42.736
Meet Giuseppe Murinu.[br]He's 102, a supercentenarian

0:02:42.760,0:02:45.816
and a lifelong resident[br]of the village of Villagrande.

0:02:45.840,0:02:47.776
He was a gregarious man.

0:02:47.800,0:02:50.096
He loved to recount stories

0:02:50.120,0:02:51.776
such as how he lived like a bird

0:02:51.800,0:02:54.096
from what he could find[br]on the forest floor

0:02:54.120,0:02:57.496
during not one but two world wars,

0:02:57.520,0:03:00.616
how he and his wife,[br]who also lived past 100,

0:03:00.640,0:03:03.976
raised six children[br]in a small, homey kitchen

0:03:04.000,0:03:05.200
where I interviewed him.

0:03:05.960,0:03:08.576
Here he is with his sons[br]Angelo and Domenico,

0:03:08.600,0:03:11.656
both in their 70s[br]and looking after their father,

0:03:11.680,0:03:15.936
and who were quite frankly[br]very suspicious of me and my daughter

0:03:15.960,0:03:18.696
who came along with me[br]on this research trip,

0:03:18.720,0:03:21.536
because the flip side of social cohesion

0:03:21.560,0:03:24.376
is a wariness of strangers and outsiders.

0:03:24.400,0:03:28.296
But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all.

0:03:28.320,0:03:30.256
He was a happy-go-lucky guy,

0:03:30.280,0:03:33.936
very outgoing with a positive outlook.

0:03:33.960,0:03:38.496
And I wondered: so is that what it takes[br]to live to be 100 or beyond,

0:03:38.520,0:03:39.720
thinking positively?

0:03:42.000,0:03:43.216
Actually, no.

0:03:43.240,0:03:47.800
(Laughter)

0:03:48.840,0:03:51.456
Meet Giovanni Corrias. He's 101,

0:03:51.480,0:03:54.496
the grumpiest person I have ever met.

0:03:54.520,0:03:56.016
(Laughter)

0:03:56.040,0:03:57.736
And he put a lie to the notion

0:03:57.760,0:04:00.320
that you have to be positive[br]to live a long life.

0:04:01.400,0:04:03.136
And there is evidence for this.

0:04:03.160,0:04:05.696
When I asked him why he lived so long,

0:04:05.720,0:04:09.136
he kind of looked at me[br]under hooded eyelids and he growled,

0:04:09.160,0:04:11.296
"Nobody has to know my secrets."

0:04:11.320,0:04:13.536
(Laughter)

0:04:13.560,0:04:15.776
But despite being a sourpuss,

0:04:15.800,0:04:18.136
the niece who lived with him[br]and looked after him

0:04:18.160,0:04:20.720
called him "Il Tesoro," "my treasure."

0:04:21.360,0:04:24.536
And she respected him and loved him,

0:04:24.560,0:04:28.240
and she told me, when I questioned[br]this obvious loss of her freedom,

0:04:29.400,0:04:31.256
"You just don't understand, do you?

0:04:31.280,0:04:33.976
Looking after this man is a pleasure.

0:04:34.000,0:04:35.976
It's a huge privilege for me.

0:04:36.000,0:04:37.320
This is my heritage."

0:04:38.040,0:04:41.696
And indeed, wherever I went[br]to interview these centenarians,

0:04:41.720,0:04:43.000
I found a kitchen party.

0:04:43.461,0:04:45.176
Here's Giovanni with his two nieces,

0:04:45.200,0:04:46.416
Maria above him

0:04:46.440,0:04:48.376
and beside him his great-niece Sara,

0:04:48.400,0:04:52.176
who came when I was there[br]to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.

0:04:52.200,0:04:55.496
And I quickly discovered by being there

0:04:55.520,0:04:57.776
that in the blue zone, as people age,

0:04:57.800,0:05:00.256
and indeed across their lifespans,

0:05:00.280,0:05:04.376
they're always surrounded[br]by extended family, by friends,

0:05:04.400,0:05:07.696
by neighbors, the priest,[br]the barkeeper, the grocer.

0:05:07.720,0:05:10.016
People are always there or dropping by.

0:05:10.040,0:05:13.160
They are never left[br]to live solitary lives.

0:05:13.760,0:05:16.296
This is unlike the rest[br]of the developed world,

0:05:16.320,0:05:17.776
where as George Burns quipped,

0:05:17.800,0:05:21.840
"Happiness is having a large,[br]loving, caring family in another city."

0:05:22.280,0:05:23.976
(Laughter)

0:05:24.000,0:05:27.416
Now, so far we've only met men,

0:05:27.440,0:05:29.536
long-living men, but I met women too,

0:05:29.560,0:05:31.160
and here you see Zia Teresa.

0:05:31.640,0:05:36.056
She, at over 100, taught me[br]how to make the local specialty,

0:05:36.080,0:05:37.736
which is called culurgiones,

0:05:37.760,0:05:40.536
which are these large pasta pockets

0:05:40.560,0:05:42.720
like ravioli about this size,

0:05:43.440,0:05:44.656
this size,

0:05:44.680,0:05:47.216
and they're filled[br]with high-fat ricotta and mint

0:05:47.240,0:05:49.016
and drenched in tomato sauce.

0:05:49.040,0:05:52.280
And she showed me[br]how to make just the right crimp

0:05:53.000,0:05:54.776
so they wouldn't open,

0:05:54.800,0:05:57.816
and she makes them[br]with her daughters every Sunday

0:05:57.840,0:06:00.800
and distributes them[br]by the dozens to neighbors and friends.

0:06:01.560,0:06:04.656
And that's when I discovered[br]a low-fat, gluten-free diet

0:06:04.680,0:06:07.296
is not what it takes[br]to live to 100 in the blue zone.

0:06:07.320,0:06:10.576
(Applause)

0:06:10.600,0:06:15.216
Now, these centenarians' stories[br]along with the science that underpins them

0:06:15.240,0:06:18.056
prompted me to ask myself[br]some questions too,

0:06:18.080,0:06:21.720
such as, when am I going to die[br]and how can I put that day off?

0:06:22.320,0:06:26.040
And as you will see,[br]the answer is not what we expect.

0:06:26.840,0:06:30.736
Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher[br]at Brigham Young University

0:06:30.760,0:06:32.656
and she addressed this very question

0:06:32.680,0:06:34.176
in a series of studies

0:06:34.200,0:06:37.096
of tens of thousands of middle aged people

0:06:37.120,0:06:39.256
much like this audience here.

0:06:39.280,0:06:42.216
And she looked at every[br]aspect of their lifestyle:

0:06:42.240,0:06:44.376
their diet, their exercise,

0:06:44.400,0:06:45.896
their marital status,

0:06:45.920,0:06:47.576
how often they went to the doctor,

0:06:47.600,0:06:50.096
whether they smoked or drank, etc.

0:06:50.120,0:06:52.336
She recorded all of this

0:06:52.360,0:06:56.936
and then she and her colleagues[br]sat tight and waited for seven years

0:06:56.960,0:06:58.680
to see who would still be breathing.

0:06:59.760,0:07:01.880
And of the people left standing,

0:07:02.880,0:07:05.880
what reduced their chances[br]of dying the most?

0:07:06.440,0:07:08.056
That was her question.

0:07:08.080,0:07:11.616
So let's now look at her data in summary,

0:07:11.640,0:07:16.376
going from the least powerful[br]predictor to the strongest.

0:07:16.400,0:07:17.616
OK?

0:07:17.640,0:07:19.896
So clean air, which is great,

0:07:19.920,0:07:21.960
it doesn't predict how long you will live.

0:07:23.000,0:07:25.736
Whether you have your hypertension treated

0:07:25.760,0:07:27.096
is good.

0:07:27.120,0:07:28.896
Still not a strong predictor.

0:07:28.920,0:07:32.416
Whether you're lean or overweight,[br]you can stop feeling guilty about this,

0:07:32.440,0:07:34.816
because it's only in third place.

0:07:34.840,0:07:37.336
How much exercise you get is next,

0:07:37.360,0:07:39.696
still only a moderate predictor.

0:07:39.720,0:07:44.456
Whether you've had a cardiac event[br]and you're in rehab and exercising,

0:07:44.480,0:07:46.016
getting higher now.

0:07:46.040,0:07:47.656
Whether you've had a flu vaccine.

0:07:47.680,0:07:48.936
Did anybody here know

0:07:48.960,0:07:52.760
that having a flu vaccine[br]protects you more than doing exercise?

0:07:54.720,0:07:57.216
Whether you were drinking and quit,

0:07:57.240,0:07:59.216
or whether you're a moderate drinker,

0:07:59.240,0:08:02.720
whether you don't smoke,[br]or if you did, whether you quit,

0:08:03.560,0:08:07.176
and getting towards the top predictors

0:08:07.200,0:08:10.736
are two features of your social life.

0:08:10.760,0:08:13.136
First, your close relationships.

0:08:13.160,0:08:17.456
These are the people[br]that you can call on for a loan

0:08:17.480,0:08:20.096
if you need money suddenly,

0:08:20.120,0:08:22.696
who will call the doctor[br]if you're not feeling well

0:08:22.720,0:08:24.536
or who will take you to the hospital,

0:08:24.560,0:08:29.376
or who will sit with you[br]if you're having an existential crisis,

0:08:29.400,0:08:31.376
if you're in despair.

0:08:31.400,0:08:34.015
Those people, that little clutch of people

0:08:34.039,0:08:37.576
are a strong predictor, if you have them,[br]of how long you'll live.

0:08:37.600,0:08:39.936
And then something that surprised me,

0:08:39.960,0:08:42.576
something that's called[br]social integration.

0:08:42.600,0:08:46.656
This means how much[br]you interact with people

0:08:46.680,0:08:48.080
as you move through your day.

0:08:48.760,0:08:50.856
How many people do you talk to?

0:08:50.880,0:08:54.456
And these mean both[br]your weak and your strong bonds,

0:08:54.480,0:08:56.976
so not just the people[br]you're really close to,

0:08:57.000,0:08:58.376
who mean a lot to you,

0:08:58.400,0:09:02.936
but, like, do you talk to the guy[br]who every day makes you your coffee?

0:09:02.960,0:09:04.736
Do you talk to the postman?

0:09:04.760,0:09:08.216
Do you talk to the woman who walks[br]by your house every day with her dog?

0:09:08.240,0:09:11.216
Do you play bridge or poker,[br]have a book club?

0:09:11.240,0:09:14.416
Those interactions[br]are one of the strongest predictors

0:09:14.440,0:09:15.776
of how long you'll live.

0:09:15.800,0:09:17.760
Now, this leads me to the next question:

0:09:18.840,0:09:24.256
if we now spend more time online[br]than on any other activity,

0:09:24.280,0:09:25.936
including sleeping,

0:09:25.960,0:09:28.136
we're now up to 11 hours a day,

0:09:28.160,0:09:30.656
one hour more than last year, by the way,

0:09:30.680,0:09:32.496
does it make a difference?

0:09:32.520,0:09:36.536
Why distinguish[br]between interacting in person

0:09:36.560,0:09:38.776
and interacting via social media?

0:09:38.800,0:09:41.656
Is it the same thing as being there

0:09:41.680,0:09:45.360
if you're in contact constantly[br]with your kids through text, for example?

0:09:46.200,0:09:48.336
Well, the short answer[br]to the question is no,

0:09:48.360,0:09:50.016
it's not the same thing.

0:09:50.040,0:09:54.856
Face-to-face contact releases[br]a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,

0:09:54.880,0:09:58.176
and like a vaccine,[br]they protect you now in the present

0:09:58.200,0:10:00.056
and well into the future.

0:10:00.080,0:10:02.600
So simply making[br]eye contact with somebody,

0:10:03.600,0:10:06.176
shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five

0:10:06.200,0:10:08.256
is enough to release oxytocin,

0:10:08.280,0:10:10.496
which increases your level of trust

0:10:10.520,0:10:12.360
and it lowers your cortisol levels.

0:10:12.920,0:10:14.760
So it lowers your stress.

0:10:15.440,0:10:18.256
And dopamine is generated,[br]which gives us a little high

0:10:18.280,0:10:19.496
and it kills pain.

0:10:19.520,0:10:22.440
It's like a naturally produced morphine.

0:10:23.160,0:10:25.856
Now, all of this passes[br]under our conscious radar,

0:10:25.880,0:10:29.560
which is why we conflate[br]online activity with the real thing.

0:10:30.200,0:10:32.536
But we do have evidence now,[br]fresh evidence,

0:10:32.560,0:10:33.896
that there is a difference.

0:10:33.920,0:10:35.976
So let's look at some of the neuroscience.

0:10:36.000,0:10:39.296
Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist[br]at the University of Maryland,

0:10:39.320,0:10:41.136
tried to map the difference

0:10:41.160,0:10:44.816
between what goes on in our brains[br]when we interact in person

0:10:44.840,0:10:48.056
versus when we're watching[br]something that's static.

0:10:48.080,0:10:50.509
And what she did was[br]she compared the brain function

0:10:50.533,0:10:52.576
of two groups of people,

0:10:52.600,0:10:55.896
those interacting live with her

0:10:55.920,0:10:58.056
or with one of her research associates

0:10:58.080,0:11:00.256
in a dynamic conversation,

0:11:00.280,0:11:02.776
and she compared that[br]to the brain activity of people

0:11:02.800,0:11:06.536
who were watching her talk[br]about the same subject

0:11:06.560,0:11:09.040
but in a canned video, like on YouTube.

0:11:09.880,0:11:11.576
And by the way, if you want to know

0:11:11.600,0:11:14.416
how she fit two people[br]in an MRI scanner at the same time,

0:11:14.440,0:11:15.640
talk to me later.

0:11:16.360,0:11:18.760
So what's the difference?

0:11:19.280,0:11:22.000
This is your brain[br]on real social interaction.

0:11:22.840,0:11:25.736
What you're seeing[br]is the difference in brain activity

0:11:25.760,0:11:30.896
between interacting in person[br]and taking in static content.

0:11:30.920,0:11:35.896
In orange, you see the brain areas[br]that are associated with attention,

0:11:35.920,0:11:37.136
social intelligence --

0:11:37.160,0:11:39.736
that means anticipating[br]what somebody else is thinking

0:11:39.760,0:11:41.496
and feeling and planning --

0:11:41.520,0:11:43.056
and emotional reward.

0:11:43.080,0:11:45.856
And these areas become much more engaged

0:11:45.880,0:11:48.160
when we're interacting[br]with a live partner.

0:11:50.120,0:11:52.816
Now, these richer brain signatures

0:11:52.840,0:11:56.896
might be why recruiters[br]from Fortune 500 companies

0:11:56.920,0:11:58.856
evaluating candidates

0:11:58.880,0:12:01.656
thought that the candidates were smarter

0:12:01.680,0:12:03.160
when they heard their voices

0:12:04.160,0:12:07.416
compared to when they just[br]read their pitches in a text, for example,

0:12:07.440,0:12:08.856
or an email or a letter.

0:12:08.880,0:12:11.656
Now, our voices and body language[br]convey a rich signal.

0:12:11.680,0:12:13.696
It shows that we're thinking, feeling,

0:12:13.720,0:12:15.376
sentient human beings

0:12:15.400,0:12:17.896
who are much more than an algorithm.

0:12:17.920,0:12:19.976
Now, this research by Nicholas Epley

0:12:20.000,0:12:23.280
at the University of Chicago[br]Business School

0:12:24.440,0:12:27.120
is quite amazing because[br]it tells us a simple thing.

0:12:27.760,0:12:29.816
If somebody hears your voice,

0:12:29.840,0:12:31.160
they think you're smarter.

0:12:31.840,0:12:33.920
I mean, that's quite a simple thing.

0:12:35.320,0:12:37.240
Now, to return to the beginning,

0:12:38.040,0:12:39.936
why do women live longer than men?

0:12:39.960,0:12:42.296
And one major reason[br]is that women are more likely

0:12:42.320,0:12:45.696
to prioritize and groom[br]their face-to-face relationships

0:12:45.720,0:12:47.376
over their lifespans.

0:12:47.400,0:12:49.056
Fresh evidence shows

0:12:49.080,0:12:50.776
that these in-person friendships

0:12:50.800,0:12:54.776
create a biological force field[br]against disease and decline.

0:12:54.800,0:12:56.976
And it's not just true of humans

0:12:57.000,0:13:00.376
but their primate relations,[br]our primate relations as well.

0:13:00.400,0:13:04.056
Anthropologist Joan Silk's work[br]shows that female baboons

0:13:04.080,0:13:06.976
who have a core of female friends

0:13:07.000,0:13:10.576
show lower levels of stress[br]via their cortisol levels,

0:13:10.600,0:13:14.080
they live longer and they have[br]more surviving offspring.

0:13:14.640,0:13:17.016
At least three stable relationships.

0:13:17.040,0:13:18.536
That was the magic number.

0:13:18.560,0:13:19.776
Think about it.

0:13:19.800,0:13:21.086
I hope you guys have three.

0:13:22.440,0:13:25.720
The power of such face-to-face contact

0:13:26.480,0:13:29.296
is really why there are[br]the lowest rates of dementia

0:13:29.320,0:13:32.136
among people who are socially engaged.

0:13:32.160,0:13:33.976
It's why women who have breast cancer

0:13:34.000,0:13:39.296
are four times more likely[br]to survive their disease than loners are.

0:13:39.320,0:13:43.296
Why men who've had a stroke[br]who meet regularly to play poker

0:13:43.320,0:13:44.976
or to have coffee

0:13:45.000,0:13:47.256
or to play old-timer's hockey --

0:13:47.280,0:13:48.576
I'm Canadian, after all --

0:13:48.600,0:13:49.736
(Laughter)

0:13:49.760,0:13:52.256
are better protected[br]by that social contact

0:13:52.280,0:13:54.296
than they are by medication.

0:13:54.320,0:13:57.416
Why men who've had a stroke[br]who meet regularly --

0:13:57.440,0:13:59.896
this is something very[br]powerful they can do.

0:13:59.920,0:14:03.616
This face-to-face contact[br]provides stunning benefits,

0:14:03.640,0:14:08.120
yet now almost a quarter of the population[br]says they have no one to talk to.

0:14:09.160,0:14:11.496
We can do something about this.

0:14:11.520,0:14:13.296
Like Sardinian villagers,

0:14:13.320,0:14:17.016
it's a biological imperative[br]to know we belong,

0:14:17.040,0:14:19.056
and not just the women among us.

0:14:19.080,0:14:23.216
Building in-person interaction[br]into our cities, into our workplaces,

0:14:23.240,0:14:24.720
into our agendas

0:14:25.840,0:14:27.296
bolsters the immune system,

0:14:27.320,0:14:31.336
sends feel-good hormones[br]surging through the bloodstream and brain

0:14:31.360,0:14:32.960
and helps us live longer.

0:14:33.840,0:14:36.496
I call this building your village,

0:14:36.520,0:14:40.120
and building it and sustaining it[br]is a matter of life and death.

0:14:40.760,0:14:41.976
Thank you.

0:14:42.000,0:14:45.680
(Applause)

0:14:48.130,0:14:50.896
Helen Walters: Susan, come back.[br]I have a question for you.

0:14:50.920,0:14:52.816
I'm wondering if there's a middle path.

0:14:52.840,0:14:56.256
So you talk about the neurotransmitters[br]connecting when in face-to-face,

0:14:56.280,0:14:57.936
but what about digital technology?

0:14:57.960,0:15:00.536
We've seen enormous improvements[br]in digital technology

0:15:00.560,0:15:03.016
like FaceTime, things like that.

0:15:03.040,0:15:04.296
Does that work too?

0:15:04.320,0:15:05.576
I mean, I see my nephew.

0:15:05.600,0:15:08.016
He plays Minecraft[br]and he's yelling at his friends.

0:15:08.040,0:15:10.056
It seems like he's connecting pretty well.

0:15:10.080,0:15:11.856
Is that useful? Is that helpful?

0:15:11.880,0:15:14.216
Susan Pinker: Some of the data[br]are just emerging.

0:15:14.240,0:15:17.216
The data are so fresh[br]that the digital revolution happened

0:15:17.240,0:15:19.976
and the health data trailed behind.

0:15:20.000,0:15:21.376
So we're just learning,

0:15:21.400,0:15:23.416
but I would say[br]there are some improvements

0:15:23.440,0:15:25.256
that we could make in the technology.

0:15:25.280,0:15:28.736
For example, the camera on your laptop[br]is at the top of the screen,

0:15:28.760,0:15:31.816
so for example, when you're[br]looking into the screen,

0:15:31.840,0:15:33.736
you're not actually making eye contact.

0:15:33.760,0:15:36.936
So something as simple[br]as even just looking into the camera

0:15:36.960,0:15:39.216
can increase those neurotransmitters,

0:15:39.240,0:15:41.816
or maybe changing[br]the position of the camera.

0:15:41.840,0:15:45.536
So it's not identical, but I think[br]we are getting closer with the technology.

0:15:45.560,0:15:47.296
HW: Great. Thank you so much.

0:15:47.320,0:15:48.536
SP: Thank you.

0:15:48.560,0:15:49.710
(Applause)