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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

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Floods and Landslides.

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Flash floods are usually of rapid onset either[br]from rain or structural failure.

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Brief duration, associated with steep terrains,[br]or canyons, or valleys.

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There is little or no warning, and mortality[br]may be high.

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River floods are usually slow onset but of[br]long duration, associated with low lying, concave

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terrains, especially with people settling[br]in these areas, they usually provide some

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warning.

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Floods account for 40% of all world disasters,[br]and cause the most damage worldwide.

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These are the most lethal floods that have[br]occurred in modern history.

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In Uganda, as in other countries in Eastern[br]Africa, floods are an emerging public health

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problem.

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Every year, floods affect more and more people[br]in different localities.

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They are closely associated with heavy rains,[br]that is natural causes, and human settlement

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patterns, technological causes.

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An example of Uganda, floods occurred in Bududa, 2010,[br]Butalejja, 2010, Kisoro, 2010, Soroti, 2007,

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Kumi, 2007, and they occur in [br]Kampala every year.

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Landslides can be predicted and risk reduction[br]and mitigation activities can be initiated.

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Factors that contribute to floods include[br]topographical makeup of the area, and then they

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may accompany other disasters like heavy rains[br]and river surges, breakdown of river embankments,

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hurricane sea surges, earthquake-related tsunamis,[br]landslides or volcanic eruptions.

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Natural factors include geological factors,[br]seasonal variations, climatic factors, and

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topographical factors.

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Human factors include urbanization, deforestation,[br]over-grazing, improper construction, and inadequate

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safeguards.

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Most deaths occur in flash floods, and most[br]deaths are due to drowning.

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Death rates vary according to country, rate[br]of onset and community resilience.

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Public health impact of floods includes medical[br]and public health needs that persist for many

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months after the river floods, normal health[br]care delivery may be disrupted, chronic illness

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may be worsened in the long run.

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However, serious infectious diseases are usually[br]rare in flood and landslide situations.

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Water and food shortages often develop.

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Key health issues and safety response issues[br]after floods include water quality, food safety,

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cleanup activity and safety, sanitation and hygiene,[br]disease vectors, chemical hazards, mental

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health for responders and victims, temporary[br]settlement, and early warning for subsequent

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floods.

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Outreach support after floods.

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Not all victims can seek help.

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They could be closed off due to geographical[br]limits, monetary limits, or disability.

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Prevent convergence on limited resources,[br]set up search and rescue efforts, set up immediate

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relief efforts, enhance surveillance [br]and situational awareness.

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Prevention and control measures for floods[br]include mitigation, surveillance and early

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warning, rapid needs assessment, mechanisms[br]for search and rescue, mechanisms for immediate

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control of water surges, public information,[br]floodplain management, and responsible management

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of human settlements.

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Landslides.

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In Uganda, as an example, landslides are a[br]focal problem in areas that have topographic

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risk.

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Due to population pressures and land-use implications,[br]people are moving higher and higher into high

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risk areas.

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Landslides can be predicted and risk reduction[br]and mitigation activities can be initiated.

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Secondary disaster can be caused by landslides[br]and these include fires and explosions, building

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collapse, dam failures and floods, and release[br]of toxic materials.

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Contributing natural factors include geophysical[br]factors, topographic factors, and meteorological

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factors.

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Manmade factors include structural factors[br]like types of houses, land-use patterns, demography,

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and population pressures.

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Health impacts of landslides may include minor[br]injuries and lacerations, crush injuries to head

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and chest, hemorrhage, bleeding, and hypovolemia,[br]asphyxia, and drowning, and burns.

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Delayed impacts include dehydration, environmental[br]exposure, the crush syndrome in people who

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are severely crushed, wound infection and sepsis,[br]and smoke and dust inhalation.

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Landslides do not often create significant[br]outbreaks of new infectious diseases because

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of the wash-out affect.

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Prevention and control measures for landslides[br]include avoiding construction in areas of

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high geological risk, safer construction,[br]drills, scenarios and planning in areas that

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are landslide prone, planning for displaced[br]populations, planning for emergency services,

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and planning for search & rescue.

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Saving lives.

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Landslides have potential to cause [br]Mass Casualty Incidents (MCIs).

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There is need for rapid assessment of impact,[br]timely and appropriate disaster response, surveillance

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for injuries and diseases, dissemination of[br]public health information, environmental health

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and control measures, and follow up epidemiology.