[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.75,0:00:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you are dog people?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.67,0:00:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A show of hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.59,0:00:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Excellent!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.83,0:00:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How about cat people?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.86,0:00:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, you guys can go to the break early.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.25,0:00:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.14,0:00:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, of the dog people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.33,0:00:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cat people\Nwho want to be dog people,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.56,0:00:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.56,0:00:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many of you have thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.16,0:00:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wouldn't it be great to know\Nwhat my dog is thinking?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.85,0:00:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think everyone else already knows\Nwhat their dog is thinking, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.15,0:00:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got into this project,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.92,0:00:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to tell you\Na little bit about how -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.26,0:00:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is basically\Na stupid dog trick story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:01:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really started\Nwith this dog named Newton,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.33,0:01:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was really my favorite dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.87,0:01:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've had many dogs through my life,\Nbut Newton was my favorite,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.64,0:01:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he lived to be about 15 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.92,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After he passed away, I thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have these tools, this MRI machine,\Nthat I have been using for decades
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.43,0:01:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to study human decision making\Nand what motivates people,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.52,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why haven't we used this on other animals?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly, other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.70,0:01:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have many of the same feelings\Nand motivations that people do.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.62,0:01:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is kind of an area of science\Nthat people don't like to talk about.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.56,0:01:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I embarked on this project\Nabout four years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.92,0:01:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to figure out what dogs think,\Nand specifically what dogs think of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.11,0:01:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we're talking about humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.85,0:01:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have kind of two ways
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.48,0:01:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can think about what\Nother people are thinking:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.96,0:01:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can either ask them,\Nand sometimes they will tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.34,0:01:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they know, and they want us\Nto know what they are thinking;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.80,0:02:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or we can observe actions,\Nwe can observe behaviors,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.77,0:02:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can try to infer things about what\Npeople are thinking from their actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.05,0:02:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With animals, and dogs, of course,\Nwe can't really ask them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.98,0:02:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can ask them,\Nand we may think that they tell us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.40,0:02:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we really don't know\Nwhat they're thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.60,0:02:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're kind of left\Nwith their behaviors:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.99,0:02:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can observe their actions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.47,0:02:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can try to infer\Nwhat they are thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.15,0:02:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the foundation of behaviorism,\Nand it's been around since Pavlov.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.02,0:02:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are, of course,\Nvery tricky issues here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.62,0:02:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and humans being humans,\Nwe tend to anthropomorphize everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.72,0:02:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of in this area
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.03,0:02:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I became very interested \Nin intrigued with the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.14,0:02:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of trying to figure out what dogs\Nare thinking by using MRI.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.98,0:02:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The technique is straightforward.\NIt's been around for decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.30,0:02:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is: if we were studying a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.40,0:03:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would put a human in an MRI,\Nhave them do some type of task,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.38,0:03:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'd measure blood flow\Nor brain activity
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.07,0:03:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then try to figure out\Nwhat parts of the brain do what.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.32,0:03:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very straightforward,\Nif you've had an MRI,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.71,0:03:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not terribly pleasant,\Nbut people will do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.89,0:03:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we do this with other animals?\NHow do we do it with a dog?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.14,0:03:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you what we found.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.97,0:03:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a short video.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.40,0:03:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a what we call our training video,\Nand it demonstrates how we did this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.01,0:03:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I start it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.18,0:03:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to see\Ntwo dogs in this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.39,0:03:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first dog, Callie, is my dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.95,0:03:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was actually\Nthe replacement for Newton.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.41,0:03:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was adopted here in Atlanta\Nfrom the Humane Society.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.43,0:03:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We loved Newton so much;\Nwe could never get another pug,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.59,0:03:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so Callie is the anti-pug.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.19,0:03:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other dog is McKenzie,\Na border collie.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.24,0:03:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just kind of get right into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.96,0:03:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll narrate as we go along.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.12,0:03:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Callie - Introduction to head coil]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.65,0:03:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's Mark Spivak.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.05,0:04:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's my partner in this endeavor,\Nhe's a dog trainer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.59,0:04:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing that we had to do\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.51,0:04:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is figure out how do we get dogs\Nto go into a tube,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.30,0:04:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put a head coil around their head\Nto pick up the brain waves,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.46,0:04:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hold absolutely still.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.21,0:04:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you are seeing here, is that\NCallie is not a particularly obedient dog;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.78,0:04:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she has no particularly special skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.96,0:04:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she does have one very good trait,\Nand that is: she likes hot dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.47,0:04:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mark is doing what we call\Nclicker training.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.60,0:04:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time she approximates\Nwhat we want her to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.12,0:04:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he clicks, and then she gets a hot dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.22,0:04:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's the very first time
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.24,0:04:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's been introduced\Nto the thing we call the head coil,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.12,0:04:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we didn't know at this point\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.91,0:04:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether this was even\Ngoing to be possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.96,0:04:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[McKenzie - Introduction to head coil]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.79,0:04:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This dog, McKenzie,\Na border collie, is highly trained.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.18,0:04:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's very skilled in agility,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.33,0:05:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her owner, as you'll see,\Ngets her to sit in this coil very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.46,0:05:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Dog owner: Good girl!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.48,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.83,0:05:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is she too far out now?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.06,0:05:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Gregory Berns: Yeah, basically,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.95,0:05:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are looking for the brain case\Nto be in the center, right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.67,0:05:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's good.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.39,0:05:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(On stage) GB: If you've had an MRI,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.69,0:05:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that you're told\Nnot to move, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.03,0:05:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the big challenge of doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.47,0:05:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Mckenzie - Holding without any chin rest]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.86,0:05:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up until this point,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.89,0:05:34.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't know if this was going\Nto be possible until I saw this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.100,0:05:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was literally\Nafter about five minutes of training.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.30,0:05:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I saw that, I knew we could do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.36,0:05:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Callie - Training with chin rest]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.92,0:06:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you saw McKenzie doing was close\Nbut not quite good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.90,0:06:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we are going after\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.81,0:06:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we're to achieve data\Nthat compares to humans -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.23,0:06:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) GB: You are perfect! \NExcellent! Perfect job!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.80,0:06:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(On stage) GB: Mark told me\NI had to be more demonstrative
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.60,0:06:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than I am normally.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.82,0:06:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.17,0:06:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) GB: Perfect! Yes!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.07,0:06:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.57,0:06:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(On stage) GB: What you notice we did\Nwas we introduced a little chin rest
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.10,0:06:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have to give the dogs\Na target to put their head on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.63,0:06:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,McKenzie adapts this very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.69,0:06:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's actually in a simulator\Nfor an MRI that we built.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.22,0:06:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's doing quite well,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.39,0:06:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is actually\Nstill too much movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.100,0:06:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The really difficult part of this\Nis the noise that the scanner makes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.56,0:06:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playing in the background.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.11,0:06:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are recordings that we made\Nto acclimate the dogs to the training.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.25,0:06:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very loud.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.74,0:07:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's being played at low volume\Njust to get her used to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.35,0:07:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's really about 95 decibels,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.42,0:07:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's like jackhammer loud.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.35,0:07:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) GB: That's it,\Nthat what we are doing!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.56,0:07:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(On stage) GB: This is after\Nabout a month or two of training.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.52,0:07:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Callie - Scammer training]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.46,0:07:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're at the real MRI now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.18,0:07:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's probably the most expensive\Ntraining session ever performed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.76,0:07:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.51,0:07:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We get charged about 500 dollars\Nan hour to use the MRI.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.54,0:07:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.14,0:07:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we had to use the real thing\Nat a certain point.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.71,0:07:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point, we didn't even know how\Nthey would react to the magnetic field.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.99,0:07:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key thing I want you to notice
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.85,0:07:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is these dogs are doing it willingly,\Nand they enjoy it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.86,0:07:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the whole point of this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.93,0:08:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We treat these animals\Nas family members.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.88,0:08:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't sedate them,\Nand we don't restrain them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.32,0:08:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Callie - Final training]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.66,0:08:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's actually after\Nabout two months of training.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.44,0:08:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We made some modifications\Nto the chin rest,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.09,0:08:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even a shelter dog\Nlike Callie can do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.51,0:08:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Full chin rest, ear muffs,\Ntube, hand signals]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.38,0:08:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look carefully, you also notice\Nthat she's wearing ear muffs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.70,0:08:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very important
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.05,0:08:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the scanner is so loud,\Nand the dogs hearing is quite sensitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.72,0:08:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[This means "hot dog"]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.46,0:08:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing that we did -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.32,0:08:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.98,0:08:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's a scientific experiment, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.03,0:08:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.01,0:08:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[This means "no hot dog"]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.78,0:08:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the training video.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.67,0:08:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The "hot dog, no hot dog" hand signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.59,0:08:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we started with this
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.13,0:08:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we didn't know\Nif this was going to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.44,0:08:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we decided we needed\Nto do something really simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.24,0:08:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's just straight up\NPavlovian conditioning
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.51,0:09:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we taught the dogs\Ntwo hand signals:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.60,0:09:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this means "hot dog,"\Nand this means "no hot dog."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.34,0:09:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this technique works,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.28,0:09:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we should see is activity\Nin the reward system of their brain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.83,0:09:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this hand signal but not this signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.72,0:09:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also put up a slide here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.90,0:09:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we started doing this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.68,0:09:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word got out amongst\Nthe community here in Atlanta
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.49,0:09:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're doing this crazy\Ndog scanning project.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.73,0:09:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're looking for volunteers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.16,0:09:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially people who like to train dogs\Nand have dogs that are very well behaved.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.93,0:09:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's still true.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.36,0:09:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have a dog that can do this\Nor you think can do this, talk to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.27,0:09:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the project is still going on,\Nand it's gotten quite large.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.01,0:09:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've seen the kind of preliminary video.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.40,0:09:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's one of my favorite photos\Nbecause it's kind of captures -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.12,0:09:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the first day\Nwe were actually doing the scanning.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.06,0:09:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It captures the human confusion here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.30,0:10:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were just standing around trying\Nto figure out how we are going to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.16,0:10:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Callie knows, she's been trained,\Nshe's been doing this for two months;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.79,0:10:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she's ready to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.86,0:10:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The head wrap is just\Nto keep the ear muffs in place.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.96,0:10:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what it look likes\Nfrom the other end,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.12,0:10:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the business end of the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.89,0:10:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's actually a dog named Zen.\NHe's a yellow lab golden retriever.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.80,0:10:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're studying initially\Nis just the reward system response.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.19,0:10:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very simply, we got\Nthese two hand signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.56,0:10:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the idea is we compare\Nthe brain response to these two things.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.47,0:10:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I said, we have many dogs\Ndoing this now,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.80,0:10:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just shelter dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.54,0:10:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have dogs from\Nservice dog organizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.77,0:10:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have shelter dogs -\Nreally all sorts of breeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.22,0:10:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I show you some of the results,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.03,0:10:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do want to say something\Nabout brain anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.03,0:11:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A dog brain - this slide is not to scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.98,0:11:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A dog brain is probably about the size\Nof a plum or a lemon maybe,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.40,0:11:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on the size of the dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.40,0:11:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not big, even if you have a big dog,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.84,0:11:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the head is muscle,\Nso just going to be aware of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.95,0:11:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I like putting up this slide
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.75,0:11:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it shows\Nthe similarities of animal brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.05,0:11:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can immediately\Nmake out common structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.10,0:11:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see towards the right\Nthat kind of pretty structure
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.97,0:11:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the cerebellum that controls\Nvarious types of motor movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.74,0:11:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then below that,\Nthere is the brainstem.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.78,0:11:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The really the parts of the brain\Nthat are different
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.25,0:11:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are what we call the cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.16,0:11:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the upper part, the folded part.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.39,0:11:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The big differences between dog and human\Nhave to do with the size of the cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.16,0:11:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how folded it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.20,0:11:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What folding accomplishes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.23,0:11:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is packing a lot more brain surface area\Ninto a specific volume.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.88,0:12:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generally speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.12,0:12:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more folded a brain,\Nthe more surface area,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.98,0:12:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more brain power, if you will.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.46,0:12:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are lot of similarities,\Nand there are some differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.86,0:12:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I am particularly interested in\Nare the similarities.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.98,0:12:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if we were to have a commonality\Nof experience with dogs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.31,0:12:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other animals for that matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.49,0:12:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to share the same\Nor similar brain structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.82,0:12:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin said this 150 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.28,0:12:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do the results look like?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.70,0:12:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This's a very compact way\Nof summarizing an experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.64,0:12:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I showed you where the dogs\Nreceive two different hand signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.69,0:12:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've averaged the results over,\Nin this case, 12 dogs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.21,0:12:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think though, we've done this\Nprobably in over 20 dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.70,0:12:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The orange areas show\N
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.38,0:12:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what parts of the brain are more active\Nto this reward signal,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.81,0:12:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this hot dog signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.81,0:12:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I want to emphasize
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.28,0:13:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the brain response\Nis not directly to hot dogs,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.64,0:13:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's to the hand signal\Nthat means hot dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.72,0:13:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may think that's not a big deal;\Nit's still hot dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.60,0:13:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no surprise that dogs like hot dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.59,0:13:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is a big deal\Nbecause we train this signal;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.26,0:13:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a symbolic representation\Nof a hot dog that the dog has learned
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.12,0:13:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has learned\Nto recognize this meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.69,0:13:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The particular parts of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.48,0:13:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are being active\Nare the reward system.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.26,0:13:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's kind of two hot spots.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.01,0:13:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a headlight type picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.55,0:13:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's in an area of the brain\Ncalled the cortex nucleus.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.45,0:13:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the area of the brain\Nthat all mammals have,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.70,0:13:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the area that has the most\Ndopamine receptors in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.00,0:13:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of the key center that links\Nreward and motivation with action.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.17,0:13:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Normally, when that's active\Nin a human or any other animal,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.99,0:13:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means that something\Nimportant has happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.25,0:13:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the animal needs to do something.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.81,0:13:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case it's quite simple\Nbecause they will just eat the hot dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.48,0:14:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, so what?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.74,0:14:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we proved that dog brains\Nlike hot dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.86,0:14:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was just the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.49,0:14:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This started about four years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.25,0:14:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've since gone on\Nand done many other experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.44,0:14:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the dogs in these pictures,\Nare still working with us in the project.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.54,0:14:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've done things looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.62,0:14:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how their olfaction, \Nor their sensory system for smell works,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.20,0:14:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they identify different people,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.79,0:14:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other dogs\Nin their household by smell.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.88,0:14:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that we found\Nis that this reward system,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.54,0:14:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same part of the brain activates\Nwhen the dogs smell a familiar human,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.61,0:14:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if the human is not there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.81,0:14:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shows that dogs\Nhave representations of us
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.03,0:14:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our identities that persist\Nwhen we are not there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.42,0:14:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people ask me,\N"Do dogs miss us when we are gone?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.84,0:15:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to say yes because we find evidence\Nthat they are remembering their humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.84,0:15:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they care about them,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.47,0:15:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that it's associated\Nwith these reward responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.68,0:15:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it still just hot dogs?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.84,0:15:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To answer this question,\None of the other things that we did
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.70,0:15:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was we actually repeated\Nthe experiment I showed you,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.24,0:15:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we show\Nthe different hand signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.76,0:15:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With one little twist:\Nwe manipulate who gives the signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.59,0:15:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it matter if the dog's\Nowner gives a signal?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.60,0:15:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or whether a stranger comes in\Nand gives the signal?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.34,0:15:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or even whether a computer\Ngives the signal?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.34,0:15:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if you believe Pavlov,\Nand all the behaviorist who followed him,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.66,0:15:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it really shouldn't matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.13,0:15:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because any signal that indicates\Nan upcoming food treat is all the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.93,0:15:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if animals and dogs\Nare just kind of robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.57,0:15:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, we did find a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.49,0:15:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's very interesting about it\Nis that not all dogs are the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.84,0:16:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, my dog Callie\Nhad a much greater response
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.16,0:16:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that part of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.62,0:16:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a stranger gave the signals\Nor even a computer
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.95,0:16:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to me!
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.29,0:16:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.16,0:16:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other dogs in the project,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.52,0:16:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the golden retrievers in the labs\Ncan have had the opposite pattern,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.97,0:16:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where their owners had really elicited\Nthe strongest brain response.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.50,0:16:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is very interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.19,0:16:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what it does is it provides us
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.32,0:16:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a neural biomarker\Nof the dog's personality profile.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.26,0:16:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, what we've done\Nis we've spun off a new project
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.28,0:16:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we're very excited about.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.69,0:16:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've partnered
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.69,0:16:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Canine Companions for Independence,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.34,0:16:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the largest service dog training\Norganization in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.83,0:16:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you know anything about service dogs,\Nthey're incredibly difficult to train.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.59,0:16:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very expensive,\Nand there's a very low success rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.06,0:16:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roughly about 35% of dogs\Nthat enter these programs
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.62,0:17:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to train to be assistance dogs\Nwill succeed;
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.01,0:17:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other 2/3 end up being released\Nand adopted to their puppy raisers.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.81,0:17:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've partnered with CCI,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.23,0:17:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're actually training their dogs\Nto do the MRI procedure.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.63,0:17:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're going to do\Nis try to predict
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.07,0:17:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which of those dogs\Nwill actually be good service dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.18,0:17:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really love this project
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.66,0:17:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it shows \Nthat even though we started this
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.52,0:17:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as my silly example\Nof trying to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.14,0:17:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what my dogs think,\Nand whether they love me,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.60,0:17:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's actually gotten much bigger.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.24,0:17:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dogs are special.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.58,0:17:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're the first domesticated animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.62,0:17:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have been with humans\Nsince humans have been humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.44,0:17:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we look at their brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.85,0:17:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's almost like we\Nare looking back in time,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.94,0:17:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's giving us a picture\Nof how the dog-human bond formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.55,0:17:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.49,0:17:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)